[Preparation and properties of thermosensitive in situ gel for ophthalmic formulation containing pearl hydrolyzate].

The study was designed to generate an ophthalmic thermosensitive in situ gel with improved mechanical and mucoadhesive properties that may prolong the retention time to enhance the bioavalability of pearl hydrolyzate. The gene was comprised of poloxamer 407, poloxamer188 and Carbopol 934, which were optimized by central composite design and response surface methodology. The rheological properties, transcorneal permeability, retention time and in vitro release behaviors of the optimal gel formulation were investigated. The gel was Newtonian liquid at 25 ℃ and performed as a semisolid gel with non-Newtonian liquid property with a gelation time of 13 s at 35 ℃. Compared with a conventional eye drops, the ophthalmic in situ gel exhibited a sevenfold increase in retention with a sustained release behavior, which was observed with suitable permeability coefficient at 5.58 cm·s-1. In conclusion, the new gel of pearl hydrolyzate prolonged the release duration of drug, which may decrease the frequency of administration of pearl hydrolyzate.

Simultaneous determination of 5 major bioactive components in hugu capsule by HPLC-DAD.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a qualitative and quantitative determination of multiple components for quality control of Hugu Capsule, a composite prescription in TCM. METHODS: HPLC analysis was performed on a Kromasil C18 column (5.0 microm, 250 mm x 4.6 mm) by gradient elution with methanol-acetonitrile-1% glacial acetic acid as the mobile phase at a flow-rate of 0.8 mL/min,the detection wavelengths were set at 270, 283, 320 and 325 nm at the temperature of 30 degrees C. RESULTS: Five components: chlorogenic acid, tetrahydroxy stilbene glucoside, ferulaic acid, naringin and icariin were simultaneously analyzed in this study. The calibration curves were exhibited linear regressions of at least r > 0.9992. The injection precision,the intra-day precisions and the analysis repeatability were evaluated with the RSD values were all less than 5%. The mean recoveries of the five components were ranged from 97.4% to 99.4%, and RSD values all were less than 1.72%. CONCLUSION: This method is found to be convenient, fast, accurate, and is applicable to analyze the multi-constituents in Hugu Capsule.

[Development Scenarios and Environmental Benefits Analysis of Future Power Generation Industry Under Two Modes in China].

In order to study the impact of the "carbon peak and neutrality" mode on future power generation and the environment in China, a Verhulst gray model was established to predict the development of the power generation industry from 2021 to 2060 under the non-"carbon peak and neutrality" mode. In addition, based on the "China 2030 Energy and Power Development Planning Research and 2060 Outlook Report," the development of the power generation industry from 2021 to 2060 under the "carbon peak and neutrality" mode was obtained, and the development scenarios of the future power generation industry in China under two models were compared and studied. The emission factors and emission reduction factors of CO2, SO2, NOx, PM, PM10, and PM2.5 were constructed through the conservation of elements and the generating performance standard, and then four environmental benefits A1-A4 were defined. The results showed that the installed capacity of thermal power will reach the carbon peak in 2026 under the "carbon peak and neutrality" mode. To achieve the carbon neutralization, the installed capacity of thermal power will be reduced by an average of 28 million kilowatts per year after 2026, and the installed capacity of renewable energy generated is required to increase by 154 million kilowatts per year after 2020. Compared with that in the non-"carbon peak and neutrality" mode, the installed capacity of thermal power generation will be greatly reduced, and the installed capacity of renewable energy power generation will be greatly increased under the "carbon peak and neutrality" mode, resulting in huge A1 and A2 environmental benefits. In the next four decades, the cumulative emission reductions in CO2, SO2, NOx, PM, PM10, and PM2.5 thermal power generation A1 are predicted to be 6.64×1010 tons, 1.54×107 tons, 1.55×107 tons, 3.18×106 tons, 1.71×106tons, and 2.23×105 tons, respectively. The cumulative emission reductions of renewable energy power generation A2 will be 5.77×1010 tons, 1.64×107 tons, 1.42×107 tons, 2.86×106 tons, 1.54×106 tons, and 2×105 t tons, respectively. Under the "carbon peak and neutrality" mode, compared with those from coal-fired power generation, the environmental benefits A3 and A4 produced by the relative cleanliness of renewable energy and nuclear power indicated that the cumulative emission reductions (A3+A4) in clean energy power generation of CO2, SO2, NOx, PM, PM10, and PM2.5 in the next four decades will be 3.014×1011 tons, 7.292×107 tons, 7.119×107 tons, 1.454×107 tons, 7.827×106tons, and 1.018×106 tons, respectively.

