Removable retropubic uterine compression suture for controlling postpartum hemorrhage.

OBJECTIVE: To minimize the adverse events of uterine compression suture in controlling postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) and to search for a prophylactic approach to potential PPH. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed in 39 women with removable retropubic uterine compression suture (RRUCS) to stop PPH due to uterine atony during cesarean section (CS). The procedure was to suspend and compress the uterus to the retropubic abdominal wall using an absorbable suture. RESULTS: The technique was sufficient to stanch bleeding immediately in 36 patients (92.31%, 36/39). No morbidity or abnormalities occurred in women who underwent RRUCS. Subsequent pregnancies occurred in 10 cases, but the others lacked the desire for future pregnancy. CONCLUSION: RRUCS is a simple, safe, and effective technique in controlling atonic PPH; it is also used as a prophylactic application in patients with potential PPH after CS.

Anthranilic diamides derivatives as potential ryanodine receptor modulators: Synthesis, biological evaluation and structure activity relationship.

A series of novel anthranilic diamides derivatives (7a-s) containing halogen, trifluoromethyl group and cyano group were designed, synthesized, and characterized by melting point, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and elemental analyses. The bioactivity revealed that most of them showed moderate to excellent activities against oriental armyworm (Mythimna separata) and diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella). Above all, the larvicidal activity of 7o against oriental armyworm was 100% and 40% at 0.25 and 0.1 mg L-1, comparable to that of the standard chlorantraniliprole (100%, 0.25 mg L-1 and 20%, 0.1 mg L-1). What is more, 7o against diamondback moth displayed 90% insecticidal activity at 0.01 mg L-1, superior to chlorantraniliprole (45%, 0.01 mg L-1). The experiments 7o on the American cockroach (Periplaneta Americana) heart beating rates (Dorsal vessel) and contractile force were compared with chlorantraniliprole. In addition, 7o could affect the calcium homeostasis in the central neurons of the third larvae of oriental armyworm, which revealed that the ryanodine receptor is the potential target of 7o. The density functional theory (DFT) calculation results revealed the amide bridge, the benzene ring of anthraniloyl moiety and pyrazole ring might play an important role in the insecticidal activity through hydrophobic interactions and π-π conjugations.

Effect of Annealing on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Al0.5CoCrFeMoxNi High-Entropy Alloys.

The effect of annealing temperature on the microstructure, phase constituents and mechanical properties of Al0.5CoCrFeMoxNi high-entropy complex alloys has been investigated at a fixed annealing time (10 h). The 600 °C-annealing has no obvious effect on their microstructures, while the annealing at 800-1200 °C enhances the precipitation of (Al,Ni)-rich ordered BCC phase or/and (Cr,Mo)-rich σ phase, and thereby greatly affects the microstructure and mechanical properties of the alloys. All the annealed Al0.5CoCrFeNi alloys are composed of FCC and (Al,Ni)-rich ordered BCC phases; the phase constituent of the Al0.5CoCrFeMo0.1Ni alloy changes from FCC + BCC (600 °C) to FCC + BCC + σ (800 °C) and then to FCC + BCC (1100 °C); the phase constituents of the Al0.5CoCrFeMo0.2Ni and Al0.5CoCrFeMo0.3Ni alloys change from FCC + BCC + σ to FCC + BCC with the annealing temperature rising from 600 to 1200 °C; while all the annealed Al0.5CoCrFeMo0.4Ni and Al0.5CoCrFeMo0.5Ni alloys consist of FCC, BCC and σ phases. The phase constituents of most of the alloys investigated are in good agreement with the calculated results from Thermo-Calc program. The alloys annealed at 800 °C under current investigation conditionshave relative fine precipitations and microstructure, and thereby higher hardness and yield stress.

Design and synthesis of hybrids of diarylpyrimidines and diketo acids as HIV-1 inhibitors.

Based on the strategy of molecular hybridization, diketo acid fragment as a classical phamacophore of integrase inhibitors was introduced to reverse transcriptase inhibitors diarylpyrimidines to design a series of diarylpyrimidine-diketo acid hybrids (DAPY-DKAs). The target molecules 10b and 11b showed inhibitory activities against WT HIV-1 with EC50 values of 0.18µM and 0.14µM, respectively. And the results of molecular docking demonstrated the potential binding mode and revealed that the DKA moiety and its ester could both be tolerated in the nonnucleoside binding site (NNBS) of HIV-1 RT.

