Patient-Reported Outcomes in Young Adults with Myeloproliferative Neoplasms.

INTRODUCTION: Genetic landscape, disease characteristics, and clinical outcomes of young adults with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) were reported. However, data on patient-reported outcomes (PROs) in young adults with MPNs were rare. METHODS: We conducted a multicenter, cross-sectional study to compare the PROs in respondents with thrombocythemia (ET), polycythemia vera (PV), and myelofibrosis (MF) by age at survey, including the young group (18-40 years), middle-aged group (41-60 years), and elderly group (>60 years). RESULTS: Of the 1,664 respondents with MPNs, 349 (21.0%) were young including 244 (69.9%) with ET, 34 (9.7%) with PV, and 71 (20.3%) with MF. In multivariate analyses, the young groups with ET and MF were associated with the lowest MPN-10 scores among the 3 age groups; those with MF, highest proportion of reporting negative impact of disease and therapy on their daily life and work. The young groups with MPNs had the highest physical component summary scores but the lowest mental component summary scores in those with ET. The young groups with MPNs were most concerned about fertility; those with ET, treatment-related adverse events and long-term efficacy of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that young adults with MPNs have different PROs compared with middle-aged and elderly patients.

Bendamustine versus chlorambucil in treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia in China: a randomized, open-label, parallel-controlled, phase III clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Chronic lymphoblastic leukemia (CLL) is the most common adult leukemia and mainly affects the elderly. Chemoimmunotherapy still has a role in the standard frontline therapy for specific population. However, the clinical activity of bendamustine has not been investigated in unfit Chinese patients with CLL. This study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of bendamustine versus chlorambucil for untreated Chinese patients with Binet stage B/C CLL. METHODS: In this multi-center, randomized, open-label, parallel-controlled, phase III trial, patients with previously untreated CLL were enrolled and randomly assigned (1:1) to receive bendamustine or chlorambucil. The primary endpoint was the objective response rate. Secondary endpoints included progression-free survival, the duration of response, and overall survival. Adverse events were recorded to evaluate safety. RESULTS: Of 158 screened patients, 147 were enrolled and randomly allocated to receive bendamustine (n = 72) or chlorambucil (n = 75). After a median follow-up of 25.6 months (IQR 12.5-27.7), 69.0% (95% CI, 56.9-79.5) of bendamustine-treated patients achieved objective response and 37.0% (95% CI, 26.0-49.1) of chlorambucil with a difference of 32.0% (95%CI: 16.6-47.5), demonstrating the superiority of bendamustine to chlorambucil (p < 0.001). The median progression-free survival was longer for bendamustine (16.5 months; 95% CI, 11.3-24.7) versus chlorambucil (9.6 months; 95% CI, 8.7-11.8; p < 0.001). A longer median duration of response was seen in those receiving bendamustine (19.2 months; 95% CI, 11.8-29.1) than chlorambucil (10.7 months; 95% CI, 5.6-13.6; p = 0.0018). Median overall survival was not reached in either group. Overall survival at 18 months was 88% for bendamustine versus 85% for chlorambucil. Most common adverse events in both groups were neutropenia and thrombocytopenia. CONCLUSION: In untreated Chinese patients with Binet stage B/C CLL, bendamustine induced the better objective response and resulted in longer progression-free survival than chlorambucil. Overall, these results validate the role of bendamustine as an effective and safe first-line therapy in this population.

A multicentre trial of intensive immunosuppressive therapy combined with umbilical cord blood for the treatment of severe aplastic anaemia.