Effect of sophoridine on dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in C57BL/6 mice.

Sophoridine (SRI), one of the quinolizidine alkaloids, is a new anticancer drug with noticeable antitumor action and lower toxicity. To our knowledge, there is no report about its effect on colitis. Repeated colitis was induced by administration of four cycles of 4% DSS. The severity of colitis was assessed on the basis of clinical signs, colon length and histology scores. Moreover, cecum secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and plasma haptoglobin (HP) were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and ICAM-1, and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) gene expression was analyzed by quantitative reverse transcriptase real-time polymerase chain reaction using SYBR Green I. SRI administration significantly attenuated the damage and caused substantial reduction of the rise in plasma HP, and maintained the level of cecum sIgA. SRI inhibited the ICAM-1 gene expression and had no effect on MIF gene expression. In conclusion, for the first time, the activity of SRI on DSS-induced colitis mice was investigated, which suggests that SRI could be an attractive therapeutic option in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.

[Screening on alkaloid of Sophora alopecuraides against adenocarcinoma of colon cell line SW620 in vitro].

OBJECTIVE: To test 5 kinds of alkaloid of Sophora alopecuraides L., the effects of TBSA, MT, OMT, SC, SRI against adenocarcinoma of colon cell line SW620. METHODS: SW620 cell line was treated with alkaloid at various concentrations. The effect on cell proliferative activity was measured by MTT assay and the effects of alkaloids against cell growth were compared. The changes of cell morphology were observed through optical microscope and fluorescence microscope and the cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry and Annexin V-FITC apoptosis assay after the treatments. RESULTS: According to the results of MTT assay, all of the 5 kinds of alkaloid especially SRI and MT were identified to produce growth inhibition against SW620 cells. The sequence of the intensity of effect was TBSA < OMT < SC < MT < SRI. Further study of SRI and MT demonstrated their effects on inducing SW620 cell apoptosis, and SRI showed the strongest effect. Both SRI and MT induced SW620 cells to apoptosis in a dose-and-time-dependent manner. CONCLUSION: The 5 kinds of alkaloid especially SRI and MT may inhibit the growth of SW620 cells,and induce SW620 cell apoptosis. The results of this study pave the way for further identification of the effective components in Sophora alopecuraides L. that inhibit colorectal carcinoma both in vivo and in vitro.

[Effect of pectins of different degree of esterification on in-vitro sophoridine release of hydrophilic matrix tablets containing total alkaloids of Sophora alopecuroides].

OBJECTIVE: To prepare colon-targetting tablets of total alkaloids of Sophora alopecuroides and evaluate the effect of pectins of different degree of esterification (DE) on sophoridine release profiles in-vitro. METHOD: Wet granulation technique was employed to prepare petin-based matrix tablets, then tablets were coated the optimal formulation with Kollicoat MAE 30 DP based on the optimal formulation and analysed their release. RESULT: Coated formulation E could target total alkaloids of S. alopecuroides to colon and various DE of pectin exerted different effects on sophoridine release. The release of low DE pectin-based matrix tablets coating with Kollicoat MAE 30 DP approximatedly fitted zere-order eqution, which was erosion depended. CONCLUSION: Low DE pectin-based matrix tablet coating with Kollicoat MAE 30 DP can deliver sophoridine to colon, hence improve the effectiveness of sophoridine.