Tree bark as a biomonitor for the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers from Southern Jiangsu, China: levels, distribution, and possible sources.

Tree bark was used as the passive air sampler to evaluate polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) pollution and possible sources in Southern Jiangsu. The concentrations of PCBs and Σ7PBDEs were in the range of 0.58-5.19 ng/g dry weight (dw; mean 1.79 ng/g dw) and 17.9-243 pg/g dw (mean 74.7 pg/g dw), respectively. Tri-PCBs were the major PCB homologs, and technical PCB product Ar1242 was identified as the main source. BDE209 concentrations (4.29-456 ng/g dw) were relatively high, indicating that BDE209 pollution was serious in this region. The deca-BDE commercial mixture was the predominant commercial PBDE product used in this region. A good correlation was found between tree bark and polyurethane foam (PUF) disks in Σ6PCB monitoring, suggesting that both of them respond well to the gas-phase PCB monitoring.

[Comment on indications of Ex-Press miniature implant surgery].

Ex-Press miniature implant surgery (Ex-Press implantation) is a new alternative anti-glaucoma surgery. It is clinically important to clarify its indications. Ex-Press implantation has been indicated appropriate in primary open-angle glaucoma and should not be used in narrow angle-closure glaucoma and in high risk of failed scarring cases. More evidence-based studies are still needed to convince the pros and cons in other conditions including aphakia or pseudo-phakia glaucoma, secondary open-angle glaucoma and refractory glaucoma.

[Bibliometric analysis of current glaucoma research based on Pubmed database].

OBJECTIVE: To survey the distribution pattern and subject domain knowledge of worldwide glaucoma research based on literatures in Pubmed database. METHODS: Literatures on glaucoma published in 2007 to 2011 were identified in Pubmed database. The analytic items of an article include published year, country, language author, and journal. After core mesh terms had been characterized by BICOMS, the co-occurrence matrix was built. Cluster analysis was finished by SPSS 20.0. Then visualized network was drawn using ucinet 6.0. RESULTS: Totally 6427 literatures were included, the number of annual articles changed slightly between 2007 and 2011. The United States, England, Germany, Australia, and France together accounted for 77.63% of articles. There were 52 high-frequency subjects and hot topics were clustered into the following 10 categories: (1) Pathology of optic disc and nerve fibers and OCT application, (2) METHODS: of visual field (VF) and visual function examination, (3) Glaucoma drug medications, (4) Pathology and physiology of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) including VF and intraocular pressure (IOP), (5) Glaucoma surgery, (6) Gene research related to POAG, (7) Glaucoma disease pathology and animal models, (8) Ocular hypertension (OHT) induced complications and corneal changes, (9) Etiology of congenital glaucoma and complications, (10) Etiology and epidemiology of glaucoma. The visualized domain knowledge mapping was successfully built. The pathology of optic disc and nerve fibers, medications, and surgery were well developed. Study on IOP and visual field was in the core domain, which have an important link to etiology, diagnosis, and therapy. The researches on glaucomatous gene, disease pathology model, congenital glaucoma, etiology and epidemiology were not developed well, which are of great promotion space. CONCLUSIONS: The distribution pattern and subject domain knowledge of worldwide glaucoma research in the recent five years were shown by using bibliometric analysis.Western developed countries play a leading role in the field of glaucoma research, the international influence of related research in China needs to be strengthened.

