ICU Survivors Have a Substantial Higher Risk of Developing New Chronic Conditions Compared to a Population-Based Control Group.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the types and prevalence of chronic conditions in an ICU population and a population-based control group during the year before ICU admission and to quantify the risk of developing new chronic conditions in ICU patients compared with the control group. DESIGN: We conducted a retrospective cohort study, combining a national health insurance claims database and a national quality registry for ICUs. Claims data in the timeframe 2012-2014 were combined with clinical data of patients who had been admitted to an ICU during 2013. To assess the differences in risk of developing new chronic conditions, ICU patients were compared with a population-based control group using logistic regression modeling. SETTING: Eighty-one Dutch ICUs. PATIENTS: All patients admitted to an ICU during 2013. A population-based control group was created, and weighted on the age, gender, and socio-economic status of the ICU population. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: ICU patients (n = 56,760) have more chronic conditions compared with the control group (n = 75,232) during the year before ICU admission (p < 0.0001). After case-mix adjustment ICU patients had a higher risk of developing chronic conditions, with odds ratios ranging from 1.67 (CI, 1.29-2.17) for asthma to 24.35 (CI, 14.00-42.34) for epilepsy, compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Due to the high prevalence of chronic conditions and the increased risk of developing new chronic conditions, ICU follow-up care is advised and may focus on the identification and treatment of the new developed chronic conditions.

The healthcare costs of intoxicated patients who survive ICU admission are higher than non-intoxicated ICU patients: a retrospective study combining healthcare insurance data and data from a Dutch national quality registry.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to describe the healthcare costs of intoxicated ICU patients in the year before and the year after ICU admission, and to compare their healthcare costs with non-intoxicated ICU patients and a population based control group. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study, combining a national health insurance claims database and a national quality registry database for ICUs. Claims data in the timeframe 2012 until 2014 were combined with the clinical data of patients who had been admitted to an ICU during 2013. Three study populations were compared and matched according to socioeconomic status, type of admission, age and gender: an "ICU population", an "intoxication population" and a "control population" (who had never been on the ICU). RESULTS: 2591 individual "intoxicated ICU patients" were compared to 2577 general "ICU patients" and 2591 patients from the "control population". The median and interquartile ranges (IQR) healthcare costs per day alive for the "intoxicated ICU patients" were higher during the year before ICU admission (€20.3 (IQR €3.6-€76.4)) and the year after ICU admission (€23.9 (IQR €5.1-€82.4)) compared to the ICU population (€6.1 (IQR €0.9-€29.3) and €13.6 (IQR €3.3-€54.9) respectively) and a general control population (€1.1 (IQR €0.3-€4.6) and €1.1 (IQR €0.4-€4.9) respectively). The healthcare associated costs in intoxicated ICU patients were correlated with the number of chronic conditions present prior ICU admission (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Intoxicated patients admitted to the ICU had in the year before and after ICU admission much higher median healthcare costs per day alive compared to other ICU patients and a general population control group. Healthcare costs are greatly influenced by the number of psychiatric and other chronic conditions of these intoxicated patients.

Reported burden on informal caregivers of ICU survivors: a literature review.

BACKGROUND: Critical illness and the problems faced after ICU discharge do not only affect the patient, it also negatively impacts patients' informal caregivers. There is no review which summarizes all types of burden reported in informal caregivers of ICU survivors. It is important that the burdens these informal caregivers suffer are systematically assessed so the caregivers can receive the professional care they need. We aimed to provide a complete overview of the types of burdens reported in informal caregivers of adult ICU survivors, to make recommendations on which burdens should be assessed in this population, and which tools should be used to assess them. METHOD: We performed a systematic search in PubMed and CINAHL from database inception until June 2014. All articles reporting on burdens in informal caregivers of adult ICU survivors were included. Two independent reviewers used a standardized form to extract characteristics of informal caregivers, types of burdens and instruments used to assess these burdens. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa and the PEDro scales. RESULTS: The search yielded 2704 articles, of which we included 28 in our review. The most commonly reported outcomes were psychosocial burden. Six months after ICU discharge, the prevalence of anxiety was between 15% and 24%, depression between 4.7% and 36.4% and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) between 35% and 57.1%. Loss of employment, financial burden, lifestyle interference and low health-related quality of life (HRQoL) were also frequently reported. The most commonly used tools were the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Centre for Epidemiological Studies-Depression questionnaire, and Impact of Event Scale (IES). The quality of observational studies was low and of randomized studies moderate to fair. CONCLUSIONS: Informal caregivers of ICU survivors suffer a substantial variety of burdens. Although the quality of the included studies was poor, there is evidence that burden in the psychosocial field is most prevalent. We suggest screening informal caregivers of ICU survivors for anxiety, depression, PTSD, and HRQoL using respectively the HADS, IES and Short Form 36 and recommend a follow-up period of at least 6 months.