Protective effect of total alkaloids of Sophora alopecuroides on dextran sulfate sodium-induced chronic colitis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of total alkaloids of Sophora alopecuroides (TASA) on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. METHODS: Chronic experimental colitis was induced by administration of 4 cycles of 4% DSS. Fifty mice were randomly distributed into 4 groups (normal, DSS, DSS/high-dose TASA, and DSS/low-dose TASA groups) by a random number table with body weight stratification. Mice in the normal group (n=11) and DSS-induced colitis control group (n=15) received control treatment of 20 mL/kg distilled water; DSS plus TASA high- and low-dose groups (n=12 each) were treated with TASA solution (20 mL/kg) at the doses of 60 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg, respectively. The severity of colitis was assessed on the basis of clinical signs, colon length, and histology scores. Moreover, secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and haptoglobin (HP) were analyzed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and macrophage-migration inhibitory factor (MIF) gene expressions were analyzed by quantitative reverse transcriptase realtime polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) using SYBA green I; and nuclear factor κ B (NF-κ B) expression and activation and p65 interaction with the promoter of ICAM-1 gene were assessed by Western blotting and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. RESULTS: TASA administration significantly attenuated the damage and substantially reduced HP elevation and maintained the level of cecum sIgA. TASA inhibited the ICAM-1 gene expression and had no effect on MIF gene expression. Also, TASA was able to reduce phospho-I κ B α (p-I κ B α) protein expression; however, it had no effect on the activation of I κ B kinase α (IKK α) and inhibitor of NF-κ B α (I κ B α). Moreover, TASA inhibited the p65 recruitment to the ICAM-1 gene promoter. CONCLUSIONS: TASA had a protective effect on DSS-induced colitis. Such effect may be associated with its inhibition of NF-κ B activation and blockade of NF-κ B-regulated transcription activation of proinflammatory mediator gene.

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in PM10 surrounding a chemical industrial zone in Shanghai, China.

In order to gain comprehensive understanding of status, properties and sources of PCBs pollution at an industrial area in Shanghai, PM10 were collected during the period November 2004-September 2005. The results showed that the mean value of total PCBs in the industrial area was 2,017.22 pg m(-3). Three dioxin-like PCB congeners had a mean value of TEQ of 0.24 pg-TEQ m(-3). The concentrations of PCBs at all sites were higher in colder months than in warmer months. SigmaPCB concentrations were correlated positively with SO2, NO2 and OCPs, while negatively with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), ambient temperature, rainfall and wind speed. It could be concluded that the area had been contaminated by PCBs from a local source.

[Correlation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in PM10- phoenix tree leaves-soil system of a coking & chemical factory in Shanghai].

In order to study the distributions characteristics, sources and relationship of PAHs in PM10- phoenix tree leaves-soil system of a coking & chemical factory in Shanghai, the samples of PM10, phoenix tree leaves and soil around the factory were collected for a year. The concentration of PAHs were analyzed according to the USEPA method 8 000 series. The results showed that the average concentration of PAHs in PM10, phoenix tree leaves and soil were 101.11 ng/m3, 79.45 ng/g and 121.53 microg/g, respectively. Particulate phase (PM10) contained mainly carcinogenic and mutagenic PAHs, among which BaA, BghiP, Flu and BaP were found at significant concentrations. In phoenix tree leaves, Nap,Chy, BaP and BghiP presented a higher level of concentration. In soil, 3 and 4-ring PAHs presented a higher level. PAHs concentrations of phoenix tree leaves were very lower in May. Only Ace (0.16 ng/g) and Pyr (0.63 ng/g) were detected. In July and August the concentrations (39.19 ng/g and 150.94 ng/g, respectively) were uplifted significantly. It could be concluded PAHs was from petroleum and coal-fired compound source. There were very strong positive relationships of 16 PAHs level among phoenix tree leaves, soil and PM10 (p < 0.01).