[A comparison study of glaucoma drainage implant with three different of tube coverages].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and complication of glaucoma drainage implant surgery with scleral graft, scleral flap and artificial biological dural graft as the tube coverage. METHODS: Thirty-five cases (35 eyes) with refractory glaucoma who underwent FP-7 Ahmed glaucoma drainage implantation from January 2009 to June 2011 were retrospectively studied. Kaplan-Meier survival curve was applied to analyze the probability of success rate of three different tube coverage, the log-rank test used to compare the difference between tubes, and Cox proportional hazards regression analysis performed to predict the risk factors for failure. RESULTS: Conjunctival shrink back leading to exposure of tube coverage occurred in 6 eyes in artificial biological dural graft group. Intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation by encapsulated cystic blebs around the plate was seen in scleral flap group (2 eyes) and scleral graft group (1 eyes), respectively. The drainage tube exposure occurred in 1 eye in scleral graft group. Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis showed that the success rate was 8/10, 3/9 and 14/16 in scleral graft group, artificial biological dural graft group and scleral flap group, respectively, at 12 month and 15 month. There was a significant difference among three groups (P = 0.009). The proportional hazards regression showed that artificial biological dural graft was statistically significant risk factors for failure (HR = 10.844, P = 0.015). Compared with pre-operation, the post-operative mean IOP was significantly decreased in all three groups. Postoperative IOP was not significantly different among three groups in different follow-up time point (F = 0.028 - 1.218, P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Both of scleral flap group and scleral graft group are comparable in the efficacy and complication of glaucoma drainage implant surgery and have a high success rate. However, artificial biological dural graft has poor compatibility with conjunctiva resulting in severe complications, which is not recommended to be used in glaucoma drainage implant surgery.

Posterior scleral application of a mitomycin C-soaked sponge during trabeculectomy.

AIM: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of posterior scleral application (a modified technique) of an antimetabolite mitomycin C-soaked sponge in trabeculectomy for patients with glaucoma. METHODS: This retrospective study included 101 patients (115 eyes) with glaucoma (aged 12-83y) who underwent trabeculectomy using a modified mitomycin C-soaked sponge placement method. A piece of 3.5×10 mm2 sponge was placed vertically and posteriorly with the long side perpendicular to the limbus. The mitomycin C concentration and exposure time were 0.2-0.5 mg/mL and 1-5min, respectively. Intraocular pressure, best-corrected visual acuity, and hypotensive medications were recorded at baseline and at the final visit. Complications, interventions required, and bleb morphology were recorded postoperatively. The primary outcome was trabeculectomy safety, including complications and bleb morphology; the secondary outcome was the trabeculectomy success rate. RESULTS: At the final follow-up [median 28mo, range 7-67mo and interquartile range (IQR) 13mo], the qualified (cumulative) success rate was 93.0% and the complete success rate was 60.0%. No bleb-related complications were observed. The mean height, extent, and vascularity grades were 0.6±0.9, 1.1±0.4, and 2.4±0.9, respectively. All Seidel tests were negative. The mean posteriority grade was 0.8±0.4. CONCLUSION: Trabeculectomy with the long side of a mitomycin C-soaked sponge placed perpendicular to the corneal limbus is safe and effective.

[Activation and significance of the PI3K/Akt pathway in endometrium with polycystic ovary syndrome patients].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway in the endometrium of women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and its role in endometrium hyperplasia and carcinogenesis, and the factors affecting the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway. METHODS: From Jan 2007 to Jun 2008, 52 patients with PCOS who underwent dilatation and curettage were selected as experimental group matched with 32 non-PCOS patients as control group. Serous hormonal parameters, fasting blood glucose and insulin, body mass index (BMI), and endometrium pathology were measured and evaluated in all patients. The PCOS patients were divided into insulin resistance and non-insulin resistance group according to homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR). Meanwhile, the PCOS patients were grouped as normal, endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma depending on outcome of pathology. The expression of Akt and phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) were determined by western blot. RESULTS: (1) The expression of p-Akt was significantly higher in PCOS group [(46 ± 18)%] than that in control [(33 ± 9)%, P < 0.01)]. (2) The expression of p-Akt was significantly higher in group of endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma [(56 ± 19)%] when compared with those in normal endometria group [(31 ± 12)%, P < 0.05]; the expression of p-Akt was significantly higher in group of insulin resistance [(50 ± 19)%] compared with that in non-insulin resistance group [(34 ± 10)%, P < 0.01]. (3) There was a positive correlation between the expression level of p-Akt in endometrium with PCOS and HOMA-IR and BMI respectively (r = 0.400, 0.326, both P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The PI3K/Akt pathway was over activated in endometrium with PCOS which may be associated with the formation of endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma in PCOS patients. Insulin resistance and obesity may be high risk factors for over-activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway in endometrium with PCOS.

[Current approaches in neovascular glaucoma].

