Discovery of ent-kaurane diterpenoid glucosides as potent analgesics from the leaves of Pieris formosa.

To search for structurally novel analgesics from Ericaceae plants, the leaves of Pieris formosa collected at Yichang, Hubei, China, were phytochemically investigated for the first time. A total of fifteen ent-kaurane diterpene glucosides (1-15) including twelve new ones, named forminosides A-L (1-12), were isolated. Their structures were elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic data analyses, quantum chemical calculations (13C NMR and ECD calculations and DP4+ analysis), and chemical methods. The absolute configures of 1-3, 5-8, 11, and 13 were further determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Forminoside A (1) represents the first 3α-(ß-d-glucopyranosyloxy)-11,16-epoxy-ent-kaurane diterpenoid bearing a unique 12-oxa-pentacyclo[9.3.3.01,10.04,9.013,16]heptadecane core. Forminoside J (10) is the first 17-nor-ent-kaurane type diterpenoid from Ericaceae family, while forminoside L (12) represents the first example of 4,5-seco-ent-kaurane diterpenoid glycoside bearing an unusual α-hydroxyl-α,ß-unsaturated ketone block. Notably, the structure of mollisside A was revised to 3ß-(ß-d-glucopyranosyloxy)-16ß,17-dihydroxy-ent-kaurane based on the NMR and single-crystal X-ray diffraction data analysis of forminoside C (3). All the isolates 1-15 showed potent analgesic activity in the HOAc-induced writhing test in mice. Among them, compounds 1-3, 5-12, and 15 exhibited significant analgesic effects at a dose of 5.0 mg/kg with the inhibition rates over 50%. Compounds 1, 5, 7, and 9-12 still displayed significant analgesic effects with the inhibition rates exceeding 50% at a lower dose of 1.0 mg/kg. Forminosides J (10) and L (12) still showed significant analgesic potency even at a lower dose of 0.2 mg/kg, comparable to that of the positive control, morphine. This is first report of the analgesic activity of 11,16-epoxy-ent-kaurane diterpenoid. A preliminary structure-activity relationship was explored, providing new clues to design novel analgesics based on the ent-kaurane and related diterpenoids.

Dauresorcinols A and B, two pairs of merosesquiterpenoid enantiomers with new carbon skeletons from Rhododendron dauricum.

Five pairs of new merosesquiterpenoid enantiomers, named dauresorcinols A-E (1-5), were isolated from the leaves of Rhododendron dauricum. Their structures were elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic data analysis, quantum chemical calculations, Rh2(OCOCF3)4-induced ECD, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Dauresorcinols A (1) and B (2) possess two new merosesquiterpene skeletons bearing an unprecedented 2,6,7,10,14-pentamethyl-11-oxatetracyclo[8.8.0.02,7.012,17]octadecane and a caged 15-isohexyl-1,5,15-trimethyl-2,10-dioxatetracyclo[7.4.1.111,14.03,8]pentadecane motif, respectively. Plausible biosynthetic pathways of 1-5 are proposed involving key oxa-electrocyclization and Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement reactions. (+)/(-)-1 and 3-5 showed potent α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, 3 to 22 times stronger than acarbose, an antidiabetic drug targeting α-glucosidase. Docking results provide a basis to design and develop merosesquiterpenoids as potent α-glycosidase inhibitors.

Discovery of highly functionalized grayanane diterpenoids from the flowers of Rhododendron molle as potent analgesics.

