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1.
J Dairy Sci ; 105(2): 1432-1451, 2022 Feb.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34802744

RESUMEN

This study aimed to investigate effects of transport age of calves (14 vs. 28 d), and of calf and dam characteristics, on immunoglobulin titers and hematological variables of veal calves. Calves (n = 683) were transported to a veal farm at 14 or 28 d of age. Natural antibodies N-IgG, N-IgM, and N-IgA against phosphorylcholine conjugated to bovine serum albumin (PC-BSA) were measured in serum of the dams 1 wk before calving and in first colostrum. These antibodies were also measured in serum of calves 1 wk after birth, 1 d before transport, and in wk 2 and 10 posttransport at the veal farm. Hematological variables were assessed in calves 1 d before transport and in wk 2 posttransport. One day before transport, titers of N-IgG, N-IgM, N-IgA, and neutrophil counts were higher, and lymphocyte counts were lower in 14-d-old calves compared with 28-d-old calves. In wk 2 at the veal farm, calves transported at 14 d of age had higher N-IgG titers and neutrophil counts, but lower N-IgM and N-IgA titers, and lymphocyte counts than calves transported at 28 d. In wk 1 and 1 d before transport, N-Ig in calves were positively related to N-Ig in colostrum. In wk 2 and 10 at the veal farm, N-IgG in calves was positively related to N-IgG in colostrum. The N-IgG titers in calves at the dairy farm were negatively related to the likelihood of being individually treated with antibiotics or other medicines at the veal farm. Our results suggest that calves transported to the veal farm at 28 d of age showed a more advanced development of their adaptive immunity than calves transported at 14 d of age. Quality of colostrum might have long-term consequences for N-IgG titers and immunity in veal calves.


Asunto(s)
Calostro , Carne Roja , Animales , Animales Recién Nacidos , Bovinos , Granjas , Femenino , Inmunoglobulina G , Embarazo
2.
J Dairy Sci ; 98(6): 3969-79, 2015 Jun.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25828658

RESUMEN

The objective was to study the effect of dry period length in dairy cows on immunoglobulin content and natural antibodies (NAb) titers in colostrum, growth, and plasma natural and specific antibody titers in plasma of calves. Holstein-Friesian dairy cows (n=167) were randomly assigned to 3 dry period lengths (0, 30, or 60 d). Colostrum production, concentration of colostrum IgG and IgM, and titers of NAb (isotypes IgG and IgM) binding keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and human serum albumin (HuSA) in colostrum were measured. Female calves were immunized with both KLH and HuSA at wk 6 and 10 of life. Titers of NAb and specific antibody (SpAb) for isotypes IgG, IgM, and total immunoglobulin (IgT) binding KLH or HuSA were determined in plasma of female calves. Primary and secondary antibody responses to KLH or HuSA from wk 6 and 10 were expressed as the increase in antibody titers to wk 10 and 11 of life after primary and secondary challenges, respectively. Pregnancy length for cows with a 0-d dry period was 3d shorter compared with cows with a 30- or 60-d dry period. Birth weight of calves from cows with a 0-d dry period was lower compared with calves from cows with a 30-d dry period. Growth of calves until 12 wk of life was not affected by dry period length. Colostrum production and IgG and IgM concentration in colostrum were lower for cows with a 0-d dry period than a 60-d dry period. Natural IgG and IgM titers binding KLH or HuSA were lower in colostrum from cows with a 0-d dry period compared with cows with a 60-d dry period. Natural antibody titers (IgG, IgM, and IgT) binding KLH or HuSA in plasma were lower during the first 2 wk of life for calves from cows with a 0-d dry period compared with calves from cows with a 30- or 60-d dry period. After primary and secondary immunization of calves with KLH and HuSA, SpAb titers of calves were not affected by dry period length. After secondary immunization, the response of IgG and IgT binding KLH was higher in plasma of calves from cows with a 0-d dry period. The results of this study demonstrate that, although omission of the dry period of dairy cows leads to lower plasma NAb titers in calves during the first 2 wk of life, SpAb titers in calves were not affected and even the secondary antibody responses were enhanced compared with calves from cows with a 30- or 60-d dry period.


Asunto(s)
Bovinos/inmunología , Calostro/inmunología , Hemocianinas/inmunología , Inmunoglobulina G/análisis , Inmunoglobulina M/sangre , Adyuvantes Inmunológicos , Animales , Animales Recién Nacidos , Peso al Nacer , Femenino , Embarazo , Distribución Aleatoria
3.
Poult Sci ; 94(9): 2041-8, 2015 Sep.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26188030

RESUMEN

Early life conditions such as feed and water availability immediately post hatch (PH) and housing conditions may influence immune development and therefore immune reactivity later in life. The current study addressed the consequences of a combination of these 2 early life conditions for immune reactivity, i.e., the specific antibody response towards a non-infectious lung challenge. Broiler chicks received feed and water either immediately p.h. or with a 72 h delay and were either reared in a floor or a cage system. At 4 weeks of age, chicks received either an intra-tracheally administered Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/Human Serum Albumin (HUSA) challenge or a placebo, and antibody titers were measured up to day 14 after administration of the challenge. Chicks housed on the floor and which had a delayed access to feed p.h. showed the highest antibody titers against HuSA. These chicks also showed the strongest sickness response and poorest performance in response to the challenge, indicating that chicks with delayed access to feed might be more sensitive to an environment with higher antigenic pressure. In conclusion, results from the present study show that early life feeding strategy and housing conditions influence a chick's response to an immune challenge later in life. These 2 early life factors should therefore be taken into account when striving for a balance between disease resistance and performance in poultry.