Neovascular glaucoma (NVG) has long been recognized as a very difficult case to manage for its very poor prognosis of visual function. NVG is also remarked as an 'end stage' of ocular diseases. Conventional treatments with extremely uncontrolled cases are retinal cryotherapy or enucleation. Currently, management of this medical condition is directed toward a new era with great advancement in diagnosis and treatment. Glaucoma drainage implant surgery brings a time window of normal range of intraocular pressure (IOP) for physicians to process underlying disease of NVG. Regression of iris neovascularization by employing panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) or intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) antibodies create a chance to undertaken antiglaucomatous surgery. Adjunctive anti-VEGF treatment promotes the surgical success rate for NVG. Current approaches in NVG are able to provide patients with an individualized management using a sound treatment strategy according to etiology, stage of disease, visual potential and other factors.

[Comment on the therapeutic value of optic atrophy].

Optic disc pale is a typical sign of optic atrophy and is often improperly remarked an "totally visual function damaged and without any therapeutic value". However, increasing evidences showed that there is considerable potential for vision restoration and recovery by appropriately stimulating the undamaged visual pathway through different means, medications and low vision rehabilitation techniques. Correct recognition the therapeutic value of optic atrophy is undoubtedly valuable for visual function improvement. We encourage continuously developing new way or tool to rescues or preserve the residual vision of optic atrophy.

[Current research status on radiation retinopathy].

Radiation retinopathy (RR) and radiation optic neuropathy (RON) are vision-threatening complications of head and/or neck irradiation therapy. Clinical features are characterized by delayed-onset, slowly progressive, occlusive vasculopathy caused by endothelial damage. Compared with the optic nerve, retinal vessels are more sensitive and harmful to radioactive injury and cause RR, which may progress to eyeball atrophy ultimately. Thorough understanding of the incidence, pathogenesis, risk factors, clinical characteristics and treatment of RR is of practice significance. Ongoing basic laboratory and clinical research efforts have led to a better understanding of this disease. This article reviews the present research status of RR briefly.

Chlorinated paraffins in sediments from the Pearl River Delta, South China: spatial and temporal distributions and implication for processes.

Short-chain and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs and MCCPs) were measured in sediments from ponds, rivers and tributaries, and an estuary, as well as a sediment core in the Pearl River Delta (PRD), South China, to comprehensively investigate the spatial and temporal distributions of CPs. The concentrations of SCCPs and MCCPs in sediment were varied from 320 to 6600 ng/g and from 880 to 38,000 ng/g, respectively. Elevated CP concentrations were found in pond sediments (means of 2800 and 21,000 ng/g for SCCPs and MCCPs) in the e-waste recycling area and in river sediments (means of 1200 and 3900 ng/g for SCCPs and MCCPs) in the highly industrialized areas. The significant positive correlations between SCCP concentration and MCCPs/SCCPs in the highly industrialized areas reflected the emission of local industry activities, while the significant negative correlations in the low industrial activity areas could be linked to long-range transportation of CPs. An increased abundance of short chain and low chlorinated congeners was observed in the low industrial activity areas compared to the industrialized areas. The preferred transportation of short chain and low chlorinated congener CPs and the dechlorination of higher chlorinated congeners CPs were the most likely reasons. The vertical profile of CPs in the sediment core indicated a rapid increase in the usage of CPs and a shift to more MCCPs in recent years. The decreased chlorine content of CPs with increasing sediment depth indicated the possibility of dechlorination of higher chlorinated congeners (Cl(9) and Cl(10)) after deposition in sediments with greater dechlorination potential for short chain CPs than long chain CPs.

Bioaccumulation of several brominated flame retardants and dechlorane plus in waterbirds from an e-waste recycling region in South China: associated with trophic level and diet sources.