A systematical investigation on the chemical constituents of the flowers of Rhododendron molle (Ericaceae) led to the isolation and characterization of thirty-eight highly functionalized grayanane diterpenoids (1-38), including twelve novel analogues molleblossomins A-L (1-12). Their structures were elucidated by comprehensive methods, including 1D and 2D NMR analysis, calculated ECD, 13C NMR calculations with DP4+ probability analysis, and single crystal X-ray diffraction. Molleblossomins A (1), B (2), and E (5) are the first representatives of 2ß,3ß:9ß,10ß-diepoxygrayanane, 2,3-epoxygrayan-9(11)-ene, and 5,9-epoxygrayan-1(10),2(3)-diene diterpenoids, respectively. Molleblossomins G (7) and H (8) represent the first examples of 1,3-dioxolane-grayanane conjugates furnished with the acetaldehyde and 4-hydroxylbenzylidene acetal moieties, respectively. All grayanane diterpenoids 1-38 were screened for their analgesic activities in the acetic acid-induced writhing model, and all of them exhibited significant analgesic activities. Diterpenoids 6, 13, 14, 17, 20, and 25 showed more potent analgesic effects than morphine at a lower dose of 0.2 mg/kg, with the inhibition rates of 51.4%, 68.2%, 94.1%, 66.9%, 97.7%, and 60.0%, respectively. More importantly, even at the lowest dose of 0.04 mg/kg, rhodomollein X (14), rhodojaponin VI (20), and rhodojaponin VII (22) still significantly reduced the number of writhes in the acetic acid-induced pain model with the percentages of 61.7%, 85.8%, and 64.6%, respectively. The structure-activity relationship was summarized and might provide some hints to design novel analgesics based on the functionalized grayanane diterpenoids.

Divergent Synthetic Approach to Grayanane Diterpenoids.

The total syntheses of nine grayanane diterpenoids, namely, GTX-II (1), GTX-III (2), rhodojaponin III (3), GTX-XV (4), principinol D (5), iso-GTX-II (6), 1,5-seco-GTX-Δ1,10-ene (7), and leucothols B (8) and D (9), that belong to five distinct subtypes, were disclosed in a divergent manner. Among them, six members were accomplished for the first time. The concise synthetic approach features three key transformations: (1) an oxidative dearomatization-induced [5 + 2] cycloaddition/pinacol rearrangement cascade to assemble the bicyclo[3.2.1]octane carbon framework (CD rings); (2) a photosantonin rearrangement to build up the 5/7 bicycle (AB rings) of 1-epi-grayanoids; and (3) a Grob fragmentation/carbonyl-ene process to access four additional subtypes of grayanane skeletons. Density functional theory calculations were performed to elucidate the mechanistic origins of the crucial divergent transformation, which combined with late-stage synthetic findings provided insights into the biosynthetic relationships between these diverse skeletons.

Piericones A and B as Potent Antithrombotics: Nanomolar Noncompetitive Protein Disulfide Isomerase Inhibitors with an Unexpected Chemical Architecture.

Extracellular protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) is a promising target for thrombotic-related diseases. Four potent PDI inhibitors with unprecedented chemical architectures, piericones A-D (1-4), were isolated from Pieris japonica. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic data analysis, chemical methods, quantum 13C nuclear magnetic resonance DP4+ and electronic circular dichroism calculations, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Piericones A (1) and B (2) were nanomolar noncompetitive PDI inhibitors possessing an unprecedented 3,6,10,15-tetraoxatetracyclo[7.6.0.04,9.01,12]pentadecane motif with nine contiguous stereogenic centers. Their biosynthetic pathways were proposed to include a key intermolecular aldol reaction and an intramolecular 1,2-migration reaction. Piericone A (1) significantly inhibited in vitro platelet aggregation and fibrin formation and in vivo thrombus formation via the inhibition of extracellular PDI without increasing the bleeding risk. The molecular docking and dynamics simulation of 1 and 2 provided a novel structure basis to develop PDI inhibitors as potent antithrombotics.

Highly oxygenated grayanane diterpenoids with structural diversity from the flowers of Rhododendron dauricum and their analgesic activities.