Asunto(s)
Crianza de Animales Domésticos/métodos , Pollos/fisiología , Privación de Alimentos , Vivienda para Animales , Inmunidad Innata , Animales , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/sangre , Pollos/inmunología , Dieta/veterinaria , Escherichia coli/fisiología , Métodos de Alimentación , Femenino , Humanos , Lipopolisacáridos/farmacología , Distribución Aleatoria , Albúmina Sérica/farmacología
4.
Poult Sci ; 93(12): 3017-27, 2014 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25306458

RESUMEN

Provision of feed in the immediate posthatch period may influence interaction between intestinal microbiota and immune system, and consequently immunological development of the chick. This study addressed ileal immune development in response to early feeding in 2 chicken breeds selected for different production traits: broilers and layers. Chicks of both breeds either received feed and water immediately posthatch or were subjected to a 72-h feed and water delay. Ileal cytokine and immunoglobulin mRNA expression levels were determined at different time points. Effects of early feeding were limited, but breeds differed strikingly regarding cytokine and immunoglobulin expression levels. Cytokine expression levels in broilers were low compared with layers and showed a transient drop in the second to third week of life. In contrast, broilers showed considerably higher expression levels of IgA, IgM, and IgY. These findings indicate that the 2 breeds use different immune strategies, at least on the ileal level.


Asunto(s)
Crianza de Animales Domésticos/métodos , Pollos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Pollos/metabolismo , Citocinas/metabolismo , Íleon/metabolismo , Inmunoglobulinas/metabolismo , Animales , Bolsa de Fabricio/anatomía & histología , Pollos/genética , Citocinas/genética , ADN Complementario , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Femenino , Regulación del Desarrollo de la Expresión Génica/fisiología , Inmunoglobulinas/sangre , Inmunoglobulinas/genética , Masculino , Tamaño de los Órganos , ARN/genética , ARN/metabolismo , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa , Bazo/anatomía & histología
5.
Poult Sci ; 92(5): 1186-94, 2013 May.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23571327

RESUMEN

Environmental particles enter the chicken via several routes. Entry via the respiratory and cloacal routes likely activates immune responses. We studied the localization of simultaneous intratracheally and cloacally applied beads of 2 sizes in the chicken body in time, and when possible, semiquantified the amount of beads. Ten broiler hens, 3.5 wk of age, received 1.25 × 10(9) 1.0-µm beads and 1.05 × 10(7) 10-µm fluorescein isothiocyanate (green) labeled cloacally, and simultaneously the same number and same sizes of tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate (red) labeled beads intratracheally. The bursa of Fabricius, lung, liver, kidney, gallbladder, spleen, thymus, small intestine (upper ileum), cecum, intestinal luminal contents, aerated bones, feces, and blood, from 2 chickens per moment were sampled at 1 h, 6 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 1 wk after challenge and studied for the presence of beads using fluorescence microscopy. The highest amount of beads was found in organs closest to the application site after 1 h (i.e., the lungs for red beads, and the bursa for green beads). All tissue samples showed all 4 types of beads at all time moments, most of them within 1 h. Lower levels of beads were found in lungs and bursa after 6 h and in all other organs after 24 h, except for the kidneys where levels declined after 48 h. Surprisingly, beads were found in thymus tissue and only relatively few beads were found in the spleen. At 1 h, 1-µm intratracheally applied red beads were also found in the cecal luminal content and cecal tissue, but not in the small intestinal luminal content, suggesting that ceca are capable of excreting small particles entering the body via the respiratory route. The presence of nondegradable and nonimmunogenic beads of different sizes in all sampled organs throughout the whole chicken body for 7 d suggested potentially negative chronic health and welfare risks for the chicken of environmental particles.


Asunto(s)
Pollos/metabolismo , Cloaca/efectos de los fármacos , Polvo , Colorantes Fluorescentes/metabolismo , Microscopía Fluorescente/veterinaria , Material Particulado/administración & dosificación , Tráquea/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Transporte Biológico , Femenino , Fluoresceína-5-Isotiocianato/metabolismo , Tamaño de la Partícula , Rodaminas/metabolismo , Distribución Tisular
6.
Poult Sci ; 90(8): 1629-36, 2011 Aug.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21753196

RESUMEN

Purebred laying hen lines of White Leghorn (WL) origin have been found to be more flighty and to show more feather pecking than lines of Rhode Island Red (RIR) origin. It has been found, however, that when RIR birds were housed together with WL birds, RIR birds became more flighty and those mixed groups developed more feather damage than pure-line cage-housed groups. It is unknown, however, whether this effect of social environment is accompanied by changes in stress-related behavior and neurophysiological activity, which are assumed to be associated with increased feather damage. The objective of this study was therefore to investigate the effects of genetic origin (WL or RIR) and social environment (mixed or pure groups) on behavioral response to manual restraint and monoamine functioning. Monoamine functioning was measured by brain serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine turnover. Furthermore, correlations between 5-HT turnover in the brain and peripheral measures of 5-HT in the blood were calculated. Experimental birds, housed either with other birds from the same genetic origin (pure groups) or with both RIR and WL birds (mixed groups) from hatching onward, were subjected to a manual restraint test at 47 wk of age. The WL birds struggled less during restraint and had higher dopamine and 5-HT turnover levels after restraint than did RIR birds. The WL birds also showed higher levels of platelet 5-HT uptake than did RIR birds. No effects of social environment were found. Blood and brain 5-HT measures were found to be correlated, with correlations ranging from 0.34 to 0.57, which seems to offer opportunities for less invasive peripheral indicators of 5-HT activity. In conclusion, genetic origin, but not social environment, affected the behavioral response to manual restraint and monoamine functioning in laying hens.


