[Identification and expression analysis of whole gene family of Isatis indigotica 4-coumarate: CoA ligase].

The 4-coumarate: CoA ligase(4CL) is a key enzyme in the upstream pathway of phenylpropanoids such as flavonoids, soluble phenolic esters, lignans, and lignins in plants. In this study, 13 4CL family members of Arabidopsis thaliana were used as reference sequences to identify the 4CL gene family candidate members of Isatis indigotica from the reported I. indigotica genome. Further bioinformatics analysis and analysis of the expression pattern of 4CL genes and the accumulation pattern of flavonoids were carried out. Thirteen 4CL genes were obtained, named Ii4CL1-Ii4CL13, which were distributed on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6. The analysis of the gene structure and conserved structural domains revealed the intron number of I. indigotica 4CL genes was between 1 and 12 and the protein structural domains were highly conserved. Cis-acting element analysis showed that there were multiple response elements in the promoter sequence of I. indigotica 4CL gene family, and jasmonic acid had the largest number of reaction elements. The collinearity analysis showed that there was a close relationship between the 4CL gene family members of I. indigotica and A. thaliana. As revealed by qPCR results, the expression analysis of the 4CL gene family showed that 10 4CL genes had higher expression levels in the aboveground part of I. indigotica. The content assay of flavonoids in different parts of I. indigotica showed that flavonoids were mainly accumulated in the aboveground part of plants. This study provides a basis for further investigating the roles of the 4CL gene family involved in the biosynthesis of flavonoids in I. indigotica.

Paris polyphylla ethanol extract and polyphyllin I ameliorate adenomyosis by inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition.

BACKGROUND: The active ingredients of the Chinese medical herb Paris polyphylla, P. polyphylla ethanol extract (PPE) and polyphyllin I (PPI), potentially inhibit epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in tumors. However, the roles of these ingredients in inhibiting EMT in adenomyosis (AM) remain to be explored. PURPOSE: The primary goal of the study was to uncover the underlying molecular processes through which PPE and PPI suppress EMT in AM, alongside assessing the safety profiles of these substances. METHODS: To assess the suppressive impact of PPE on adenomyosis-derived cells (AMDCs), we employed Transwell and wound healing assays. The polyphyllins (PPI, PPII, PPVII) contained in PPE were characterized using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Then, bioinformatics techniques were performed to pinpoint potential PPI targets that could be effective in treating AM. Immunoblotting was used to verify the key proteins and pathways identified via bioinformatics. Furthermore, we examined the efficacy of PPE and PPI in treating Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice with AM by observing the morphological and pathological features of the uterus and performing immunohistochemistry. In addition, we assessed safety by evaluating liver, kidney and spleen pathologic features and serum test results. RESULTS: Three major polyphyllins of PPE were revealed by HPLC, and PPI had the highest concentration. In vitro experiments indicated that PPE and PPI effectively prevent AMDCs invasion and migration. Bioinformatics revealed that the primary targets E-cadherin, N-cadherin and TGFß1, as well as the EMT biological process, were enriched in PPI-treated AM. Immunoblotting assays corroborated the hypothesis that PPE and PPI suppress the TGFß1/Smad2/3 pathway in AMDCs to prevent EMT from progressing. Additionally, in vivo studies showed that PPE (3 mg/kg and 6 mg/kg) and PPI (3 mg/kg and 6 mg/kg), successfully suppressed the EMT process through targeting the TGFß1/Smad2/3 signaling pathway. Besides, it was observed that lower doses of PPE (3 mg/kg) and PPI (3 mg/kg) exerted minimal effects on the liver, kidneys, and spleen. CONCLUSIONS: PPE and PPI efficiently impede the development of EMT by inhibiting the TGFß1/Smad2/3 pathway, revealing an alternative pathway for the pharmacological treatment of AM.