The present study is primarily designed to examine the role played by dietary sources on polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) congener profiles in waterbirds collected in an e-waste recycling region in South China. Some emerging halogenated flame retardants (HFRs), such as dechlorane plus (DP), 2,3,4,5,6-pentabromoethyl benzene (PBEB), pentabromotoluene (PBT), and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), were also quantified. Stable isotopes (δ(15)N and δ(13)C) were analyzed to assess the trophic levels and dietary sources of the birds. PBDEs were found to be the predominant HFRs, followed by DP, PBT, PBEB, and BTBPE. The birds in which BDE209 was predominant have differential δ(13)C and δ(15)N signatures compared with other birds, suggesting that dietary source is one of the important factors in determining the PBDE congener profile in birds. The levels of ΣPBDEs, PBEB, and PBT were significantly correlated with the trophic level (δ(15)N) for avian species which are located in a food chain, indicating the biomagnification potential of these compounds. No correlation was found between DP concentrations and trophic level of the birds. There is a significantly negative correlation between the fraction of anti-DP and δ(15)N, suggesting that the metabolic capability of DP in birds increases with the trophic level of the birds.

Biomagnification of higher brominated PBDE congeners in an urban terrestrial food web in north China based on field observation of prey deliveries.

As an important group of brominated flame retardants, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) persist in the wildlife food webs. However, the biomagnification of PBDEs has not been adequately studied in the terrestrial food webs. In this study, a terrestrial food web composed of common kestrels, sparrows, rats, grasshoppers, and dragonflies in the urban environment from northern China was obtained. A field prey delivery study, reinforced by δ¹³C and δ¹5N analyses, indicates that sparrows are the primary prey items of common kestrels. Concentrations of PBDEs were in the following order: common kestrel > sparrow > rat > grasshopper and dragonfly with BDE-209 as the dominant congener. Biomagnification factors (BMFs) were calculated as the ratio between the lipid normalized concentrations in the predator and prey. The highest BMF (6.9) was determined for BDE-153 in sparrow/common kestrel food chain. Other higher brominated congeners, such as BDE-202, -203, -154, -183, -197, and -209, were also biomagnified in this terrestrial food chain with BMF of 1.3-4.7. BDE-47, -99, and -100 were found to be biodiluted from sparrow to common kestrel (BMFs < 1). Measured BMF values for BDE-153, -47, -99, and -100 were consistent with predicted values from a nonsteady-state model in American kestrels from another study. Retention factors and metabolism of BDE congeners may be confounding factors influencing the measured BMFs in this current study.

Synthesis, singlet oxygen photogeneration and DNA photocleavage of porphyrins with nitrogen heterocycle tails.

Eight novel compounds were prepared by reaction of 5-(bromo- propoxyphenyl)-10,15,20-triphenylporphyrin with oxazole thiols, 1,3,4-oxadiazole thiols and 1,3,4-thiadiazole thiols, and their structures confirmed by UV-vis, IR, 1H-NMR, MS and elemental analysis. The assessment of indirectly measured 1O(2) production rates against 5,10,15,20-tetraphenyl porphyrin (H(2)TPP) were described and the relative singlet oxygen production yields were：porphyrin 5 > porphyrins 1, 3, 4, 6-8, H(2)TPP > porphyrin 2. Porphyrin 4 and porphyrin 7 showed substantial photocleavage activities toward DNA, with over 75% cleavage observed at 40 µM. It suggested that these those porphyrins with nitrogen heterocycle tails are potential photosensitive agents.

[Is it efficacy for the treatment of idiopathic optic neuritis with glucocorticosteroid].

Glucocorticosteroid (steroid) therapy is the major treatment for some important neuro-ophthalmological diseases. However, its efficacy, safety and abuse raise great controversy and debate for a long time, many clinical problems also remain to be solved. This paper discusses the issues relevant to the treatment of idiopathic optic neuritis by steroid and strongly advocate carrying out an evidence-based multicenter randomized clinical trial in China. It is suggested to establish a standard guideline or consensus for the treatment of neuro-ophthalmological diseases with steroid.