Asunto(s)
Conducta Animal , Pollos/genética , Pollos/fisiología , Restricción Física/veterinaria , Serotonina/metabolismo , Conducta Social , Animales , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Dopamina/metabolismo , Femenino
7.
Dev Comp Immunol ; 117: 103954, 2021 04.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33309542

RESUMEN

Immune maturation of broiler chickens may be affected by management, such as early life feeding strategy (early versus delayed nutrition) or by low or high sanitary conditions (LSC versus HSC). We compared systemic maternal (MAb), natural (NAb), natural auto- (NAAb), and antigen specific antibody (SpAb) levels (IgM, IgY) between broilers (n = 48 per treatment) that received early (EN) or delayed nutrition for 72 h (DN) housed in either low (LSC) or high sanitary conditions (HSC) between 7 and 35 d of age. We found minimal interactions between feeding strategy and sanitary conditions. At 7 d of age, broilers receiving EN compared with DN, had elevated levels of IgM binding keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), phosphoryl-conjugated ovalbumin (PC-OVA), and muramyl dipeptide (MDP), whereas effects of feeding strategy diminished at later ages. In LSC compared with HSC broilers, levels of NAb agglutinating RRBC and sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were already elevated from 14 d of age onwards. At 33 d of age, antibody levels (NAb, NAAb, anti-LPS, anti-MDP) were all elevated in LSC, compared with HSC broilers, for both IgM and IgY, but not IgM against KLH. Western blotting revealed different binding patterns of NAAb against chicken liver homogenate, which may indicate that the NAAb repertoire is affected by antigenic pressure. Our data suggest that antibody levels are affected for an important part by environmental conditions (feeding strategy and sanitary conditions), but minimally by their interaction. However, it remains to be further studied whether the enhanced levels of antibodies as initiated by EN and LSC contribute to enhanced resistance to infectious diseases.


Asunto(s)
Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales de los Animales/inmunología , Pollos/inmunología , Conducta Alimentaria/fisiología , Vivienda para Animales/normas , Inmunoglobulina M/inmunología , Inmunoglobulinas/inmunología , Animales , Especificidad de Anticuerpos/inmunología , Antígenos/inmunología , Antígenos/metabolismo , Autoanticuerpos/inmunología , Autoanticuerpos/metabolismo , Western Blotting , Pollos/fisiología , Hemocianinas/inmunología , Hemocianinas/metabolismo , Inmunoglobulina M/metabolismo , Inmunoglobulinas/metabolismo , Hígado/inmunología , Hígado/metabolismo , Unión Proteica , Factores de Tiempo
8.
Poult Sci ; 89(2): 227-35, 2010 Feb.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20075273

RESUMEN

Natural antibodies (NAb) have been divided in 2 classes: overt and cryptic. Overt NAb can be detected in unfractionated normal sera of nonimmunized mammals and chickens. Cryptic NAb as described in mammals need an in vitro physical or biochemical treatment to be detected, which may reflect their biochemical modification in situ during inflammation or infection. We studied the effect of concurrent primary, secondary, and tertiary intratracheal (i.t.) challenges with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and human serum albumin on levels of 2 cryptic NAb [i.e., NAb binding actin (ACT), or thyroglobulin (THYRO)] and levels of an overt NAb binding keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). In addition, effect of aging of the birds on levels of NAb was taken into account. Presence and changes on the level of the cryptic antibodies directed to ACT and THYRO were expected after the i.t. challenges with LPS (and human serum albumin). However, levels of NAb binding ACT were only significantly enhanced by LPS after primary challenge, whereas levels of NAb binding THYRO were not affected by primary nor secondary challenges but were significantly decreased by LPS after the third immunization. On the other hand, no changes in the levels of overt NAb binding KLH were expected, but levels of NAb binding KLH were significantly enhanced after the primary and secondary challenges with LPS. Levels of all three NAb increased with aging, but the different challenges performed at 3 moments during aging did not significantly or consistently affect levels of the overt nor cryptic NAb. Our results suggest that chickens might react by overt NAb as well as cryptic NAb to an infection or inflammation rather than by cryptic NAb only. The relation between various types of NAb and i.t. immunization with antigen and LPS and aging is discussed.