Energy contribution from non-breastmilk items in low-income Guatemalan infants in their sixth month of life.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the nature and energy contribution of complementary feeding in breastfed infants in their sixth month of life, and the prevalence of the use of bottles as a delivery method. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We recruited 156 breastfeeding infants at a health clinic in metropolitan Quetzaltenango, Guatemala. A previous-day recall was performed. RESULTS: Sixty nine mothers (44%) reported offering items other than breastmilk. The median contribution of energy from complementary foods among infants with mixed feeding (n=66) was 197 kcal/day (interquartile range [IQR] 49-353). The median energy contribution of formula or cow's milk among consumers (n=39) was 212 kcal/day (IQR 84-394). Bottles were used on the previous day by 55 (80%) of the 69 mothers not offering exclusive breastfeeding. CONCLUSIONS: Premature introduction of non-breastmilk items is commonly practiced in feeding Guatemalan infants. Adherence to the internationally recognized guidelines for early infant feeding should be an intervention priority for this population.

Stimulating implementation of clinical practice guidelines in hospital care from a central guideline organization perspective: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: The uptake of guidelines in care is inconsistent. This review focuses on guideline implementation strategies used by guideline organizations (governmental agencies, scientific/professional societies and other umbrella organizations), experienced implementation barriers and facilitators and impact of their implementation efforts. METHODS: We searched PUBMED, EMBASE and CINAHL and conducted snowballing. Eligibility criteria included guidelines focused on hospital care and OECD countries. Study quality was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. We used framework analysis, narrative synthesis and summary statistics. RESULTS: Twenty-six articles were included. Sixty-two implementation strategies were reported, used in different combinations and ranged between 1 and 16 strategies per initiative. Most frequently reported strategies were educational session(s) and implementation supporting materials. The most commonly reported barrier and facilitator were respectively insufficient healthcare professionals' time and resources; and guideline's credibility, evidence base and relevance. Eighty-five percent of initiatives that measured impact achieved improvements in adoption, knowledge, behavior and/or clinical outcomes. No clear optimal approach for improving guideline uptake and impact was found. However, we found indications that employing multiple active implementation strategies and involving external organizations and hospital staff were associated with improvements. CONCLUSION: Guideline organizations employ diverse implementation strategies and encounter multiple barriers and facilitators. Our study uncovered potential effective implementation practices. However, further research is needed on effective tailoring of implementation approaches to increase uptake and impact of guidelines.

Estimates of exclusive breastfeeding rates among mother-infant dyads in Quetzaltenango, Guatemala, vary according to interview method and time frame.

BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends exclusive breastfeeding, defined as receiving only breastmilk, through the first 6 months of life to optimize survival, health, and development. OBJECTIVE: To assess exclusive and predominant breastfeeding rates, as defined by WHO, in a sample of Guatemalan infants using three dietary assessment methods. METHODS: Mothers of 156 infants (78 boys and 78 girls) in the 6th month of life, attending a public health center in Quetzaltenango, an urban area located in the Highlands of Guatemala, were recruited. A single face-to-face interview was performed to assess infant dietary intake using three methods: previous day dietary recall (as suggested by WHO), current feeding practices, and recall of feeding practices since birth. RESULTS: Based on the previous day dietary recall method, exclusive breastfeeding was reported by 87 (56%) of the mothers. Exclusive breastfeeding rates were much lower when estimated by current feeding practices questions (20%) and even lower when based on recall of feeding practices since birth (9%). The sum of exclusive and predominant breastfeeding (full breastfeeding) rates was 58%, 49%, and 31% based on previous day dietary recall, current feeding practices, and recall of feeding practices since birth, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The WHO method of dietary assessment, based solely on the previous day dietary recall, overestimates the exclusive breastfeeding rate compared with recall of feeding practices since birth. In our population sample, adherence to the WHO guidelines for feeding in the first semester of infancy was less than ideal and in need of strengthening.

The influence of clinical variables on the risk of developing chronic conditions in ICU survivors.