[The blood-aqueous barrier changes after laser peripheral iridotomy or surgery peripheral iridectomy].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the ocular blood-aqueous barrier (BAB) alteration after laser peripheral iridotomy (LPI) or surgery peripheral iridectomy (SPI) in patients with primary chronic angle-closure glaucoma (PCACG). METHODS: This was a clinical randomized controlled trial. Sixty eyes of 60 subjects with early stage of PCACG were randomly received either LPI or SPI and followed up postoperatively at day 3, week 1, 2, 3, and 4. Aqueous flare in anterior chamber was measured by FC-2000 flare-cell photometry, intraocular pressure (IOP) measured by tonometer, central corneal endothelium cell counted by endothelioscopy, peripheral anterior synechiae (PAS) detected by gonioscopy. Data were analyzed by using two-way ANOVA for repeated measures, independent samples t-test, paired t-test, nonparametric test, and Spearman rank correlation test. RESULTS: On follow-ups of pre-operative and post-operative 3 days, 1 week (w), 2w, 3w and 4w respectively, the mean aqueous flare values for LPI group were (5.47 ± 1.09), (11.96 ± 3.07), (8.08 ± 2.18), (5.68 ± 0.83), (5.80 ± 1.00), (5.69 ± 1.12) PC/ms, and for SPI group were (5.43 ± 1.13), (8.44 ± 3.22), (6.42 ± 1.77), (5.35 ± 0.71), (5.53 ± 1.26), (5.45 ± 1.23) PC/ms. During post-operative 1w the flare values in both LPI and SPI groups were significantly higher than that on pre-operation (t = -12.753, -8.101, P < 0.05; t = -5.971, -3.870;P < 0.05) and LPI group had a significantly higher mean flare value than SPI group (t = 4.329, 3.231;P < 0.05). The IOP spike in LPI group was significantly (χ(2) = 5.079, 4.022, P < 0.05) higher than that in SPI group at week 1 of post-operation. Increased IOP was positively correlated with BAB damage (r = 0.899, 0.833; P < 0.05). The numbers of medications required to maintain IOP ≤ 21 mm Hg (1 mm Hg = 0.133 kPa) at week 4 of post-operation in LPI was significantly (Z = -1.984, P < 0.05) more than that in SPI group. There were no significant differences in central corneal endothelium cell count at week 1 (t = -0.696, 0.008) and in extension of PAS at week 4 (Z = -1.270, -1.490) of post-operation when compared to pre-operation (P > 0.05). No obvious complications occurred in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrated that IOP spike in both of LPI and SPI is due, at least in part, to BAB damage, which appears to be more severe in LPI group and can recover within two weeks. PAS progression and central corneal endothelium cell loss are not aggravated in 1 month after operation.

[Clinical analysis of radiation optic neuropathy].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical features, risk factors, diagnostic methods, treatment regimens and outcomes of Chinese adult patients with radiation optic neuropathy (RON). METHODS: Retrospective case series. Clinical data with RON admitted to Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center from June 1999 to October 2010 were investigated retrospectively. RESULTS: Thirty-five cases (61 eyes) with RON were analyzed. All cases manifested as sudden binocular or monocular painless vision decrease. In 18 cases (51.4%), symptoms occurred within 36 months after the completion of radiation. In 43 eyes (70.5%), the visual acuity was less than 0.05 and/or with a visual field less than 10 degrees. In 52 eyes which the fundus could be examined, 41 eyes (78.8%) showed a clear boundary of optic papilla, including 6 eyes (14.6%) with normal appearance of optic papilla, 30 eyes (73.2%) with lighter color, 5 eyes (12.2%) with pale optic papilla, and 11 eyes (21.2%) with edematous or hemorrhagic and/or exudative optic papilla. Only 14 eyes showed abnormal visual field examination, mainly manifested as nerve bundle defect scotoma. Seven eyes (50%) manifested as arcuate scotoma, 3 eyes (21.4%) manifested as central scotoma and/or paracentral scotoma, 2 eyes accompanied by blind spot enlargement, 1 eye showed paracentral scotoma and 1 eye with quadrantanopia. Twenty-three eyes received fluorescein angiography (FFA), the major manifestations were low fluorescence at the optic nerve and areas of capillary nonperfusion. Pattern visual evoked potential revealed reduced amplitude and/or extended incubation period in 83.3% eyes. Treatment regimens including systemic corticosteroids, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, hyperbaric oxygen in combination with corticosteroid and laser photocoagulation, the visual acuity of 10 eyes (16.4%) had merely been improved. CONCLUSIONS: The prognosis of visual function in RON is poor resulting from devastating visual loss and/or visual field defect. The main damage of the fundus is retinal vascular occlusion and optic atrophy at different degrees. No adequately effective therapies are proved currently. The treatment aimed on the complication could only provide a short-term improvement of the vision.