Asunto(s)
Envejecimiento/fisiología , Anticuerpos/sangre , Pollos/inmunología , Animales , Anticuerpos/inmunología , Pollos/sangre , Pollos/fisiología , Hemocianinas/inmunología , Humanos , Lipopolisacáridos/inmunología , Albúmina Sérica/inmunología , Tiroglobulina/inmunología
9.
Poult Sci ; 99(12): 6818-6827, 2020 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33248597

RESUMEN

Fasting older broiler chickens (>7 d of age) enlarges the intestinal tight junction (TJ) pore size, resulting in high paracellular intestinal permeability. Broiler chickens often do not receive feed and water (nutrition) directly after hatch, which may result in fasting up to 72 h of age. Whether perinatal fasting affects intestinal permeability is minimally studied. We therefore investigated whether delayed access to nutrition after hatch increases intestinal permeability, compared with broilers receiving early access to nutrition. Therefore, 432 hatched broilers received nutrition 72 h after hatch (delayed nutrition [DN]) or directly after hatch (early nutrition [EN]) and were reared under similar conditions until 14 d of age. Two hours after application of an oral pulse dose (3.85 mg) of fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (4000 Da) at 4, 10, and 14 d of age, blood plasma concentrations of the marker were measured in 24 to 36 broilers per treatment and time point. Marker concentration in plasma did not differ between DN and EN broilers at any age. The villus width measured in at least 8 broilers per treatment was smaller in DN than in EN broilers at 4 d for both the ileum (92 ± 3 µm vs. 121 ± 4; P < 0.001) and colon (100 ± 3 vs. 120 ± 4; P < 0.01). Real-time quantitative PCR revealed that the expression of TJ protein claudin 3 in the ceca was elevated in DN, compared with EN broilers at 4 d of age, whereas that of zonula occludens 1 in the ileum was reduced. Expression of host defense-related genes was reduced in DN, compared with EN broilers, in the ileum (cyclo-oxygenase 2, mucin 2) and ceca (interleukin 1ß, cyclo-oxygenase 2). We conclude that 72-hour DN reduced the BW up to 14 d of age, coinciding with transient effects on the villus width in the ileum and colon, and divergent expression of genes involved in TJ formation and host defense. These effects likely reflect the delayed onset of intestinal and immune development in DN, compared with EN broilers, while DN does not fundamentally alter intestinal permeability.


Asunto(s)
Crianza de Animales Domésticos , Pollos , Mucosa Intestinal , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Crianza de Animales Domésticos/métodos , Animales , Pollos/fisiología , Dieta/veterinaria , Métodos de Alimentación , Mucosa Intestinal/fisiología , Estado Nutricional , Uniones Estrechas/fisiología , Factores de Tiempo
10.
Poult Sci ; 88(3): 536-42, 2009 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19211522

RESUMEN

To mimic airborne immune challenges, layer hens were intratracheally and concurrently challenged with various doses of the protein antigen human serum albumin (HuSA) and the pathogen-associated molecular pattern lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at 7 and 13 wk of age. All groups received 1 similar dose of HuSA plus LPS at 11 mo of age. Evaluation of plumage and body condition at 12 mo of age revealed that birds that had undergone intratracheal immunization with a high dosage of HuSA, irrespective of the concurrent dose of LPS, had significantly more feather damage but less wounds to the vent region, as opposed to birds not receiving HuSA. On the other hand, a high dosage of LPS was related to comb damage. These results suggest that stimulation of specific (humoral) immune responses (to HuSA) rather than innate responses (to LPS) at a young age may predispose layers for feather pecking (FP) behavior at later ages. Involvement of immune mechanisms in FP or vent damage may differ. Predisposal for FP behavior by specific immunity can have consequences for health and vaccine management.


Asunto(s)
Conducta Animal/fisiología , Pollos/inmunología , Lipopolisacáridos/inmunología , Albúmina Sérica/inmunología , Animales , Anticuerpos/sangre , Formación de Anticuerpos , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Plumas , Femenino , Humanos , Heridas y Lesiones
11.
Poult Sci ; 88(9): 1869-78, 2009 Sep.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19687271

RESUMEN

Individual differences in nutrient sensitivity have been suggested to be related with differences in stress sensitivity. Here we used layer hens divergently selected for high and low specific antibody responses to SRBC (i.e., low line hens and high line hens), reflecting a genetically based differential immune competence. The parental line of these hens was randomly bred as the control line and was used as well. Recently, we showed that these selection lines differ in their stress reactivity; the low line birds show a higher hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis reactivity. To examine maternal effects and neonatal nutritional exposure on nutrient sensitivity, we studied 2 subsequent generations. This also created the opportunity to examine egg production in these birds. The 3 lines were fed 2 different nutritionally complete layer feeds for a period of 22 wk in the first generation. The second generation was fed from hatch with the experimental diets. At several time intervals, parameters reflecting humoral immunity were determined such as specific antibody to Newcastle disease and infectious bursal disease vaccines; levels of natural antibodies binding lipopolysaccharide, lipoteichoic acid, and keyhole limpet hemocyanin; and classical and alternative complement activity. The most pronounced dietary-induced effects were found in the low line birds of the first generation: specific antibody titers to Newcastle disease vaccine were significantly elevated by 1 of the 2 diets. In the second generation, significant differences were found in lipoteichoic acid natural antibodies of the control and low line hens. At the end of the observation period of egg parameters, a significant difference in egg weight was found in birds of the high line. Our results suggest that nutritional differences have immunomodulatory effects on innate and adaptive humoral immune parameters in birds with high HPA axis reactivity and affect egg production in birds with low HPA axis reactivity.