Immunosuppressive therapy (IST) is an effective treatment regimen for severe aplastic anaemia (SAA) patients without HLA-identical donors. This study further compared the outcomes between IST and IIST-UCB in SAA on the basis of research shown that IST combined with umbilical cord blood infusion (IIST-UCB) treated effectively. A total of 123 patients from 11 hospitals in China were enrolled. Sixty-nine patients in IIST-UCB group were treated with ATG + CsA + CTX combined with cord blood, while 54 patients in IST group with ATG + CsA. The overall remission rates (ORRs), complete remission (CR) rates and partial response (PR) rates of IIST-UCB group and IST group at 3 months were 69.67% vs 51.85% (P = .045), 21.74% vs 3.7% (P = .004) and 47.83% vs 48.15% (P = .972), respectively. After 6 months of treatment, they were 76.81% vs 57.41% (P = .022), 37.68% vs 11.11% (P = .001) and 39.13% vs 46.30% (P = .425), respectively. After 1 year of treatment, they were 85.51% vs 61.11% (P = .002), 59.42% vs 25.93% (P = .000) and 26.09% vs 35.19% (P = .275), respectively. The ORRs and CR rates of IIST-UCB group were both significantly higher than IST group after 3 months, 6 months and 1 year of treatment. The neutrophil granulocyte, platelet and haemoglobin recovery times of IIST-UCB group were significantly shorter than IST group. Compared with standard IST, IIST-UCB as an effective therapy for SAA patients without HLA-identical donors accelerated the haematopoietic reconstitution, resulting in higher early CR rates.

Left ventricular myocardial dysfunction and premature atherosclerosis in patients with axial spondyloarthritis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate left ventricular (LV) function and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) in patients with axial SpA in relationship to underlying disease severity. METHODS: We recruited 104 patients with axial SpA and 50 controls. Detailed transthoracic echocardiography was performed and analysed with two-dimensional speckle tracking strain analysis for systolic function and tissue Doppler-derived E/E' for diastolic function assessment. Carotid IMT was measured by ultrasonography to evaluate subclinical atherosclerosis. Radiological severity of patients with axial SpA was assessed by the modified Stoke Ankylosing Spondylitis Spine Score (mSASSS). RESULTS: Despite a similar LV ejection fraction [62.7% (s.d. 3.9) vs 62.8% (s.d. 3.8), P = 0.83], patients with axial SpA had impaired LV myocardial longitudinal strain (LS), circumferential strain (CS) and radial strain (RS) compared with controls [-18.1% (s.d. 2.4) vs -20.1% (s.d. 2.5), -17.2% (s.d. 2.2) vs -20.3% (s.d. 2.9) and 37.1% (s.d. 8.6) vs 43.2% (s.d. 10.9), respectively; all P < 0.01]. In addition, patients with axial SpA had a greater E/E' [7.9 (s.d. 2.5) vs 7.0 (s.d. 1.7), P < 0.01] and carotid IMT [0.78 mm (s.d. 0.19) vs 0.69 mm (s.d. 0.10), P < 0.01] than controls. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, axial SpA remained independently associated with LV myocardial strains, E/E' and carotid IMT. Importantly, multivariate linear regression analysis demonstrated that mSASSS was independently associated with LV longitudinal strain, E/E' and carotid IMT. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated that patients with axial SpA had impaired LV systolic and diastolic function and increased carotid IMT. Importantly, mSASSS was independently associated with LV longitudinal strain, E/E' and carotid IMT after adjusting for confounding factors. Speckle tracking echocardiography may be a useful tool for early detection of impaired LV function in patients with SpA and carotid IMT examination can provide valuable assessment of subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with SpA.

Predictive value of high-sensitivity troponin-I for future adverse cardiovascular outcome in stable patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

INTRODUCTION: High-sensitivity cardiac troponin I(hs-TnI) and T levels(hs-TnT) are sensitive biomarkers of cardiomyocyte turnover or necrosis. Prior studies of the predictive role of hs-TnT in type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM) patients have yielded conflicting results. This study aimed to determine whether hs-TnI, which is detectable in a higher proportion of normal subjects than hsTnT, is associated with a major adverse cardiovascular event(MACE) in T2DM patients. METHODS AND RESULTS: We compared hs-TnI level in stored serum samples from 276 consecutive patients (mean age 65 ± 10 years; 57% male) with T2DM with that of 115 age-and sex-matched controls. All T2DM patients were prospectively followed up for at least 4 years for incidence of MACE including heart failure(HF), myocardial infarction(MI) and cardiovascular mortality. At baseline, 274(99%) patients with T2DM had detectable hs-TnI, and 57(21%) had elevated hs-TnI (male: 8.5 ng/L, female: 7.6 ng/L, above the 99th percentile in healthy controls). A total of 43 MACE occurred: HF(n = 18), MI(n = 11) and cardiovascular mortality(n = 14). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that an elevated hs-TnI was associated with MACE, HF, MI and cardiovascular mortality. Although multivariate analysis revealed that an elevated hs-TnI independently predicted MACE, it had limited sensitivity(62.7%) and positive predictive value(38.5%). Contrary to this, a normal hs-TnI level had an excellent negative predictive value(92.2%) for future MACE in patients with T2DM. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrates that elevated hs-TnI in patients with T2DM is associated with increased MACE, HF, MI and cardiovascular mortality. Importantly, a normal hs-TnI level has an excellent negative predictive value for future adverse cardiovascular events during long-term follow-up.

