Association between BMI and Efficacy of SGLT2 Inhibitors in Patients with Heart Failure or at Risk of Heart Failure: A Meta-Analysis Based on Randomized Controlled Trials.

INTRODUCTION: This meta-analysis aimed to investigate the effect of SGLT2 inhibitors on the prognosis of patients with heart failure (HF) or at risk of HF across different body mass index (BMI). METHODS: We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library for all randomized controlled trials comparing SGLT2 inhibitors with placebo in patients with HF or at risk of HF and extracted relevant data up to April 2023 for meta-analysis. RESULTS: A total of 29,500 patients were enrolled in the selected five studies. The results showed that patients treated with SGLT2 inhibitors had lower HF hospitalization (HHF) or cardiovascular (CV) mortality compared to those taking placebo (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.73, p < 0.001). Patients taking SGLT2 inhibitors also had a lower all-cause mortality rate than those taking placebo (HR = 0.85, p = 0.017). In BMI subgroup analysis, the HHF rate in the experimental group was lower than that in the control group at BMI ≤24.9 kg/m2, 25.0-29.9 kg/m2, and ≥30.0 kg/m2. There was no significant difference in CV mortality between the two groups at BMI ≤24.9 kg/m2 (HR = 0.91, p = 0.331) and 25.0-29.9 kg/m2 (HR = 0.92, p = 0.307). However, when the BMI was ≥30.0 kg/m2, CV mortality with SGLT2 inhibitors was lower than in the control group (HR = 0.79, p = 0.002). When patients had a BMI ≤24.9 kg/m2 (HR = 0.85, p = 0.033) and 25.0-29.9 kg/m2 (HR = 0.83, p = 0.046), the all-cause mortality was lower in the experimental group than in the control group. However, there was no significant difference between the 2 groups in patients with a BMI ≥30.0 kg/m2 (HR = 0.87, p = 0.094). CONCLUSION: SGLT2 inhibitors improve the prognosis in patients with HF or at risk of HF. This effect is affected by BMI.

Comparison of Immunogenicity Between Inactivated and Live Attenuated Hepatitis A Vaccines Among Young Adults: A 3-Year Follow-up Study.

UNLABELLED: A randomized clinical trial of hepatitis A vaccines (1 or 2 doses of inactivated vaccine [Healive] or 1 dose of live attenuated vaccine [Biovac]) was conducted among adults to evaluate seroprotection rates and geometric mean concentrations of antibody against hepatitis A virus for 36 months. High rates of seroprotection persisted for at least 36 months among adults who received 1 or 2 doses of inactivated hepatitis A vaccine but not among adults who received 1 dose of live attenuated hepatitis A vaccine. The long-term serial monitoring of immunogenicity induced by 1 dose of inactivated hepatitis A vaccine is needed to determine an effective alternative to a 2-dose schedule. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: NCT01865968.

[Preparation technology and dissolution research of Blumea volatile oil suppository].

OBJECTIVE: To research the preparation technology and dissolution of Blumea volatile oil suppository. METHOD: In order to establish the content determination and methodology inspection method of Blumea volatile oil plug, the extraction process of Blumea volatile oil was optimized by using orthogonal test. Optimization on the investigation to the suppository matrix by melting time, appearance and dissolution was carried on. The best prescription craft was determined by determining the best molding temperature, dosage of the matrix and complementary makings. The determination method of dissolution was established by investigating different dissolution method and its impact on the preparation of dissolution. RESULT: The best conditions of steam distillation extracted Blumea volatile oil was as followed, the ratio of gardenia to liquor 1:6, 2.5% drug amount of sodium, 8 hours of extracting time. The optimum temperature for mold was 60-65 degrees C. Preparation technique of Blumea volatile oil suppository was stable, which after 45 minutes and 3 h in pH 4.5 PBS released at least 70% and 90%. CONCLUSION: Blumea volatile oil suppository with rational prescription, simple preparation and good stability.

In vitro atomization analysis and evaluation of inhalable sodium sivelestat formulations.

The purpose of this paper was to study in vitro atomization properties of the self-developed sodium sivelestat for inhalation, evaluate the feasibility of this preparation as an aerosol inhalation, and provide the guidance for the following animal administration experiment. Firstly, in order to ensure accurate, uniform and stable doses of the self-developed product after administration, its atomization performance was analyzed through the testing of fine particle mass and the total emitted dose, and the results of its atomization parameters meet the requirement of inhalation. Next, Atomization characteristics of two commonly used nebulizers, air compressed nebulizer and mesh nebulizer, were studied and compared. The results showed that mesh atomizers have a smaller and more uniform particle size distribution. And then, the experiment of acute lung injury induced by aerosol inhalation of lipopolysaccharide in mice was used to test the therapeutic effect of our self-developed formulation, and compared with the positive control (sodium sivelestat for injection). The results showed that inhalation had a lower concentration and was equally effective than injection of sodium sivelestat. All the results support that the self-developed sodium sivelestat can be used as an aerosol inhaled drug.