Asunto(s)
Pollos/genética , Pollos/inmunología , Dieta/veterinaria , Eritrocitos/inmunología , Factores Inmunológicos/farmacología , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Animales , Anticuerpos , Formación de Anticuerpos/genética , Corticosterona/sangre , Huevos , Femenino , Oviposición , Ovinos
12.
Poult Sci ; 88(11): 2253-61, 2009 Nov.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19834073

RESUMEN

Effects of early life experience with climatic (heat) and hygienic [lipopolysaccharide (LPS)] stress on adaptability to the same stressors in later life were studied in laying hens. Chicks were exposed to 37 degrees C for 24 h at d 5 of age (n = 12) or were i.v.-administered once with 1 mg/kg of BW of LPS at 6 wk of age (n = 12), whereas a control group was reared under standard conditions receiving a placebo treatment of PBS (n = 36). At 24 wk of age, hens treated in early life were reexposed to the same stressor. Early life control hens were exposed to heat stress (n = 12), i.v.-administered with LPS (n = 12), or not exposed (n = 12). To evaluate improvement of adaptability, effects of climatic and hygienic stress on performance, humoral immune competence, and endocrine responsiveness were investigated in hens with early life experience to the stressors and hens only exposed to the stressors in later life. Early life heat exposure did not affect performance, immune, and endocrine parameters. Treatment x time interactions were found for level of antibody (Ab) binding to LPS and keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) after LPS administration, indicating that hens with early life LPS experience differed in response level (Ab binding to LPS) and response pattern (Ab binding to LPS and KLH) compared with hens administered with LPS only at adult age. Our data suggest that early life heat stress exposure did not affect adaptability of laying hens to heat stress in later life. However, early life LPS exposure affected kinetics and magnitude of Ab levels binding to LPS and KLH, indicating that early life LPS exposure can enhance the status of immune reactivity or induce a higher sensitivity to LPS.


Asunto(s)
Adaptación Fisiológica , Pollos/fisiología , Calor , Inmunidad Humoral/fisiología , Animales , Femenino , Lipopolisacáridos/inmunología , Estrés Fisiológico
13.
Poult Sci ; 87(5): 918-26, 2008 May.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18420982

RESUMEN

High levels of natural antibodies (NAb) binding the alpha-Gal residue (Galalpha1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAc) are found in poultry (and humans), which is probably reflected by high levels of natural agglutinating antibodies (Ab) to rabbit red blood cells (RRBC) in plasma from chickens (and humans). Recently, it was shown that alpha-Gal conjugation of proteins induced higher antiprotein Ab responses in alpha-Gal knockout mice, suggesting immune-enhancing features of preexisting Ab binding carbohydrate-protein conjugates. We challenged chickens s.c. with either alpha-Gal-conjugated human serum albumin (HuSA), beta-Gal-conjugated HuSA, or unconjugated ("native") HuSA, respectively, and measured primary and secondary Ab responses to HuSA, including isotype IgM and IgG responses, and cellular immune responses in vitro (lymphoproliferation) to HuSA or concanavalin A. alpha-Gal conjugation, but not beta-Gal conjugation, of HuSA resulted in significantly decreased primary and secondary Ab responses to HuSA, especially IgG isotype responses, as compared with Ab responses to native HuSA. Lymphoproliferation in vitro was also decreased, although not significantly, in birds challenged with alpha-Gal-conjugated HuSA. High levels of agglutinating Ab levels to RRBC and NAb binding porcine thyroglobulin were detected in all birds, as was true for (natural) Ab levels binding alpha-Gal-conjugated HuSA before immunization, whereas low levels of preexisting (natural) antibodies directed to native HuSA were present in plasma before immunization. Levels of RRBC agglutinins and Ab binding thyroglobulin were not affected by immunization with HuSA, alpha-Gal-conjugated HuSA, or beta-Gal-conjugated HuSA. Our data confirm the presence of high levels of (preexisting) NAb in the plasma of chickens directed to the alpha-Gal residue. The decreased responsiveness to alpha-Gal-bearing antigens in the current study shows that, in addition to immune-enhancing features, NAb may also have suppressive effects on specific immune responses, which substantiates the regulatory role of innate immunity (NAb) in mounting specific immune responses.


Asunto(s)
Pollos/inmunología , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Inmunoglobulina M/sangre , alfa-Galactosidasa/inmunología , Animales , Eritrocitos/inmunología , Femenino , Humanos , Inmunotoxinas/inmunología , Cinética , Conejos , Albúmina Sérica/química , Albúmina Sérica/inmunología , Tiroglobulina/inmunología , Aumento de Peso , alfa-Galactosidasa/química , beta-Galactosidasa/química , beta-Galactosidasa/inmunología
14.
J Dairy Sci ; 90(12): 5490-8, 2007 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18024740