A novel study on CXXC5: unraveling its regulatory mechanisms in hematopoietic stem cell biology through proteomics and gene editing.

BACKGROUND: This study investigates the role of CXXC5 in the self-renewal and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) within the bone marrow microenvironment, utilizing advanced methodologies such as single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), CRISPR-Cas9, and proteomic analysis. METHODS: We employed flow cytometry to isolate HSCs from bone marrow samples, followed by scRNA-seq analysis using the 10x Genomics platform to examine cell clustering and CXXC5 expression patterns. CRISPR-Cas9 and lentiviral vectors facilitated the knockout and overexpression of CXXC5 in HSCs. The impact on HSCs was assessed through qRT-PCR, Western blot, CCK-8, CFU, and LTC-IC assays, alongside flow cytometry to measure apoptosis and cell proportions. A mouse model was also used to evaluate the effects of CXXC5 manipulation on HSC engraftment and survival rates. RESULTS: Our findings highlight the diversity of cell clustering and the significant role of CXXC5 in HSC regulation. Knockout experiments showed reduced proliferation and accelerated differentiation, whereas overexpression led to enhanced proliferation and delayed differentiation. Proteomic analysis identified key biological processes influenced by CXXC5, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. In vivo results demonstrated that CXXC5 silencing impaired HSC engraftment in a bone marrow transplantation model. CONCLUSION: CXXC5 is crucial for the regulation of HSC self-renewal and differentiation in the bone marrow microenvironment. Its manipulation presents a novel approach for enhancing HSC function and provides a potential therapeutic target for hematological diseases.

Association of subclinical myocardial injury with arterial stiffness in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVE: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with subclinical myocardial injury although the underlying mechanism is uncertain. We postulated that arterial stiffness, endothelial dysfunction and subclinical atherosclerosis may contribute to subclinical myocardial injury in patients with T2DM. METHODS: Serum high-sensitivity troponin I (hs-TNI) an indicator of myocardial injury, was measured in 100 patients with T2DM without clinical evidence of macrovascular disease and 150 age and gender-matched controls. Elevated hs-TnI was defined as follow (derived from the 99th percentile from controls): Male >11.1 ng/L; female >7.6 ng/L. Measures that may contribute to myocardial damage in patients with T2DM, including brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (ba-PWV), brachial flow mediated dilatation (FMD) and carotid intima media thickness (IMT), were also assessed. RESULTS: The serum level of hs-TNI (5.7 ± 9.2 µg/L vs. 3.2 ± 1.9 µg/L, P< 0.01) and the prevalence of elevated hs-TNI (12% vs. 4%, P = 0.02) were significantly higher in patients with T2DM than controls. Patients with T2DM also had significantly worse ba-PWV (17.98 ± 3.91ms-1 vs. 15.70 ± 2.96 ms-1), brachial FMD (2.6 ± 3.5% vs. 5.5 ± 4.2%, P< 0.01) and carotid IMT (0.96 ± 0.20 mm vs. 0.86 ± 0.14 mm, P< 0.01). In patients with T2DM, hs-TNI was positively correlated with systolic blood pressure (r = 0.31, P<0.01), serum creatinine (r = 0.26, P = 0.01) and ba-PWV (r = 0.34, P< 0.01). Importantly, multiple regression revealed that only ba-PWV was independently associated with hs-TNI (ß = 0.25, P = 0.04). CONCLUSION: The results demonstrated an independent association between ba-PWV and hs-TNI in patients with T2DM with no clinical evidence of macrovascular disease. These findings suggest that increased arterial stiffness is closely related to subclinical myocardial injury in patients with T2DM.