Monolayers of the lipid derivatives of isoniazid at the air/water interface and the formation of self-assembled nanostructures in water.

Isoniazid (INH, isonicotinic acid hydrazide) is one of the most commonly used anti-tubercular drugs. However, resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains to anti-mycobacterial agents including INH is an increasing problem worldwide. Development of new anti-mycobacterial agents thus has attracted attention. Five lipid derivatives of INH were prepared in this study. They formed monolayers at the air/water interface, and some nanostructures with different morphologies were obtained through molecular self-assembly in water. The derivatives included one fatty acyl derivative containing a 12-C hydrocarbon-long chain (1), three fatty alcohol derivatives with a succinyl as spacer and an 8, 12 or 16-C hydrocarbon-long chain (2, 3 and 4), and one tetrahydro-2H-1,3,5-thiadiazine-2-thione (THTT) derivative containing a 12-C hydrocarbon-long chain (5). The surface pressure-area isotherms depended on the volume and configuration of heads and the length of tails of derivatives. Compound 2 had a relatively large head and a short tail, easily standing uprightly at the interface. Under a certain surface pressure, the linear polar head groups of 3 could be partly squeezed out and insert into subphase because the length of heads were comparable to the one of tails. The very long tails of 4 always maintained above the interface and led to a high collapse pressure. Compound 5 possessed an extended and large head consisting of the THTT and INH groups so that the relatively short tails tilted at the interface and difficultly contact with each other. The THTT rings might be partly squeezed out and enter into air under a certain surface pressure. The self-assembly behaviours of derivatives in water depended on the molecular configuration and agreed with the corresponding monolayer behaviours. The flexible and medium-long tails (1 and 3) led to the derivatives to form nanoscale vesicles, though the short or very long tails did not (2 and 4). Interestingly, intermolecular hydrogen bonding could occur between the molecules of 5, and improve the derivative forming helical nanofibres other than vesicles. The molecular self-assembly of INH's lipid derivatives was explored in details in this study. The formation mechanisms of self-assembled nanostructures were analyzed. Various types of self-assembled nanostructures were obtained and the formation mechanisms were analyzed. The relationship between the self-assembly and the molecular configuration of amphiphilic derivatives was also revealed. The lipid derivatives of INH show promising anti-Mycobacterium action because the amphiphilic prodrugs allow for better penetration of the bacterial cells. The self-assembled nanostructures may likely be the potential self-assembled drug delivery systems for tuberculosis therapy.

[Studies on chemical constituents of phenols in fresh Houttuynia cordata].

OBJECTIVE: To study the aqueous constituents of Houttuynia cordata. METHOD: Various columns including Diaion HP-20, Sephadex LH-20, ODS and silica gel were employed for the isolation and purification of compounds from H. cordata. The structures of the compounds were identified by physiochemical properties and spectral analysis. RESULT: Five compounds were isolated, and their structures were identified as chlorogenic methyl ester (1), (E)-4-Hydroxy-4-[3'-(beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy) butylidene]-3, 5, 5-trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one (2), 2-(3, 4-dihydroxyphenyl) ethyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside (3), p-hydroxyphenethyl-beta-D-glucoside (4), 4-(beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-3-hydroxy-Benzoic acid (5). CONCLUSION: All compounds were isolated from this plant for the first time.

[Orthogonal experiment using SFE-CO2 in extraction of essential oil from fresh Houttuynia cordata and analysis of essential oil by GC-MS].

OBJECTIVE: To optimize the extraction procedure of essential oil from H. cordata using the SFE-CO2 and analyze the chemical composition of the essential oil. METHOD: The extraction procedure of essential oil from fresh H. cordata was optimized with the orthogonal experiment. Essential oil of fresh H. cordata was analysed by GC-MS. RESULT: The optimize preparative procedure was as follow: essential oil of H. cordata was extracted at a temperature of 35 degrees C, pressure of 15,000 kPa for 20 min. 38 chemical components were identified and the relative contents were quantified. CONCLUSION: The optimum preparative procedure is reliable and can guarantee the quality of essential oil.

[Effect of calcium cyanamid synthetic drug on Schistosoma japonicum egg morphology].

OBJECTIVE: To study the morphological change of Schistosoma japonicum eggs processed by calcium cyanamide synthetic drug, so as to provide the basis for further study of the mechanism that calcium cyanamide synthetic drug to schistosome eggs. METHODS: The calcium cyanamide synthetic drug was added to the cattle feces containing schistosome eggs and mixed up, and then the cattle feces was stacked as original shape on the marshland. Blank controls were set at the same time. The cattle feces samples were collected and.the schistosome eggs were observed under a microscope on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 7th day after the experiment. RESULTS: By the effect of calcium cyanamide synthetic drug, the color of eggs was deepening gradually, the miracidia were atrophied, and the shells of eggs were thickened. The embryonic membrane of miracidia was no longer completed 3 days later, and the miracidia were deformed severely 7 days later. The atrophy of miracidia was not obvious in the blank controls. CONCLUSION: The schistosome miracidia and embryonic membrane can be damaged by the calcium cyanamide synthetic drug, and worse damaged with time extending.