Twenty-eight grayanane diterpenoids (1-28) including 13 new ones, named daublossomins A-M (1-13), and two new natural products, 3-O-acetylgrayanotoxin II (14) and 10-epi-grayanotoxin III (15), were isolated from the flowers of Rhododendron dauricum L. (Ericaceae). Their structures were elucidated by means of comprehensive spectroscopic methods and quantum chemical calculations (13C NMR-DP4+ analysis and calculated ECD), and the absolute configurations of ten grayanane diterpenoids 1, 4, 5, 7, 8, 22, 23, 25, 27, and 28 were determined by X-ray crystallographic analysis. Daublossomin A (1) represents the first example of an 11,16-epoxygrayan-6-one diterpenoid. Daublossomins B (2) and C (3) are the first examples of 9ß,10ß-epoxygrayanane diterpenoids, and daublossomin I (9) is the second conjugated grayan-1(5),6(7),9(10)-triene diterpenoid. Compounds 1-11 and 13-27 were evaluated for their analgesic activities in the HOAc-induced writhing test in mice, and 1-8, 10, 11, 13, 15, 17, 18, 22-24, and 26 exhibited significant analgesic effects at a dose of 5.0 mg/kg (inhibition rates > 50%). Among them, daublossomins A (1) and F (6) still showed potent analgesic activity even at a lower dose of 0.2 mg/kg with the inhibition rates of 54.4% and 55.2%, respectively. Grayanotoxin III (20) showed more potent analgesic activities than the positive control, morphine, at a dose of 0.04 mg/kg. A preliminary structure-activity relationship for the analgesic grayanane diterpenoids was discussed, providing some useful clues to design and develop structurally novel potent analgesics.

A new megastimane sesquiterpenoid from the leaves of Cinnamomum cassia.

A new megastimane sesquiterpenoid, cassianol A (1), and five known analogues (2-6) were isolated from the leaves extract of Cinnamomum cassia. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic methods and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. All the isolates were isolated from C. cassia for the first time. The anti-inflammatory activities of compounds 1-6 were evaluated against nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages.

Gelstriamine A, a Triamino Monoterpene Indole Alkaloid with a Caged 6/5/7/6/6/5 Scaffold and Analgesic Alkaloids from Gelsemium elegans Stems.

A novel triamino monoterpene indole alkaloid with an unprecedented skeleton, gelstriamine A (1), four new monoterpene indole alkaloids (2-5), and 12 known analogues (6-17) were isolated from Gelsemium elegans. The structures of 1-5 were established using extensive spectroscopic techniques, NMR calculations with iJ/dJ-DP4 and 2D C-H COSY ANNs analysis, ECD calculations, chemical methods, and single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Gelstriamine A (1) possesses an unprecedented 6/5/7/6/6/5 heterohexacyclic scaffold bearing a unique hexahydrooxazolo[4,5-b]pyridin-2(3H)-one motif, and a plausible biosynthetic pathway was proposed. All the isolated alkaloids 1-17 showed discernible analgesic activities in an acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice, and N-desmethoxyhumantenine N4-oxide (3) exhibited more potent analgesic activities than those of morphine at doses of 0.04 and 0.2 mg/kg.

Structurally Diverse Diterpenoids from the Roots of Salvia deserta Based on Nine Different Skeletal Types.

Twenty-four diterpenoids (1-24), classified into nine diverse carbon skeletal types, 8-nor-7(8→14),9(8→7)-di-abeo-abietane (1, 2, and 13), 7(8→14),9(8→7)-di-abeo-abietane (3 and 4), 6-nor-6,7-seco-abietane (5 and 6), 6,7-seco-abietane (7 and 11), 9,10-seco-abietane (8), abietane (9, 10, and 14-21), 11(9→8),20(10→11)-di-abeo-abietane (12), 15(13→12)-abeo-abietane (22 and 23), and 4,5-seco-20(10→5)-abeo-abietane (24), respectively, were isolated from the roots of Salvia deserta. The structures of 10 new diterpenoids, named salviadesertins A-J (1-10), were elucidated by spectroscopic data interpretation, quantum-chemical calculations including calculated 13C NMR-DP4+ analysis and electronic circular dichroism as well as X-ray crystallography analysis. The absolute configurations of compounds 1-3, 7, 14, and 22 were defined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. All the isolated diterpenoids 1-24 were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against five cancer cell lines, and 6-hydroxysalvinolone (14) showed micromolar potencies against MCF-7, A-549, SMMC-7721, and HL-60 cells, whereas the other diterpenoids were inactive (half-maximal inhibitory concentration greater than 10.0 µM).