[Multicenter Prospective Study of Different Induction Regimens of Azacytidine in Treatment of Elderly Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the efficacy and safety of different induction regimens of same total dosage of azacitidine (Aza), including standard dose (standard dose group) and low-dose long-term (adjusted dose group), in the treatment of elderly acute myeloid leukemia (AML). METHODS: A total of 103 elderly patients with AML (non-acute promyelocytic leukemia) from January 2020 to June 2021 were enrolled. Aza was administered at the standard dose of 75 mg/(m2·d) for 7 days in the standard dose group (50 cases), while at 100 mg/d for 7-12 days in the adjusted dose group (53 cases). The administration days in adjusted dose group was calculated based on the total standard dose of the patient's single course of treatment. The efficacy and safety between standard dose group and adjusted dose group were compared. Subgroup analysis were performed in the two groups for Aza alone, Aza combined with BCL-2 inhibitor, and Aza combined with low-dose chemotherapy for efficacy and safety. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in overall response rate (ORR), incidence of adverse reaction, and 1-year overall survival (OS) rate between standard dose group and adjusted dose group (P >0.05). The ORR of combination was higher than that of Aza alone (P < 0.05), while there was no significant difference in ORR between Aza combined with BCL-2 inhibitor and Aza combined with low-dose chemotherapy (P >0.05). The combination of BCL-2 inhibitor did not increase the incidence of adverse reactions compared wtih Aza alone. There was a higher risk of myelosuppression and pulmonary infection with a combination of low-dose chemotherapy than with a combination of BCL-2 inhibitor and Aza alone (P <0.05). No significant difference was observed in 1-year OS between Aza alone, Aza combined with BCL-2 inhibitor, and Aza combined with low-dose chemotherapy (P >0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Both two induction regimens can be used in elderly AML patients who cannot tolerate intensive chemotherapy with similar overall effectiveness and safety. Aza combined with low-dose chemotherapy may result in increased ORR and an increased incidence of serious adverse reactions, and may not result in longer survival compared with Aza alone. Aza combined with BCL-2 inhibitor not only has similar effect in complete remission, objective response rate, and OS compared with Aza combined with low-dose chemotherapy, but also has higher safety.

Statin Therapy Is Associated With a Lower Risk of Heart Failure in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Population-Based Study.

BACKGROUND: Whether statin use can reduce the risk of heart failure (HF) remains controversial. The present study evaluates the association between statin use and HF in patients with atrial fibrillation. METHODS AND RESULTS: Patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation from 2010 to 2018 were included. An inverse probability of treatment weighting was used to balance baseline covariates between statin users (n=23 239) and statin nonusers (n=29 251). The primary outcome was incident HF. Cox proportional hazard models with competing risk regression were used to evaluate the risk of HF between statin users and nonusers. The median age of the cohort was 74.7 years, and 47.3% were women. Over a median follow-up of 5.1 years, incident HF occurred in 3673 (15.8%) statin users and 5595 (19.1%) statin nonusers. Statin use was associated with a 19% lower risk of HF (adjusted subdistribution hazard ratio, 0.81 [95% CI, 0.78-0.85]). Restricted to the statin users, duration of statin use was measured during follow-up; compared with short-term use (3 months to <2 years), there was a stepwise reduction in the risk of incident HF among those with 2 to <4 years of statin use (subdistribution hazard ratio, 0.86 [95% CI, 0.84-0.88]), 4 to <6 years of statin use (subdistribution hazard ratio, 0.74 [95% CI, 0.72-0.76]), and ≥6 years of statin use (subdistribution hazard ratio, 0.71 [95% CI, 0.69-0.74]). Subgroup analysis showed consistent reductions in the risk of HF with statin use. CONCLUSIONS: Statin use was associated with a decreased risk of incident HF in a duration-dependent manner among patients with atrial fibrillation.

