Identification of a novel MET mutation in high-grade glioma resulting in an auto-active intracellular protein.

MET has gained interest as a therapeutic target for a number of malignancies because of its involvement in tumorigenesis, invasion and metastasis. At present, a number of inhibitors, both antibodies against MET or its ligand hepatocyte growth factor, and small molecule MET tyrosine kinase inhibitors are in clinical trials. We here describe a novel variant of MET that is expressed in 6% of high-grade gliomas. Characterization of this mutation in a glioma cell line revealed that it consists of an intronic deletion, resulting in a splice event connecting an intact splice donor site in exon 6 with the next splice acceptor site being that of exon 9. The encoded protein lacks parts of the extracellular IPT domains 1 and 2, encoded by exons 7 and 8, resulting in a novel pseudo-IPT and is named MET(Δ7-8). MET(Δ7-8) is located predominantly in the cytosol and is constitutively active. The auto-activating nature of MET(Δ7-8), in combination with a lack of transmembrane localization, renders MET(Δ7-8) not targetable using antibodies, although the protein is efficiently deactivated by MET-specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Testing of MET-expressing tumors for the presence of this variant may be important for treatment decision making.

Behavioural therapy based on distraction alleviates impaired fear extinction in male serotonin transporter knockout rats.

BACKGROUND: The "biological susceptibility" model posits that some individuals, by genetic predisposition, are highly sensitive to environmental stimuli. Exposure to adverse stimuli leads to negative outcomes, and better outcomes follow favourable stimuli. Recent studies indicate that individuals carrying the low-activity (short; s) variant of the serotonin transporter (5-HTT)-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) show an enhanced vulnerability to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Simultaneously, they respond poorly to exposure therapy, the first-line treatment to enhance fear extinction in individuals with PTSD. Given that s-allele carriers also show improved adaptive responding when exposed to positive stimuli, we hypothesized that this trait could be used to offset impaired fear extinction. METHODS: We explored this hypothesis preclinically using wild-type and 5-HTT knockout (5-HTT-/-) male rats (n = 36) that share behavioural similarities with 5-HTTLPR s-allele carriers. Subsequent to cued fear conditioning, animals were tested for short- (1 and 2 days postconditioning) and long-term (6 days postconditioning) fear extinction in the absence or presence of a secondary "distracting" stimulus predicting the delivery of sucrose pellets. RESULTS: Introducing a secondary stimulus predicting sucrose pellets that distracts attention away from the fear-predicting stimulus led to a long-lasting improvement of impaired fear extinction in 5-HTT-/- male rats. LIMITATIONS: The contextdependency of the efficacy of the "distraction therapy" was not tested. In addition, it remains to be clarified whether the positive valence of the distracting stimulus is critical for the distraction of attention or whether a neutral and/or novel stimulus can induce similar effects. Finally, although of lesser importance from a therapeutic perspective, underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. CONCLUSION: These data indicate that positive environmental stimuli can be used to offset heightened responses to negative stimuli, particularly in individuals characterized by inherited 5-HTT downregulation and high sensitivity to environmental stimuli.

Evaluation of the LacZ reporter assay in cryopreserved primary hepatocytes for In vitro genotoxicity testing.

Assessment of genotoxic potential is an important step in the safety evaluation of chemical substances. Under most regulatory jurisdictions, the first tier of testing comprises a standard battery of in vitro genotoxicity tests in bacterial and mammalian cells. However, the mammalian cell tests commonly used exhibit a relatively high rate of misleading positive results, which may lead to unnecessary in vivo testing. We previously established a proof-of-concept for the LacZ reporter assay in proliferating primary hepatocytes as a promising alternative genotoxicity test. Here, cryopreserved instead of freshly isolated hepatocytes were used and the assay was evaluated in more detail. We examined the effect of cryopreservation on phenotype and metabolic capacity of the LacZ hepatocytes, and assessed the predictive performance of the assay by testing a set of substances comprising true positive, true negative, and misleading positive substances. Additionally, a historical negative control database was created and the type of mutations induced was analyzed for two of the substances tested. Our findings indicate that proliferating cryopreserved primary hepatocytes derived from LacZ plasmid mice retain their hepatocyte-specific characteristics and metabolic competence. Furthermore, we demonstrate that both gene mutations and genome rearrangements due to large deletions can be detected with the LacZ reporter assay. The assay seems to have a lower rate of misleading positive test results compared to the assays currently used. Together, our findings strongly support the use of the LacZ reporter assay in cryopreserved primary hepatocytes as follow-up to the standard in vitro test battery for genotoxicity testing. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 57:643-655, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.