Structurally diverse diterpenoids with eight carbon skeletons from Rhododendron micranthum and their antinociceptive effects.

Seventeen diterpenoids (1-17), classified into eight diverse carbon skeleton types, grayanane (1, 2, and 12), micranthane (3, 4, and 13), mollane (5-7 and 14), 1,5-seco-grayanane (8), kalmane (9-11), 1,5-seco-kalmane (15), A-homo-B-nor-ent-kaurane (16), and leucothane (17), respectively, were isolated from the leaves extract of Rhododendron micranthum. Among them, diterpenoids 1-9 are new compounds and their structures were elucidated via extensive spectroscopic methods, quantum chemical calculations including the 13C NMR-DP4+ analysis and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations, and the single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Micranthanol A (1) represents the first example of a 5αH,9αH-grayanane diterpenoid and a 6-hydroxy-6,10-epoxygrayanane diterpenoid, and micranthanone B (3) is the first 6,10-epoxymicranthane and the 5α-hydroxy-micranthane diterpenoids. 14-epi-Mollanol A (5) and mollanol B (6) represent the first examples of 14ß-hydroxymollane diterpenoids. It is the first time to report mollane, 1,5-seco-kalmane, and A-homo-B-nor-ent-kaurane type diterpenoids from Rhododendron micranthum. All the seventeen diterpenoids showed significant antinociceptive activities at a dose of 5.0 mg/kg, and it is the first time to evaluate the antinociceptive activity of 1,5-seco-kalmane diterpenoid. Among them, compounds 3, 11, 14, and 15 exhibited significant antinociceptive activities even at a lower dose of 1.0 mg/kg. A preliminary structure-activity relationship for the antinociceptive effects of diterpenoids 1-17 is discussed, which provided a new basis to develop novel potent analgesics.

Structurally diverse diterpenoids from Pieris japonica as potent analgesics.

Sixteen diterpenoids (1-16) including 10 new ones, pierisjaponins A-J (1-10), were isolated and identified from Pieris japonica, and their structures were classified into eight diverse carbon skeletons. Pierisjaponins A (1) and B (2) represent the first 1,5-seco-grayanane diterpenoid glucosides and only showed 17 carbon resonances instead of 26 carbons in the 13C NMR spectra, their structures were finally defined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and the unusual NMR phenomena were explained. Pierisjaponin E (5) is the first mollane diterpene glucoside. This is the first time to report ent-labdane (3, 4, and 11) and ent-rosane (15) type diterpenoids from the Ericaceae plants, which provided the precursors of the Ericaceae diterpenoids and enlarged the chemical diversity of Ericaceae diterpenoids. All the 16 isolates showed potent analgesic activities, and this is the first time to describe the analgesic activities of 1,5-seco-grayanane, ent-labdane, mollane, and ent-rosane type diterpenoids. A preliminary structure-activity relationship is discussed, which provided new clues to design novel analgesics based on the Ericaceae diterpenoids.

Antiproliferative abietane quinone diterpenoids from the roots of Salvia deserta.

A total of twenty abietane quinone diterpenoids including ten new ones (1-10) were isolated from the roots extract of Salvia deserta. Their chemical structures were delineated by extensive spectrometric and spectroscopic techniques including HRESIMS, NMR, UV, IR, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, calculated 13C NMR-DP4+ analysis, calculated ECD, and Mo2(OAc)4-induced ECD. The absolute configurations of salvidesertone A (1), 8α,9α-epoxy-6-deoxycoleon U (18), and 7,20-epoxyroyleanone (19) were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Salvidesertone A (1) represents the first example of a 9-hydroxyabieta-7(8)-ene quinone diterpenoid. This is the first report of the crystal structures of 8α,9α-epoxy-6-deoxycoleon U (18) and 7,20-epoxyroyleanone (19). Abietane quinone diterpenoids 1, 2, and 4-20 were evaluated for their antiproliferative activities against five cancer cell lines A-549, SMMC-7721, SW480, MCF-7, and HL-60 and a normal epithelial cell line BEAS-2B in vitro. Salvidesertones E (8) and F (9) selectively inhibited the proliferation of A-549, SMMC-7721, and SW480 cancer cell lines. Importantly, salvidesertones E (8) and F (9), horminone (13), taxoquinone (14), 7α-O-methylhorminone (15), and 8α,9α-epoxy-6-deoxycoleon U (18) showed more potent antiproliferative effects against A-549 than the positive control cis-platin. A preliminary structure-activity relationship for the antiproliferative effects of abietane quinone diterpenoids 1-20 was discussed.

