Does Time and Size Matter in Retrograde Intrarenal Surgery? Results Analysis Using a Low-Pressure Technique.

PURPOSE: Kidney stone disease affects 5% of the population and is associated with non-negligible morbidity. Retrograde intrarenal surgery and percutaneous nephrolithotomy are the treatments of choice. We analyzed the results from our patients who underwent retrograde intrarenal surgery at controlled pressure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted an observational, descriptive, retrospective study of 403 patients who underwent retrograde intrarenal surgery at the Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa (Zaragoza, Spain) between January 2013 and December 2019. RESULTS: The mean surgical time was 111.1 minutes, with a mean stone volume of 3.5 cm3 (maximum volume, 38.3 cm3). A total of 70 patients (17.3%) developed postoperative Clavien-Dindo complications-64 minor (91.4%) and 6 major (8.6%). In addition, 28 patients (6.9%) presented with an early complication (<3 months), with urinary tract infection and pyelonephritis being the most common. The stone-free rate was 69.0%, with a retreatment rate of 4.7%. CONCLUSIONS: Sex was statistically significantly related to the onset of minor Clavien postoperative complications (p = 0.001). Similarly, corticosteroid use was associated with the onset of major Clavien complications (p = 0.030). Neither surgical time nor stone volume was found to be statistically significantly related to the onset of Clavien postoperative complications or early complications.

The Clavien classification system to optimize the documentation of PCNL morbidity.

High success rates exceeding 90% are reported with percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL) and modifications have further decreased the morbidity while maintaining efficacy. However, complications after or during PNL may occur with an overall complication rate of up to 83%. Although results from several large series on PNL from outstanding centers are reported in the literature, there is still no consensus on how to define complications and stratify them by severity. Hampering comparison of outcome data may generate difficulties in informing the patients about the severity of PNL complications. We therefore may conclude that standardization of complications of a certain procedure is necessary to allow comparison of outcomes between different centers, within a center over time, or between different instruments used and/or operating techniques. In 1992, Clavien et al proposed general principles to classify complications of surgery based on a therapy-oriented, 4-level severity grading, allowing identifying most complications and preventing down rating. The Clavien Classification system differentiates in five degrees of severity upon the intention to treat. Several Urological teams have studied the use of classifications systems to document and grade outcomes and morbidity of interventions in urology. Also the modified Clavien system has been applied in urological surgery. Urologists have been using this classification to grade perioperative complications following laparoscopic radical prostatectomy, laparoscopic live donor nephrectomy, and retroperitoneoscopy. In the field of endourology, it has been recently applied to PCNL procedures as well, allowing comparison among different series between different hospitals and within the same center. Other benefits that the standardization of the complications by using the Clavien System allows is to give better information to the patient and, assisting them on making the correct therapeutical choice. There may also be a benefit for the health insurance bodies to obtain adequate information of the procedure, and the results achieved by a team. Besides all its benefits, the modified Clavien system was proposed as a grading system for perioperative complications in general surgery and there are some limitations in classifying PCNL complications. A graded classification scheme for reporting the complications of PCNL may be useful for monitoring and reporting outcomes. There are some limitations in classifying PCNL complications. Minor modifications, especially concerning auxiliary treatments, are needed. Further studies are awaited for the development of an accepted classification system applicable to all urologic procedures.

Laparoscopic and open stone surgery.

INTRODUCTION: Due to the increasing spread and technical enhancement of endourological methods, open surgery for renal and ureteral calculi almost disappeared. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Based on an actual review of literature, we describe indications, technique and clinical importance of the open and laparoscopic management of urolithiasis. RESULTS: In Europe and Northern America, the surgical therapy of urolithiasis only plays a role in cases of very large or hard stones, after failure of shock wave lithotripsy, percutaneous nephrolithotripsy or ureteroscopic stone removal and in cases of abnormal renal anatomy. However, in emerging markets with different structures and funding of the health care system and with a limited access to endourological procedures, these techniques still have a higher importance. Particularly in Europe laparoscopic surgery is emerging because calculi can be removed from almost all locations within kidney and ureter using a transperitoneal or retroperitoneal access. Functional outcomes and complication rates are comparable to open surgery. The benefits of laparoscopy are: less postoperative pain, shorter hospital stay, faster reconvalescence, and better cosmetic results. CONCLUSIONS: Although open and laparoscopic removal of renal and ureteral calculi is only performed in a limited number of cases in daily urological practice, they may be superior to the endourological techniques in some circumstances. Therefore, they should be considered as a part of the urological armamentarium.

[Development of bladder stone following a tension-free vaginal tape procedure: a case report]. / Desarrollo de cálculo vesical tras procedimiento de colocación de malla TVT: a propósito de un caso.

The bladder stone formation due to intravesical mesh erosion of tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) is an infrequent complication. We report a case of 73 years old woman, treated in two occasions by means of the positioning of a TVT with the intention of treating its urinary incontinence. The symptoms, of a year of evolution, was characterized by disuria, pelvic pain, diarrea and constitutional syndrome. RM showed bladder stone fixed to bladder wall. The extraction of the bladder stone was made by the section of the polypropilene mesh on which the calculi had been developed. 6 months later, control cystoscopy revealed complete healing of bladder mucosa.

[Prostatic lymphoma and review of the literature]. / Linfoma prostático y revisión de la literatura.

Prostatic lymphoma is an exceptional pathology, that usually is diagnosed because its prostatic symthomatology or as consequence of its invasion by an extraprostatic lymphoma. We present a case of a patient affected by a prostatic lymphoma and we perform a review of the literature in order to establish the diagnostic and therapeutic steps.