RESUMEN

The objectives of this study were to determine the presence of natural antibodies (NAb) in plasma and milk of individual dairy cows and to study the relation between NAb concentrations and energy balance (EB) and dietary energy source. Cows (n = 76) were fed a mainly glucogenic, lipogenic, or a mixture of both diets (50:50 dry matter basis) from wk 3 before the expected calving date until wk 9 postpartum. Diets were isocaloric (net energy basis) and equal in intestinal digestible protein. Blood and milk were sampled weekly. Liver biopsies were taken in wk -2, 2, 4, and 6 relative to calving. Data are expressed as LSM +/- SEM. The NAb titers are expressed as the (2)log values of the highest dilution giving a positive reaction. The NAb concentration in plasma binding either keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) or Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increased with parity. The NAb concentration binding KLH was greater for cows fed the glucogenic diet (9.63 +/- 0.08) compared with the lipogenic diet (9.26 +/- 0.08). In milk, cows fed the glucogenic diet had smaller NAb concentrations binding KLH (3.98 +/- 0.18) and LPS (2.88 +/- 0.17) compared with cows fed the mixed diet (KLH: 4.93 +/- 0.18; LPS: 3.70 +/- 0.17). The NAb concentration in plasma had a positive relation with energy balance variables: EB, dry matter intake, milk yield, and plasma cholesterol, whereas NAb concentration in milk had a negative relation with energy balance variables: EB, dry matter intake, and plasma cholesterol. Additionally, NAb concentrations in milk had a positive relation with plasma nonesterified fatty acid concentration and milk fat and protein percentage. There was a tendency for a positive relation of NAb concentration binding LPS in plasma and somatic cell count in milk. No significant relations were detected between NAb concentrations in milk or plasma and plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate concentration and liver triacyl glyceride content. In conclusion, NAb are present in both milk and plasma of dairy cows peripartum and NAb concentrations increase with parity. Furthermore, our data indicate that a negative energy balance in dairy cows in early lactation can be associated with compromised innate immune function as indicated by decreased NAb concentration in plasma.


Asunto(s)
Anticuerpos/sangre , Bovinos , Metabolismo Energético/inmunología , Inmunidad Innata/inmunología , Lactancia/inmunología , Lactancia/metabolismo , Leche , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales de los Animales/inmunología , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales de los Animales/fisiología , Animales , Anticuerpos/análisis , Bovinos/inmunología , Bovinos/metabolismo , Recuento de Células/veterinaria , Colesterol/sangre , Dieta/veterinaria , Ingestión de Alimentos , Ingestión de Energía , Metabolismo Energético/fisiología , Femenino , Hemocianinas/metabolismo , Inmunidad Innata/fisiología , Lípidos/análisis , Lipopolisacáridos/metabolismo , Leche/química , Leche/citología , Leche/inmunología , Proteínas de la Leche/análisis , Paridad , Parto , Embarazo , Distribución Aleatoria , Factores de Tiempo
15.
Poult Sci ; 86(8): 1667-76, 2007 Aug.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17626812

RESUMEN

Various potential immune-modulating microbially derived pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP), or so called homotopes, are present in high concentrations in the environment of food animals. In previous studies, intravenously administered PAMP had variable effects on specific primary and secondary immune responses of poultry to systemically administered antigens. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of intratracheal (i.t.) challenge with the PAMP lipopolysaccharide, lipoteichoic acid (LTA), and Zymosan-A (containing 1,3 beta-glucan) on primary and secondary (total) antibody (Ab) responses and (isotype) IgM, IgG, and IgA responses to systemically administered human serum albumin (HuSA), and Ab titers to infectious bursal disease (Gumboro virus) and infectious bronchitis vaccines in layer hens at 9 and 22 wk of age. Birds were challenged via the trachea with PAMP for 5 consecutive days prior to primary and secondary immunization with HuSA. Intratracheally administered LTA and, to a minor extent, lipopolysaccharide significantly enhanced secondary total and IgG Ab responses to HuSA. 1,3 beta-Glucan did not significantly affect Ab responses to HuSA. All birds challenged with PAMP showed a decreased BW. Higher total Ab titers to infectious bursal disease and infectious bronchitis were found in birds challenged with LTA. The present results indicate that i.t. administered PAMP affect the humoral immune responsiveness of poultry, which may lead to an enhanced status of immune reactivity. Furthermore, our results suggest that the hygienic status of the environment influences BW (gain). The consequences of immune modulation by airborne PAMP or hygienic conditions in chicken husbandry for vaccine delivery and immune responsiveness of poultry are discussed.


Asunto(s)
Pollos/inmunología , Lipopolisacáridos/inmunología , Albúmina Sérica/inmunología , Ácidos Teicoicos/inmunología , Tráquea , Zimosan/inmunología , Animales , Infecciones por Birnaviridae/prevención & control , Infecciones por Birnaviridae/veterinaria , Infecciones por Coronavirus/prevención & control , Infecciones por Coronavirus/veterinaria , Femenino , Humanos , Virus de la Bronquitis Infecciosa/inmunología , Virus de la Enfermedad Infecciosa de la Bolsa/inmunología , Vacunas Virales/inmunología , Aumento de Peso
16.
Poult Sci ; 85(12): 2156-68, 2006 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17135672