Grayanane Diterpenoids from the Leaves of Rhododendron auriculatum and Their Analgesic Activities.

Twenty-four grayanane diterpenoids (1-24) including 12 new ones (1-12) were isolated from Rhododendron auriculatum. The structures of the new grayanane diterpenoids (1-12) were defined via extensive spectroscopic data analysis. The absolute configurations of compounds 2-4, 10-12, 14, and 16 were established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, and electronic circular dichroism data were used to define the absolute configurations of auriculatols D (8) and E (9). Auriculatol A (1) is the first example of a 5,20-epoxygrayanane diterpenoid bearing a 7-oxabicyclo[4.2.1]nonane motif and a trans/cis/cis/cis-fused 5/5/7/6/5 pentacyclic ring system. Auriculatol B (2) is the first example of a 3α,5α-dihydroxy-1-ßH-grayanane diterpenoid. 19-Hydroxy-3-epi-auriculatol B (6) and auriculatol C (7) represent the first examples of 19-hydroxygrayanane and grayan-5(6)-ene diterpenoids, respectively. Diterpenoids 1-24 showed analgesic activities in the writhing test induced by HOAc, and 2, 6, 10, 13, 19, and 24 at a dose of 5.0 mg/kg exhibited significant analgesic effects (inhibition rates >50%). Grayanane diterpenoids grayanotoxins I (19) and IV (24) at doses of 0.2 and 0.04 mg/kg showed more potent analgesic activities than morphine.

Antinociceptive Grayanane Diterpenoids from the Leaves of Pieris japonica.

Thirteen new grayanane diterpenoids (1-13) and 15 known analogues (14-28) were isolated from a leaf extract of Pieris japonica. Their structures were determined by spectrometric and spectroscopic methods, including HRESIMS, NMR, IR, and UV. The absolute configurations of 1, 3, 7-9, and 16 were defined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. 17-Hydroxygrayanotoxin XIX (1) represents the first example of a 17-hydroxygrayan-15(16)-ene diterpenoid. Diterpenoids 1-28 were evaluated for their antinociceptive activities, and 4, 9, 13, 21, and 26-28 displayed significant antinociceptive activities at a dose of 5.0 mg/kg (ip) in the HOAc-induced writhing test in mice. 17-Hydroxygrayanotoxin XIX (1) exhibited potent antinociceptive effects with writhe inhibition rates of 56.3% and 64.8% at doses of 0.04 and 0.2 mg/kg, respectively, which were almost equivalent to the positive control, morphine. Rhodomollein X (26) and rhodojaponin VI (27) showed more potent antinociceptive effects than morphine at doses of 0.04 and 0.2 mg/kg. A preliminary structure-activity relationship for the antinociceptive effects of diterpenoids 1-28 is discussed.

Anti-inflammatory Grayanane Diterpenoids from the Leaves of Rhododendron molle.

