LNX2 involves in the role of ghrelin to promote the neuronal differentiation of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells.

Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) have promising effects on nerve repair due to the differentiation ability to neural cells. Ghrelin has been shown to promote the neural differentiation of ADSCs. This work was designed to explore its underlying mechanism. Herein, we found high expression of LNX2 in ADSCs after neuronal differentiation. Knockdown of LNX2 might block neuronal differentiation of ADSCs, as evidenced by the decreased number of neural-like cells and dendrites per cell, and the reduced expressions of neural markers (including ß-Tubulin III, Nestin, and MAP2). We also demonstrated that LNX2 silencing suppressed the nuclear translocation of ß-catenin in differentiated ADSCs. Luciferase reporter assay indicated that LNX2 inhibited wnt/ß-catenin pathway by reducing its transcriptional activity. In addition, results showed that LNX2 expression was increased by ghrelin, and its inhibition diminished the effects of ghrelin on neuronal differentiation. Altogether, the results suggest that LNX2 is involved in the role of ghrelin to facilitate neuronal differentiation of ADSCs.

Lycium barbarum polysaccharides attenuate kidney injury in septic rats by regulating Keap1-Nrf2/ARE pathway.

Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBP) are derived from Wolfberry and have antioxidant activities. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of LBP for kidney injury in a rat model of sepsis. Male rats were divided randomly to control group (Con), LPS group (LPS), ulinastatin group (ULI), low dose LBP group (LBP-1), middle dose LBP group (LBP-2) and high dose LBP group (LBP-3). After intraperitoneal injection of LPS (5 mg/kg) to make sepsis model (LPS group), 10,000 U/kg ulinastatin were given in ULI group, and 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg LBP was given in LBP-1, -2, -3 group, respectively. Serum IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α and NF-κB levels were measured by ELISA. Nrf2, Keap1, NF-κB, HO-1 and NQO1 expression levels were detected by PCR and Western blot analysis. We found that LBP decreased the levels of NF-κB and pro-inflammatory cytokines while attenuated kidney injury. In addition, LBP regulated Keap1-Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway in the kidney. In conclusion, LBP attenuates inflammation injury in the kidney via possible regulation of Keap1-Nrf2/ARE signaling.

Abnormal DNA methylation in the lumbar spinal cord following chronic constriction injury in rats.

Pathogenesis of neuropathic pain is complex and not clearly understood. Glutamate decarboxylase 67 (GAD 67) is a key synthetic enzyme for the main inhibitory transmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and diminishes in the spinal dorsal horn in rats following chronic constriction injury (CCI). GAD 67 is coded by gene GAD 1. DNA methylation can regulate the expression of GAD 67 by regulating the methylation of GAD 1 promoter in the psychotic brain. DNA methylation is primarily mediated by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and methyl-DNA binding domain proteins (MBDs). In this study, in order to discover whether DNA methylation regulates GAD 67 expression in the spinal cord in CCI rats and is involved in neuropathic pain, we examined mRNA levels of DNMTs, MBDs and GAD 67 with real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and methylation of GAD 1 promoter with Pyromark CpG Assays in the lumbar spinal cord in CCI rats on day 14 after surgery. Our results showed that DNMT3a, DNMT3b and methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2) expression increased, MBD2 expression decreased, and DNMT1, MBD1 and MBD3 expression hardly changed in the lumbar spinal cord in CCI rats on day 14 after surgery. GAD 67 expression decreased, and methylation of GAD 1 promoter increased in the lumbar spinal cord in CCI rats on day 14 after surgery. These results indicate that decreased GAD 67 may be associated with increased GAD 1 promoter methylation, which may be mediated by DNMT3a, DNMT3b, MeCP2 and MBD2 in CCI rats. These indicate that abnormal DNA methylation may be highly involved in CCI-induced neuropathic pain.