Prediabetes Is Associated With Increased Risk of Heart Failure Among Patients With Atrial Fibrillation.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between prediabetes and heart failure (HF) and the association of HF with changes in glycemic status. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Patients newly diagnosed with atrial fibrillation (AF) between 2015 and 2018 were divided into three groups (normoglycemia, prediabetes, and type 2 diabetes) according to their baseline glycemic status. The primary outcome was incident HF. The Fine and Gray competing risks model was applied, with death defined as the competing event. RESULTS: Among 17,943 patients with AF (mean age 75.5 years, 47% female), 3,711 (20.7%) had prediabetes, and 10,127 (56.4%) had diabetes at baseline. Over a median follow-up of 4.7 years, HF developed in 518 (14%) patients with normoglycemia, 646 (15.7%) with prediabetes, and 1,795 (17.7%) with diabetes. Prediabetes was associated with an increased risk of HF compared with normoglycemia (subdistribution hazard ratio [SHR] 1.12, 95% CI 1.03-1.22). In patients with prediabetes at baseline, 403 (11.1%) progressed to diabetes, and 311 (8.6%) reversed to normoglycemia at 2 years. Compared with remaining prediabetic, progression to diabetes was associated with an increased risk of HF (SHR 1.50, 95% CI 1.13-1.97), whereas reversion to normoglycemia was associated with a decreased risk (SHR 0.61, 95% CI 0.42-0.94). CONCLUSIONS: Prediabetes was associated with an increased risk of HF in patients with AF. Compared with patients who remained prediabetic, those who progressed to diabetes at 2 years experienced an increased risk of HF, whereas those who reversed to normoglycemia incurred a lower risk of HF.

Disseminated fusarium infection after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation after CART: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Fusarium is a conditional pathogen that can cause invasive infection in patients with hematological diseases under immune function. METHODS: A case of recurrent and refractory Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia was treated with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation after chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells treatment. RESULTS: During transplantation, disseminated Fusarium infection occurred, involving the skin, liver, spleen and central nervous system, and the patient eventually died. CONCLUSIONS: Early identification of Fusarium infection based on the characteristic rash and timely antifungal treatment can improve the cure rate.

Flumatinib versus Imatinib for Newly Diagnosed Chronic Phase Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: A Phase III, Randomized, Open-label, Multi-center FESTnd Study.

PURPOSE: Flumatinib has been shown to be a more potent inhibitor of BCR-ABL1 tyrosine kinase than imatinib. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of flumatinib versus imatinib, for first-line treatment of chronic phase Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myeloid leukemia (CML-CP). PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this study, 394 patients were randomized 1:1 to flumatinib 600 mg once daily (n = 196) or imatinib 400 mg once daily (n = 198) groups. RESULTS: The rate of major molecular response (MMR) at 6 months (primary endpoint) was significantly higher with flumatinib than with imatinib (33.7% vs. 18.3%; P = 0.0006), as was the rate of MMR at 12 months (52.6% vs. 39.6%; P = 0.0102). At 3 months, the rate of early molecular response (EMR) was significantly higher in patients receiving flumatinib than in those receiving imatinib (82.1% vs. 53.3%; P < 0.0001). Compared with patients receiving imatinib, more patients receiving flumatinib achieved molecular remission 4 (MR4) at 6, 9, and 12 months (8.7% vs. 3.6%, P = 0.0358; 16.8% vs. 5.1%, P = 0.0002; and 23.0% vs. 11.7%, P = 0.0034, respectively). No patients had progression to accelerated phase or blast crisis in the flumatinib arm versus 4 patients in the imatinib arm by 12 months. Adverse events of edema, pain in extremities, rash, neutropenia, anemia, and hypophosphatemia were more frequent in imatinib arm, whereas diarrhea and alanine transaminase elevation were more frequent in flumatinib arm. CONCLUSIONS: Patients receiving flumatinib achieved significantly higher rates of responses, and faster and deeper responses compared with those receiving imatinib, indicating that flumatinib can be an effective first-line treatment for CML-CP. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02204644.See related commentary by Müller, p. 3.

Variables associated with patient-reported outcomes in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms.

We explored variables associated with patient-reported outcomes (PROs) including symptom burden, impact on daily life and work, obstacles during therapy, satisfaction level with therapy, and health-related quality of life in 1500 respondents with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) including essential thrombocythemia (ET), polycythemia vera (PV) and myelofibrosis (MF) in a multicenter, cross-sectional study across China, a representative of the developing countries. In multivariate analyses, urban household registration and higher education level were significantly-associated with no symptoms at diagnosis in respondents with ET or MF. CALR mutation was significantly-associated with lower MPN-10 scores in respondents with MF. Higher MPN-10 scores were significantly-associated with negative impact on daily life and work as well as lower satisfaction level in respondents with ET, PV and MF. Receiving ruxolitinib was significantly-associated with high satisfaction and satisfaction in respondents with MF. In addition, other demographics and clinical variables were also impacting PROs.