Thirteen new grayanane diterpenoids (1-13), a new dimeric grayanane diterpenoid, bimollfoliagein A (14), and 15 known analogues (15-29) were isolated from the leaves of Rhododendron molle. The structures of the new compounds (1-14) were determined by extensive spectroscopic data interpretation. The absolute configurations of 1-3, 7, 8, 16, 18, and 24 were defined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Mollfoliagein A (1) represents the first example of a 2,3:11,16-diepoxy grayanane diterpenoid, featuring a cis/trans/cis/cis/trans-fused 3/5/7/6/5/5 hexacyclic ring system with a 7,13-dioxahexacyclo[10.3.3.01,11.04,9.06,8.014,17]octadecane scaffold. Diterpenoids 1-29 were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activities in vitro, and 15, 16, 18, 19, 23-26, 28, and 29 exhibited significant inhibitory activities against nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 mouse macrophages with IC50 values ranging from 2.8 to 35.4 µM. A preliminary structure-activity relationship for the anti-inflammatory activity of diterpenoids 1-29 is discussed.

Flavans with potential anti-inflammatory activities from Zephyranthes candida.

Three new flavans, (2R,3R)-7-methoxy-flavan-3-ol (1), (2S)-7,3'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavan 3'-O-ß-d-glucopyranoside (2), (2S)-7,3'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavan 7-O-ß-d-glucopyranoside (3), and one known flavan (4) were isolated from the whole plants of Zephyranthes candida (Amaryllidacea). The structures of the new flavans 1-3 were determined by extensive spectroscopic analyses including HRESIMS, NMR, and electronic circular dichroism (ECD), and the absolute configuration of 1 was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis with Cu Kα irradiation. Flavans 1-3 displayed significant inhibitory effects on the LPS-induced NO production in RAW264.7 mouse macrophages with IC50 values of 17.34, 16.14, and 21.52µM, respectively, suggesting their potentials for anti-inflammatory agents.

Structurally diverse analgesic diterpenoids from the flowers of Rhododendron molle.

Thirteen diterpenoids (1-13), classified into four structurally diverse carbon skeletons, including 1,5-seco-kalmane (1 and 6), grayanane (2-11), kalmane (12), and rhodomollane (13), were isolated from the flowers extract of Rhododendron molle. Among them, rhodomollinols A - E (1-5) were five new diterpenoids and their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic methods including HRESIMS, UV, IR, 1D and 2D NMR, as well as quantum ECD calculations. Rhodomollinol A (1) is the first representative of a 6-deoxy-1,5-seco-kalmane diterpenoid. The abnormal NMR phenomenon of the presence of only 9 carbon resonances instead of 20 carbons in the 13C NMR spectrum of 1 was observed and elucidated by the quantum NMR calculations. All diterpenoids 1-13 showed significant analgesic activities in an acetic acid-induced writhing model. It's the first time to report the analgesic activity of a rhodomollane-type diterpenoid. At a dose of 1.0 mg/kg, diterpenoids 1-3, 6, 8, 9, and 12 reduced the writhe numbers with inhibition rates over 50%, and 9 exhibited stronger analgesic activity with a writhe inhibition rate of 89.7% than that of the positive control morphine. Importantly, even at the lowest dose of 0.04 mg/kg, rhodomollinols A (1) and B (2), rhodomollein X (7), and 2-O-methylrhodojaponin VI (9) still showed more potent analgesic effects than morphine with the writhe inhibition rates of 51.8%, 48.0%, 61.7%, and 60.0%, respectively. A preliminary structure-activity relationship might provide some clues to design potential analgesics on the basis of structurally diverse Ericaceae diterpenoids.

Structurally diverse alkaloids with nine frameworks from Zephyranthes candida and their acetylcholinesterase inhibitory and anti-inflammatory activities.