RESUMEN

Immune modulation of poultry by airborne pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) was studied. White and Brown layer chicks were exposed intratracheally during 5 consecutive days at 7 wk of age with Escherichia coli-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Saccharomyces cerevisiae-derived 1,3 beta-glucan (BGL), a combination of both, or PBS as a control. Six weeks later, birds received similar or crossover PAMP treatments. Body weight (gain), feed conversion, (primary and secondary) specific antibody responses to model antigens, and natural antibody levels were measured. In general, BGL enhanced but LPS exposure decreased primary immune responses at 7 wk of age, whereas both PAMP-enhanced secondary immune responses but decreased primary immune responses at 13 wk of age. Body weight gain and feed conversion at both ages were negatively affected by LPS, especially in White birds, but not by BGL. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns exposure at 7 wk of age also affected Ab responses at 13 wk of age. Birds exposed to a combination of LPS + BGL at 7 wk of age had significantly lower secondary total and IgG Ab responses at 13 wk of age. Birds from both breeds showed enhanced BW gain after exposure to LPS at 13 wk of age, when initially challenged at 7 wk of age with LPS, BGL, or a combined challenge with both. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns exposure at 7 wk of age affected humoral immunity and BW gain at 13 wk of age in a positive (BGL) or negative (LPS) fashion. Repeated exposure to PAMP did not affect Ab responses, but crossover exposure to PAMP in general enhanced Ab responses. Body weight gain was positively affected by repeated exposure but not by crossover exposure, suggesting adaptation of the birds to early PAMP exposure. Our findings suggest that sensitivity of poultry for immune modulation by airborne PAMP differs between ages, is breed-dependent, and is not irreversible of nature. In addition, our data suggest different adaptation to hygienic conditions, both with respect to immune reactivity and BW gain.


Asunto(s)
Envejecimiento/inmunología , Pollos/genética , Pollos/inmunología , Animales , Anticuerpos/sangre , Femenino , Humanos , Inyecciones Espinales , Conejos , Albúmina Sérica/inmunología , Factores de Tiempo , Aumento de Peso , gammaglobulinas/inmunología
17.
Poult Sci ; 95(7): 1543-1554, 2016 Jul 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26976906

RESUMEN

Due to an interplay between intestinal microbiota and immune system, disruption of intestinal microbiota composition during immune development may have consequences for immune responses later in life. The present study investigated the effects of antibiotic treatment in the first weeks of life on the specific antibody response later in life in chickens. Layer chicks received an antibiotic cocktail consisting of vancomycin, neomycin, metronidazole, and amphotericin-B by oral gavage every 12 h, and ampicillin and colistin in drinking water for the first week of life. After the first week of life, chicks received ampicillin and colistin in drinking water for two more weeks. Control birds received no antibiotic cocktail and plain drinking water. Fecal microbiota composition was determined during antibiotic treatment (d 8 and 22), two weeks after cessation of antibiotic treatment (d 36), and at the end of the experimental period at d 175 using a 16S ribosomal RNA gene targeted microarray, the Chicken Intestinal Tract Chip (ChickChip). During antibiotic treatment fecal microbiota composition differed strongly between treatment groups. Fecal microbiota of antibiotic treated birds consisted mainly of Proteobacteria, and in particular E.coli, whereas fecal microbiota of control birds consisted mainly of Firmicutes, such as lactobacilli and clostridia. Two weeks after cessation of antibiotic treatment fecal microbiota composition of antibiotic treated birds had recovered and was similar to that of control birds. On d 105, 12 weeks after cessation of antibiotic treatment, chicks of both treatment groups received an intra-tracheal lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/human serum albumin (HuSA) challenge. Antibody titers against LPS and HuSA were measured 10 days after administration of the challenge. While T cell independent antibody titers (LPS) were not affected by antibiotic treatment, antibiotic treated birds showed lower T cell dependent antibody titers (HuSA) compared with control birds. In conclusion, intestinal microbial dysbiosis early in life may still have effects on the specific antibody response months after cessation of antibiotic treatment and despite an apparent recovery in microbiota composition.


Asunto(s)
Inmunidad Adaptativa/efectos de los fármacos , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Bacterias/efectos de los fármacos , Pollos/inmunología , Pollos/microbiología , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/análisis , Bacterias/clasificación , Pollos/crecimiento & desarrollo , ADN Bacteriano/genética , ADN Bacteriano/metabolismo , Femenino , Análisis de Secuencia por Matrices de Oligonucleótidos/veterinaria , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , ARN Ribosómico 16S/metabolismo , Distribución Aleatoria
18.
Poult Sci ; 95(7): 1529-1542, 2016 Jul 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26976905

RESUMEN

Intestinal pathology early in life may affect immune development and therefore immune responses later in life. Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) induces colitis in rodents and is a widely used model for inflammatory bowel diseases. The present study investigated DSS as a model for early life intestinal pathology and its consequences on intestinal pathology, ileal cytokine, and immunoglobulin mRNA expression levels as well as the antibody response towards an immunological challenge later in life in chickens. Broiler and layer chicks received 2.5% DSS in drinking water during d 11 through d 18 post hatch or plain drinking water as a control. As an immunological challenge all birds received a combination of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and human serum albumin (HuSA) intramuscularly (i.m.) at d 35, and antibody titers against LPS, HuSA, and keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) were determined to investigate effects of intestinal inflammation early in life on humoral immunity later in life. DSS treated birds showed a decrease in BW from which broilers quickly recovered, but which persisted for several weeks in layers. Histological examination of intestinal samples showed symptoms similar to those in rodents, including shortening and loss of villi and crypts as well as damage of the epithelial cell layer of different parts of the intestine. Effects of DSS on intestinal morphology were less severe in broilers that also showed a lower mortality in response to DSS than layers. No effect of DSS on ileal cytokine expression levels could be observed, but ileal immunoglobulin expression levels were decreased in DSS treated broilers that also showed lower antibody titers against LPS in response to the challenge. In conclusion, DSS may serve as a model for intestinal pathology early in life, although more research on the appropriate dose is necessary and is likely to differ between breeds. Results from the present study could indicate that broilers are less susceptible to DSS compared with layers or have a better capacity to recover from intestinal pathology.