PURPOSE: To assess the association of clinical variables and the development of specified chronic conditions in ICU survivors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective cohort study, combining a national health insurance claims database and a national quality registry for ICUs. Claims data from 2012 to 2014 were combined with clinical data of patients admitted to an ICU during 2013. To assess the association of clinical variables (ICU length of stay, mechanical ventilation, acute physiology score, reason for ICU admission, mean arterial pressure score and glucose score) and the development of chronic conditions (i.e. heart diseases, COPD or asthma, Diabetes mellitus type II, depression and kidney diseases), logistic regression was used. RESULTS: 49,004 ICU patients were included. ICU length of stay was associated with the development of heart diseases, asthma or COPD and depression. The reason for ICU admission was an important risk factor for the development of all chronic conditions with adjusted ORs ranging from 2.05 (CI 1.56; 2.69) for kidney diseases to 5.14 (CI 3.99; 6.62) for depression. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical variables, especially the reason for ICU admission, are associated with the development of chronic conditions after ICU discharge. Therefore, these clinical variables should be considered when organizing follow-up care for ICU survivors.

Dutch ICU survivors have more consultations with general practitioners before and after ICU admission compared to a matched control group from the general population.

BACKGROUND: General Practitioners (GPs) play a key role in the healthcare trajectory of patients. If the patient experiences problems that are typically non-life-threatening, such as the symptoms of post-intensive-care syndrome, the GP will be the first healthcare professional they consult. The primary aim of this study is to gain insight in the frequency of GP consultations during the year before hospital admission and the year after discharge for ICU survivors and a matched control group from the general population. The secondary aim of this study is to gain insight into differences between subgroups of the ICU population with respect to the frequency of GP consultations. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study, combining a national health insurance claims database and a national quality registry for ICUs. Clinical data of patients admitted to an ICU in 2013 were enriched with claims data from the years 2012, 2013 and 2014. Poisson regression was used to assess the differences in frequency of GP consultations between the ICU population and the control group. RESULTS: ICU patients have more consultations with GPs during the year before and after admission than individuals in the control group. In the last four weeks before admission, ICU patients have 3.58 (CI 3.37; 3.80) times more GP consultations than the control group, and during the first four weeks after discharge they have 4.98 (CI 4.74; 5.23) times more GP consultations. In the year after hospital discharge ICU survivors have an increased GP consultation rate compared to the year before their hospital admission. CONCLUSIONS: Close to hospital admission and shortly after hospital discharge, the frequency of GP consultations substantially increases in the population of ICU survivors. Even a year after hospital discharge, ICU survivors have increased GP consultation rates. Therefore, GPs should be well informed about the problems ICU patients suffer after discharge, in order to provide suitable follow-up care.

Several problem nutrients are identified in the complementary diet of 6 to 11 month old breastfed children in Western Guatemala.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The failure of infants in developing countries to meet nutrient intake recommendations is well documented. The objective of this study was to assess the nutritional adequacy and identify problem nutrients of the diets of Guatemalan infants with continued breastfeeding. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: A single previous-day dietary recall was collected from a convenience sample of 94 mothers of infants aged 6-11 mo attending a public health clinic in the urban area of Quetzaltenango, Guatemala. Energy and nutrient content of complementary feeding (CF) and breastmilk, modelled by subtracting estimated energy intakes from CF from energy requirements, were calculated and nutrient adequacy of the diet was assessed. Nutrient densities and critical nutrient densities of CF were computed to identify "problem nutrients" and main food sources of these nutrients. RESULTS: Complementary diets were adequate for protein, but likely to be inadequate for pantothenic acid and vitamins C, A, D, E, and K, as well as calcium, iron and zinc. In the worst-case scenario, i.e. for small girls with limited energy allowances, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B-6 and magnesium were identified as "problem nutrients" as well. Formula milk, cow milk and Incaparina® were main food sources of "problem nutrients". CONCLUSIONS: The intake of micronutrients during the first six months of the recommend CF period in Guatemala has a number of notable inadequacies, but the gaps are narrower than traditionally reported for this age group in low-income settings.

Lessons learnt during the implementation of a web-based triage tool for Dutch intensive care follow-up clinics.