Three-dimensional porous composite scaffolds for in vitro marrow microenvironment simulation to screen leukemia drug.

The traditional 2D culture medium used for simulating the in vitro microenvironment for leukemia cells usually leads to 95% of the drug test results being different to the subsequent clinical results. Unlike this 2D culture, 3D scaffolds are more similar to the bone marrow microenvironment so can better simulate the drug effect on leukemia cells, which can benefit the preliminary screening of drugs for clinical use. For this purpose, the freeze-drying method was proposed for the fabrication of 3D scaffolds of graphene oxide/silk fibroin/carboxymethyl chitosan (GO/SF/CMCS). Experimental results show that these 3D scaffolds exhibit a better swelling ratio because of the embedding of GO. The improved hydrophilicity of the scaffolds brings about promoted adhesion and proliferation of leukemia cells. In contrast to the traditional 2D culture, leukemia cells in this 3D culture show stronger drug resistance, which is consistent with the previously reported clinical results. It implies that these 3D GO/SF/CMCS scaffolds can simulate well the in vivo bone marrow microenvironment, making it a promising platform for preliminary drug screening for clinical use.

[Effect of Polyvinyl Alcohol/Graphene Oxide Aerogel on the Biological Characteristics of Acute Leukemia Cell Lines].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) + graphene oxide (GO, weight content 1 wt%) aerogel three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds culture system on the proliferation, phenotype and drug resistance of ALL cell line Jurkat and AML cell line HL-60. METHODS: Jurkat cells and HL-60 cells were seeded in PVA+GO aerogel scaffolds for culture, and the structure of cells were observed by the scanning electron microscopy. Cell proliferation activity was measured by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), cell phenotypes were analyzed by flow cytometry after fluorescent staining, then were compared with 2D cultured cells. Ara-C was used in drug resistance experiment, and CCK8 was used to detected cell proliferation activity. RESULTS: The proliferation activity of Jurkat cells grown in aerogel scaffolds was higher than that by 2D cultured in long-term culture. However, in HL-60 cells, the proliferation activity on 3D scaffold only at the 8th to 20th day was higher than that on the traditional 2D culture. Expression of CD4 in Jurkat cells increased after culture for 30 days, but the cell phenotypes in the 3D aerogel scaffolds were similar to 2D cultured cells. Phenotype of HL-60 cells was certainly changed after culture for 30 days, the cells can be divided into CD13+CD14-CD45+HLA-DR+,CD13-CD14--CD45+HLA-DR+ and CD13-CD14-CD45+HLA-DR- groups, and a new CD13+CD14-CD45-HLA-DR+ group of cells appeared in the cells cultured in 3D scaffolds, but not in 2D cultured cells. Drug resistance experiments showed that Jurkat cells in aerogel scaffolds have stronger drug resistance than those in 2D culture. CONCLUSION: PVA+GO (1 wt%) aerogel scaffolds can improve the proliferation and drug resistance of leukemia cells, and the phenotypes were the same as those in 2D culture, which can be used for cell amplification and biology characteristics studies and drug experiments. However, cell phenotypes should be analyzed before culture, and the effects of phenotypes changes on drug resistance should be eliminated.

Altered expression of leptin and leptin receptor in the development of immune-mediated aplastic anemia in mice.

The current study aimed to explore the levels of leptin (LEP) and LEP receptor (LEP-R) on the progression of aplastic anemia (AA) with bone marrow fat conversion. An AA model was developed by infusing C57BL/6 lymph node cells into BALB/c mice. At 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 days after modeling, routine blood counts, bone marrow biopsy slides, lymphocyte subsets (CD4+ and CD8+ T cells) and cytokine levels [including interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-5 and interferon-γ] were assessed. LEP and LEP-R levels in peripheral blood serum, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and bone marrow were also analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. The relevance of LEP, LEP-R and other factors was analyzed by Pearson's correlation analysis. Peripheral pancytopenia (reduced count of white blood cells, red blood cells, hemoglobin and platelets), abnormal immune factor levels and histological changes in bone marrow sections were detected in the AA model mice, suggesting that these mice mimicked the pathological changes commonly observed in AA. In addition, following the establishment of AA, the LEP level was gradually increased and the LEP-R level was reduced in the mice over time (P<0.05). The expression of adipogenic genes, including CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP)α, C/EBPß and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, was markedly increased, while the expression of the osteogenic gene runt-related transcription factor 2 was reduced compared with the levels in the control group (P<0.05). Taken together, damage to LEP-R may lead to dysregulation of LEP and the enhancement of MSCs to differentiate into adipocytes, resulting in excessive fat in bone marrow of AA patients.