Asunto(s)
Pollos/inmunología , Sulfato de Dextran/farmacología , Inmunidad Humoral/efectos de los fármacos , Intestinos/inmunología , Animales , Proteínas Aviares/genética , Proteínas Aviares/metabolismo , Citocinas/genética , Citocinas/metabolismo , Femenino , Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Íleon/efectos de los fármacos , Íleon/inmunología , Íleon/metabolismo , Íleon/patología , Inmunoglobulinas/genética , Inmunoglobulinas/metabolismo , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Intestinos/efectos de los fármacos , Intestinos/patología , ARN Mensajero/genética , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo
19.
Vet Immunol Immunopathol ; 178: 70-8, 2016 Oct 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27496745

RESUMEN

Natural autoantibodies (NAAb) have a role in maintaining physiological homeostasis and prevention of infections, and have been found in mammalian species tested so far. Albeit NAAb levels rise with age, little is known about the origin, function, regulation and initiation of NAAb in young animals. The present study addressed the presence of IgM and IgG NAAb binding glutamate dehydrogenase (GD), carbonic anhydrase (CA), myosin (MYO) and transferrin (TRANS) from before drinking colostrum until the first 12 weeks of life in plasma of female calves. In addition, NAAb to these four self-antigens were also measured in colostrum and in plasma of their mothers during three weeks before calving. Titers of NAAb binding GD, CA, MYO and TRANS were detected in plasma of cows before calving, in colostrum, and in plasma of calves before and after drinking of colostrum. Levels of NAAb in colostrum were positively related with levels of NAAb in plasma of cows. Before colostrum intake, levels of NAAb in plasma of calves were not related with levels of NAAb in plasma of their mother but were influenced by parity of their mother. After colostrum intake, levels of NAAb in plasma of calves in the first week of life were positively related with levels of NAAb in colostrum. Low NAAb levels in colostrum were related with low NAAb in plasma of calves in the first week of life, but after two weeks of life the relation between colostrum and plasma of calves was absent. In conclusion, NAAb are already present in the unborn calf, and levels of neonatal NAAb during the early weeks of life are affected by levels of maternal NAAb obtained via colostrum.


Asunto(s)
Autoanticuerpos/sangre , Bovinos/inmunología , Inmunidad Innata , Inmunidad Materno-Adquirida , Animales , Animales Recién Nacidos/inmunología , Animales Lactantes/inmunología , Autoanticuerpos/metabolismo , Autoantígenos , Anhidrasas Carbónicas/inmunología , Calostro/inmunología , Femenino , Glutamato Deshidrogenasa/inmunología , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Inmunoglobulina M/sangre , Miosinas/inmunología , Embarazo , Transferrina/inmunología
20.
Prev Vet Med ; 127: 1-9, 2016 May 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27094133

RESUMEN

In earlier studies, natural antibodies (NAb) were related not only to the energy balance (EB) of dairy cows, but also to somatic cell count (SCC) and clinical mastitis (CM). The first objective of our study was to evaluate the effects of dry period length and dietary energy source on titers of NAb binding keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in plasma and milk, SCC and CM occurrence in dairy cows in two subsequent lactations. Our second objective was to study the relationship between NAb levels and mammary health. Holstein-Friesian dairy cows (N=167) were randomly assigned to three dry period lengths (0, 30 or 60-d) and two early lactation rations (glucogenic or lipogenic). Treatments were repeated during two subsequent lactations (years 1 and 2). In year 2, 19 cows which were planned to have 0-d dry period dried off naturally and were assigned to an additional group 0→30-d dry period. In year 1, cows with a 0-d dry period had a higher SCC, a higher titer of immunoglobulin G (IgG) binding LPS in plasma, and higher titers of IgG and IgM binding KLH and LPS in milk compared with cows with a 30-d or 60-d dry period. In year 2, cows with a 60-d dry period had a lower SCC than cows with a 30-d and 0→30-d dry periods. In year 2, dry period length did not affect NAb titers in plasma or milk. The CM occurrence was 17 percent in year 1 of the experiment and 25 percent in year 2, and did not differ according to dry period lengths or rations. For both years, an increasing titer of IgG binding LPS in plasma was associated with decreased odds of a high SCC and decreased odds of CM occurrence. Also up to three weeks before the CM occurrence, an increasing titer of IgM binding KLH and LPS in plasma was associated with a decreased odds of CM occurrence. In conclusion, omitting the dry period increased SCC, NAb titers in milk and IgG binding LPS in plasma compared with a short (30-d) or conventional (60-d) dry period. The effects on NAb titers, however, were only present in the first year after omitting the dry period and disappeared after repeated omitting the dry period. Moreover, an increasing titer of IgG binding LPS in plasma was associated with decreased odds of high SCC and CM occurrence.


Asunto(s)
Metabolismo Energético , Lactancia , Mastitis Bovina/inmunología , Leche/química , Animales , Bovinos , Recuento de Células/veterinaria , Industria Lechera , Metabolismo Energético/efectos de los fármacos , Hemocianinas/farmacología , Lipopolisacáridos/sangre , Lipopolisacáridos/farmacología , Distribución Aleatoria , Factores de Tiempo
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