OBJECTIVES: Screening for symptoms of postintensive care syndrome is based on a long list of questionnaires, filled out by the intensive care unit (ICU) survivor and manually reviewed by the health professional. This is an inefficient and time-consuming process. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of a web-based triage tool and to compare the outcomes from web-based questionnaires to those from paper-based questionnaires. DESIGN: A mixed-methods study. SETTING: Nine Dutch ICU follow-up clinics. PARTICIPANTS: 221 ICU survivors and 14 health professionals. INTERVENTIONS: A web-based triage tool was implemented by nine ICU follow-up clinics. End users, that is, health professionals were interviewed in order to evaluate the feasibility of the triage tool. ICU survivors were invited to fill out web-based questionnaires 3 months after hospital discharge. PRIMARY OUTCOMES: Outcomes of the questionnaires were merged with clinical data from a national quality registry to assess the differences in outcomes between paper-based and web-based questionnaires. RESULTS: 221 ICU survivors received an invitation to fill out questionnaires, 93 (42.1%) survivors did not respond to the invitation. Respondents to the web-based questionnaires (n=54) were significantly younger and had a significantly longer ICU stay than those who preferred the paper-based questionnaires (n=74). The prevalence of mental, physical and nutritional problems was high, although comparable between the groups. Health professionals' interviews revealed that the software was complex to use (n=8) and although emailing survivors is very convenient, not all survivors have an email address (n=7). CONCLUSIONS: Web-based screening software has major benefits compared with paper-based screening. However, implementation has shown to be rather difficult and there are important barriers to consider. Although different in age, the health status is comparable between the users of the web-based questionnaire and paper-based questionnaire.

Healthcare costs of ICU survivors are higher before and after ICU admission compared to a population based control group: A descriptive study combining healthcare insurance data and data from a Dutch national quality registry.

PURPOSE: To identify subgroups of ICU patients with high healthcare utilization for healthcare expenditure management purposes such as prevention and targeted care. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a descriptive cohort study, combining a national health insurance claims database and a national quality registry database for ICUs. Claims data in the timeframe 2012-2014 were combined with the clinical data of ICU patients admitted to an ICU during 2013. A population based control group was created based on the ICU population. RESULTS: 56,760 ICU patients and 75,232 controls from the general population were included. Median healthcare costs per day alive for the ICU population were significantly higher during the year before (€8.9 (IQR €2.4; €32.1)) and the year after ICU admission (€15.4 (IQR €5.4; €51.2)) compared to the control group ((€2.8 (IQR €0.7; €8.8) and €3.1 (IQR €0.8; €10.1)). ICU patients with more chronic conditions had significantly higher healthcare costs before and after ICU admission compared to ICU patients with less chronic conditions. CONCLUSIONS: ICU patients have three to five times higher healthcare costs per day alive compared to a control population. Our findings can be used to optimize the healthcare trajectories of ICU patients with high healthcare utilization after discharge.

Healthcare-related costs in very elderly intensive care patients.

INTRODUCTION: The long-term outcome of "very old intensive care unit patients" (VOPs; ≥ 80 years) is often disappointing. Little is known about the healthcare costs of these VOPs in comparison to younger ICU patients and the very elderly in the general population not admitted to the ICU. METHODS: Data from a national health insurance claims database and a national quality registry for ICUs were combined. Costs of VOPs admitted to the ICU in 2013 were compared with costs of younger ICU patients (two groups, respectively 18-65 and 65-80 years old) and a matched control group of very elderly subjects who were not admitted to the ICU. We compared median costs and median costs per day alive in the year before ICU admission (2012), the year of ICU admission (2013) and the year after ICU admission (2014). RESULTS: A total of 9272 VOPs were included and compared to three equally sized study groups. Median costs for VOPs in 2012, 2013 and 2014 (€5944, €35,653 and €12,565) are higher compared to the ICU 18-65 population (€3022, €30,223 and €5052, all p < 0.001) and the very elderly control population (€3590, €4238 and €4723, all p < 0.001). Compared to the ICU 65-80 population, costs of VOPs are higher in the year before and after ICU admission (€4323 and €6750, both p < 0.001), but not in the year of ICU admission (€34,448, p = 0.950). The median healthcare costs per day alive in the year before, the year of and the year after ICU admission are all higher for VOPs than for the other groups (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: VOPs required more healthcare resources in the year before, the year of and the year after ICU admission compared to younger ICU patients and the very elderly control population, except compared to the ICU 65-80 population in the year of ICU admission. Healthcare costs per day alive, however, are substantially higher for VOPs than for all other study groups in all three studied years.

Feeding patterns before 6 months of age: the relative validity of recall from interviews of mothers of Guatemalan infants and toddlers.

The WHO recommends exclusive breastfeeding during the first 6 mo of life; however, deviations from this recommendation are widespread. The objective of the current study was to evaluate exclusive and predominant breastfeeding rates, as defined by the WHO, in a cross-sectional sample of Guatemalan children using retrospective records on the temporal pattern of introducing foods and beverages before 6 mo. Mothers of 150 infants, aged 6 to 23 mo, attending a public health clinic were interviewed about early life feeding practices with a structured questionnaire. In addition, the plausibility of the reported offering of liquids and foods, other than breast milk, since birth was checked against reported current feeding practices. We observed that estimated exclusive breastfeeding was rare with 14% of infants receiving exclusive breastfeeding for 5 mo, and only 9% for the recommended 6 mo. The proportion of infants with predominant breastfeeding, which allows certain liquids such as water, juices and ritual fluids, was 33% through 5 mo and 23% through 6 mo. One-quarter of mothers (n=38) reported implausible answers concerning age-of-introduction of liquids and foods. Nevertheless, retrospective reports at up to 2 y give credible outcomes for estimations of feeding pattern at 6 mo of age. Our findings match the findings of other studies conducted in Guatemala. Overall adherence to the WHO guidelines for feeding in the first semester of infancy was much less than ideal and in need of strengthening.