Twenty-six structurally diverse Amaryllidaceae alkaloids, including ten undescribed compounds named zephyranines A-I and 6-O-ethylnerinine, two undescribed natural products zephyranthine-6-one and 3-O-deacetyl-sternbergine, were isolated from whole plants of Zephyranthes candida. Their structures were determined by HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR, CD data analysis, NMR and ECD calculations, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. All structures were classified into nine framework types: 10b,11-seco-crinine, graciline, crinine, homolycorine, trisphaeridine, lycorine, galasine, tazettine, and belladine. Zephyranine A represents the first naturally occurring 10b,11-seco-crinine type alkaloid, and zephyranine B is the sixth graciline type alkaloid. 6-O-ethylnerinine is an artifact from the extraction and isolation. All isolates were evaluated for their acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory and anti-inflammatory activities. Zephyranines A, G, and H exhibited moderate AChE inhibitory activities, with IC50 values of 8.2, 39.0, and 10.8 µM, respectively. Zephyranine B, haemanthamine, haemanthidine, 11-hydroxyvittatine, and 8-demethoxy-10-O-methylhostasine exhibited potent anti-inflammatory activity on the LPS-induced NO production in RAW264.7 mouse macrophages with IC50 values of 21.3, 4.6, 12.2, 5.6, and 17.4 µM, respectively. Structure-activity-relationship analysis and docking studies indicated that interactions with the key Trp286 and Tyr337 residues are required for potent AChE inhibitors.

Asebogenin suppresses thrombus formation via inhibition of Syk phosphorylation.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Thrombosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Platelet activation by exposed collagen through glycoprotein VI (GPVI) and formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are critical pathogenic factors for arterial and venous thrombosis. Both events are regulated by spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk)-mediated signalling events. Asebogenin is a dihydrochalcone whose pharmacological effects remain largely unknown. This study aims to investigate the antithrombotic effects of asebogenin and the underlying molecular mechanisms. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: Platelet aggregation was assessed using an aggregometer. Platelet P-selectin exposure, integrin activation and calcium mobilization were determined by flow cytometry. NETs formation was assessed by SYTOX Green staining and immunohistochemistry. Quantitative phosphoproteomics, microscale thermophoresis, in vitro kinase assay and molecular docking combined with dynamics simulation were performed to characterize the targets of asebogenin. The in vivo effects of asebogenin on arterial thrombosis were investigated using FeCl3 -induced and laser-induced injury models, whereas those of venous thrombosis were induced by stenosis of the inferior vena cava. KEY RESULTS: Asebogenin inhibited a series of GPVI-induced platelet responses and suppressed NETs formation induced by proinflammatory stimuli. Mechanistically, asebogenin directly interfered with the phosphorylation of Syk at Tyr525/526, which is important for its activation. Further, asebogenin suppressed arterial thrombosis demonstrated by decreased platelet accumulation and fibrin generation and attenuated venous thrombosis determined by reduced neutrophil accumulation and NETs formation, without increasing bleeding risk. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS: Asebogenin exhibits potent antithrombotic effects by targeting Syk and is a potential lead compound for the development of efficient and safe antithrombotic agents.

Highly oxygenated isoryanodane diterpenoids from the leaves of Cinnamomum cassia and their immunomodulatory activities.

A total of twelve highly oxygenated isoryanodane (also known as cinncassiol D-type) diterpenoids including nine undescribed ones, named cinnacassins A-I, were isolated from the leaves of Cinnamomum cassia. Their chemical structures were elucidated by extensive spectrometric and spectroscopic techniques including HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR, single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, calculated 13C-NMR DP4+ analysis, and chemical methods. The absolute configuration of cinnacassin A was unambiguously delineated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Cinnacassin H represents the first example of 16-O-glucosylated isoryanodane diterpenoid, and cinnacassin I is the first isoryanod-13(18)-ene diterpenoid. The relationship of the configuration C-18 and the chemical shifts of H2-19 and C-20 in the 19-hydroxy-isoryanodane diterpenoids was discussed, and the 18S-configuration of three known 19-hydroxy-isoryanodane diterpenoids, cinncassiol D1, 19-O-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-cinncassiol D1, and cinncassiol D3 was assigned. All the isolated isoryanodane diterpenoids were evaluated for their immunomodulatory effects in vitro, and cinnacassin A and cinncassiol D1 enhanced the proliferation of Con A-induced murine T cells with enhancement rates ranging from 17.9% to 45.4%, which were more potent than the positive control, thymosin α1. In addition, cinncassiol D1 significantly promoted the proliferation of LPS-induced murine B cells with an enhancement rate up to 116.1%, two-fold more potent than thymosin α1 at a concentration of 1.5625 µM.