3D culture enhances chemoresistance of ALL Jurkat cell line by increasing DDR1 expression.

Three dimensional (3D) culture has gradually become a research hotspot in the field of drug screening, stem cell research, and tissue engineering due to its more physiological-like morphology and function. In this study, we compared the differences of cell proliferation, population, protein expression and chemoresistance profiles between two dimensional (2D) and 3D culture of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) Jurkat cell line. Polycaprolactone (PCL) is used for 3D culture owing to its biochemical properties and compatibility. Culturing of ALL Jurkat cell line in collagen type I coated polycaprolactone scaffold for 168 h increased cell proliferation, attachment, as well as the drug resistance to cytarabine (Ara-C) and daunorubicin (DNR) without changing the original CD2+CD3+CD4+dimCD8-CD34-CD45+dim phenotype, compared to uncoated PCL scaffold and tissue culture plate systems. Molecularly, increased chemoresistance is associated with the upregulation of discoidin domain receptor 1 (DDR1) and transcription factor STAT3. Inhibition of DDR1 activity by DDR1-specific inhibitor DDR-IN-1 accelerated cell death in the presence of Ara-C, DNR or their combination. These results demonstrated that 3D culture enhances chemoresistance of ALL Jurkat cell line by increasing DDR1 expression. Importantly, the cell adhesion-mediated drug resistance induced by DDR1 in the scaffold was similar to the clinical situation, indicating the 3D culture of cancer cells recapitulate the in vivo tumor environment and this platform can be used as a promising pre-clinic drug-screen system.

Effect of dihydroarteminin combined with siRNA targeting Notch1 on Notch1/c-Myc signaling in T-cell lymphoma cells.

The effectiveness of therapy combining dihydroartemisinin (DHA) and small interfering RNA targeting Notch1 (siNotch1) in T-cell lymphoma remains unknown. The present study explored the potential and possible mechanisms of combined dihydroarteminin, and siNotch1 therapy for T-cell lymphoma. It was demonstrated that the viability rates of siRNA-DHA-treated cells was significantly suppressed in comparison with those in control cells, control siRNA cells, siRNA-treated cells and DHA-treated cells (P<0.01). Additionally, there was a significant increase in cell apoptosis of siRNA-DHA-treated cells in comparison with those of control cells, control siRNA cells, siRNA-treated cells, DHA-treated cells (P<0.05). Furthermore, Notch1 and c-Myc mRNA and protein expression were decreased in siRNA-DHA-treated cells (P<0.05). The present study demonstrated that DHA combined with siNotch1 is able to suppress proliferation and promote apoptosis, and downregulate the expression of Notch1 and c-Myc mRNA and protein in T-cell lymphoma cells. Targeting Notch1/c-Myc signaling with siRNA and DHA may represent a novel strategy for treating human T-cell lymphoma.

Dihydroartemisinin triggers c-Myc proteolysis and inhibits protein kinase B/glycogen synthase kinase 3ß pathway in T-cell lymphoma cells.

Recent studies have revealed a positive therapeutic effect of dihydroartemisinin (DHA) on tumor cells. However, the underlying mechanism of this has not yet been elucidated. The present study examined the potential therapeutic role and mechanism of DHA in T-cell lymphoma cells. It was revealed that DHA inhibited the proliferation of Jurkat and HuT-78 T-cell lymphoma cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, DHA reduced c-Myc protein expression at the transcriptional level, and induced the phosphorylation of c-Myc and the degradation of c-Myc oncoprotein levels. DHA treatment resulted in decreased phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt) and glycogen synthase 3ß (GSK3ß) in T-cell lymphoma cells. In addition, DHA treatment induced cell apoptosis, which was accompanied by an increased ratio of Bax/Bcl-2. Taken together, the results of the present study suggested that DHA may exert its antitumor role by accelerating c-Myc proteolysis and inhibiting the Akt/GSK3ß pathway in T-cell lymphoma cells.