Earlier introduction of aguitas is associated with higher risk of stunting in infants and toddlers in the Western Highlands of Guatemala.

BACKGROUND: In many cultures, simple herbal infusions, thin gruels, or sweetened water (agüitas in Guatemalan parlance) are given to infants and toddlers. Formative research has shown that the use of agüitas in early child feeding is deeply embedded in Guatemalan culture. OBJECTIVE: We examined the prevalence and timing of the introduction of agüitas during early life in a low-income population of metropolitan Quetzaltenango in relation to stunting in children. DESIGN: Responses from 456 mothers of children aged 5-23 mo were analyzed by using logistic regression to explore relations between linear growth (stunting), diarrhea, and age at the first introduction of agüitas. RESULTS: A total of 358 of 456 infants (79%) were agüita users independent of sex or ethnicity. Of infants given agüitas, one-fourth of subjects were introduced to agüitas within the first 2.9 wk of age, and one-half of subjects were introduced to agüitas within the first 9 wk of age. Subjects introduced to agüitas before 2.9 wk of age were 1.8 times more likely to be stunted (95% CI: 1.1, 2.8; P = 0.03) irrespective of ethnicity. Children who had ever been given agüitas were twice as likely to have also had diarrhea (OR: 2.1; 95% CI: 1.3, 3.3) and more likely to have needed medical attention for diarrhea (OR: 2.1; 95% CI: 1.1, 4.2), but diarrheal experience was independent of stunting. CONCLUSION: Because of the early introduction of agüitas and the high prevalence of stunting in Guatemala, longitudinal studies are urgently needed to clarify the causal relations. This trial was registered at Nederlands Trial register as NTR3273 for 5-mo-olds and Nederlands Trial register as NTR3292 for infants ≥6 mo.

Energy contribution from non-breastmilk items in low-income Guatemalan infants in their sixth month of life / Contribución de energía de fuentes diferentes a la leche materna en infantes de seis meses de edad de bajos recursos en Guatemala

Objective. To examine the nature and energy contribution of complementary feeding in breastfed infants in their sixth month of life, and the prevalence of the use of bottles as a delivery method. Materials and methods. We recruited 156 breastfeeding infants at a health clinic in metropolitan Quetzaltenango, Guatemala. A previous-day recall was performed. Results. Sixty nine mothers (44%) reported offering items other than breastmilk. The median contribution of energy from complementary foods among infants with mixed feeding (n=66) was 197 kcal/day (interquartile range [IQR] 49-353). The median energy contribution of formula or cow's milk among consumers (n=39) was 212 kcal/day (IQR 84-394). Bottles were used on the previous day by 55 (80%) of the 69 mothers not offering exclusive breastfeeding. Conclusions. Premature introduction of non-breastmilk items is commonly practiced in feeding Guatemalan infants. Adherence to the internationally recognized guidelines for early infant feeding should be an intervention priority for this population.

Objetivos. Examinar la naturaleza y contribución energética de la alimentación complementaria en infantes lactantes en el sexto mes de vida y la prevalencia del uso de biberones como método de alimentación. Material y métodos. Se seleccionaron 156 infantes lactantes en un centro de salud en la ciudad de Quetzaltenango, Guatemala. Se solicitó una rememoración de la alimentación del día anterior. Resultados. Sesenta y nueve madres (44%) reportaron dar alimentos adicionales a la leche materna. La mediana de contribución energética de alimentos complementarios en infantes con alimentación mixta (n=66) fue 197 kcal/día (rango intercuartil [RIC] 43-353). La mediana de contribución energética de leche de vaca entre consumidores (n=39) fue 212 kcal/día (RIC 84-394). De 69 madres que ofrecían alimentación mixta, 55 (80%) proporcionaron biberones. Conclusiones. Las madres guatemaltecas practican comúnmente la introducción prematura de la alimentación complementaria. La adhesión a las guías internacionalmente reconocidas para alimentación de infantes debe ser una prioridad de intervención en esta población.