[Epidemic situation of acute schistosomiasis in Nanchang City of Jiangxi Province from 2005 to 2012].

OBJECTIVE: To understand the endemic regulation of acute schistosomiasis in Nanchang City of Jiangxi Province from 2005 to 2012 so as to provide the reference for policy-making of schistosomiasis control. METHODS: The data of acute schistosomiasis were collected and analyzed with the descriptive epidemiology method in Nanchang City from 2005 to 2012. RESULTS: A total of 52 acute schistosomiasis cases were reported in Nanchang City from 2005 to 2012. The morbidity of acute schistosomiasis was 0.003 46% in 2005, and it was 0 in 2012. The morbidity of acute schistosomiasis in different years was significant different (chi2 = 61.077, P < 0.01). The duration of incidence was from May to November, but the peak of the incidence was July. The sex ratio between males and females was 4.78:1 (43:9, chi2 = 22.231, P < 0.01). The ages of cases showed double humps, namely the 6-15 years' group and 30-40 years' group. Most of the acute cases were farmers (65.38%), students (25.00%), and fishermen (3.85%). Fishing and swimming were the main infection ways, with the infection rates of 63.46% and 26.92%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The susceptible populations are peasants and young students; therefore, we should strengthen health education for these high-risk groups.

[River beach contamination index in monitoring of schistosomiasis].

Diseased animals are the main source of infection of schistosomiasis. River beach wild fecal contamination is the direct risk factor for schistosomiasis transmission, and the river beach contamination index has important significance in the schistosomiasis monitoring. This paper reviews the river beach wild fecal contamination to the identification and evaluation of the risk of schistosomiasis transmission.

[Influencing factors of changes of Oncomelania snail densities in Poyang Lake region, Nanchang City, 2011].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the influencing factors of the significant decrease of snail densities in Poyang Lake region, Nanchang City, 2011. METHODS: According to the elevation of the environment, 5 grasslands where there were high snail densities and their elevations were from 14 to 17 m were selected as study areas. The data of snails in the past three years and the hydrological information in the past five years were collected and analyzed. The current snail status was surveyed and the fishermen were interviewed. RESULTS: The snail density of Poyang Lake region in Jinxian County decreased by 91.2% in 2011 compared with that in 2009 (P < 0.01). In 2010, the water levels were 13.90 m in April and 16.07 m in May respectively in Xingzi Station, and the rainfalls were 312 mm in April and 356 mm in May in Poyang Lake region; in 2011, the water levels were 8.73 m in April and 10.31 m in May respectively in Xingzi Station, and the rainfalls were 90 mm in April and 145 mm in May respectively in Poyang Lake region, which were lower than those during the past five years. There was no any other apparently unusual phenomenon. CONCLUSION: The significant decrease of snail densities in Poyang Lake region in 2011 may be related to the long soaking time of marshland in 2010 and low rainfall in the first half of 2011.

[Effect of niclosamide spreading oil on killing schistosome cercariae].

Dechlorinated water (100 ml, 30 degrees C) was put into a plate (diameter 15 cm), and 1% niclosamide spreading oil 5 microl was added, then a ring of Schistosoma japonicum cercariae were picked up to the plate. The time of killing all the cercariae was observed at three time points (immediately, 24, 48 h), and the dechlorinated water was used as control. The results showed that schistosome cercariae were all killed in three minutes by 1% niclosamide spreading oil at the three time points. The cercaria-killing effects of each time point were not significantly different (F = 0.062, P > 0.05). The cercariae were alive in the control in 48 h.

Simultaneous quantification of eight bioactive components of Houttuynia cordata and related Saururaceae medicinal plants by on-line high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-electrospray mass spectrometry.

An on-line high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-diode array detector (DAD)-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) method has been developed to quantify simultaneously eight bioactive chemical components in Houttuynia cordata Thunb and related Saururaceae medicinal plants. Simultaneous separation of these eight compounds was achieved on a C(18) analytical column with gradient elution of acetonitrile and 0.2% acetic acid (v/v) at a flow rate of 0.6 mL/min and being detected at 280 nm. These eight compounds were completely separated within 90 min. Good linear regression relationship (r(2)>0.9978) within test ranges was shown in all calibration curves. Good repeatabilty for the quantification of these eight compounds in H.cordata was also demonstrated in this method, with intra- and inter-day variations less than 3.0%. The method established was successfully applied to quantify eight bioactive compounds in closely related species of H.cordata, which provides a new basis for quality assessment of H.cordata.