Reporting Completeness of Intensity-, Dose-, and Dosage-Related Items in Active Pediatric Upper Limb Neurorehabilitation Trials: A Systematic Review.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the reporting completeness of the TIDieR items 8-12, in particular intensity, dose, and dosage, in active pediatric upper limb neurorehabilitation trials. DATA SOURCES: We searched PubMed Central, Scopus, CINAHL, OTseeker, and Web of Science for eligible publications. STUDY SELECTION: We included publications analyzing active pediatric upper limb neurorehabilitation interventions and assessed the reporting completeness of 11 items for each intervention and control group. DATA EXTRACTION: Two raters independently screened titles and abstracts and selected the publications using the RYYAN platform. We unblinded the results after the raters had completed their selection and resolved the disagreements by discussion. We used the same procedures to review the full texts. DATA SYNTHESIS: We included 52 randomized controlled trials with 65 intervention and 48 control groups. Authors did not report all 11 items in any of the study groups. The overall reporting completeness varied between 1% (intensity) to 95% (length of the intervention). The reporting completeness of the TIDieR items ranged from 2% (modifications) to 64% (when and how much). We found no significant differences in the reporting completeness between the intervention and control groups. CONCLUSIONS: Information essential for dose-response calculations is often missing in randomized controlled trials of pediatric upper limb neurorehabilitation interventions. Reporting completeness should be improved, and new measures to accurately quantify intensity should be discussed and developed.

Feasibility, Validity, and Reliability of Lower Limb Tactile and Body Awareness Assessments in Children With Upper Motor Neuron Lesions.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the feasibility, discriminative and convergent validity, and inter-rater reliability of a lower limb tactile function and 2 body awareness assessments in children with upper motor neuron (UMN) lesions. DESIGN: Cross-sectional psychometric study. SETTING: Pediatric rehabilitation center. PARTICIPANTS: Forty individuals with UMN lesions (mean age 11.7 years, SD 3.4 years; 27 girls) and 40 neurotypically developing children of the same age participated (N=80). INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We assessed the tactile threshold (TT) with monofilaments and body awareness with tactile localization tasks (TLTs) for structural (TLTaction) and spatial (TLTperception) body representation at the foot sole. We compared the test outcomes between children with UMN lesions and neurotypically developing children with the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Furthermore, we quantified the relations between the 3 tests with Spearman correlations (rs) and the interrater reliability with quadratic weighted kappa (κQW). RESULTS: About 80% of the children with UMN lesions perceived the tests easy to perform. The children with UMN lesions had significantly reduced somatosensory function compared with the neurotypically developing children. For the more affected leg, we found good relations between the TT and the TLTaction (rs=0.71; P<.001) and between the 2 TLTs (rs=0.66; P<.001), and a fair relation between the TT and the TLTperception (rs=0.31; P=.06). The inter-rater reliability analyses for the sum scores showed almost perfect agreement for the TT (κQW more affected leg 0.86; less affected leg 0.81), substantial agreement for TLTaction (κQW more affected leg 0.76; less affected leg 0.63), and almost perfect agreement for TLTperception (κQW more affected leg 0.88; less affected leg 0.74). CONCLUSION: The 3 tests are feasible to assess lower limb somatosensory function in children with UMN lesions. Discriminative and convergent validity and reliability of the 3 tests were confirmed. Further studies should investigate responsiveness and association with motor function of these outcome measures.

Clinical utility of a pediatric hand exoskeleton: identifying users, practicability, and acceptance, and recommendations for design improvement.

BACKGROUND: Children and adolescents with upper limb impairments can experience limited bimanual performance reducing daily-life independence. We have developed a fully wearable pediatric hand exoskeleton (PEXO) to train or compensate for impaired hand function. In this study, we investigated its appropriateness, practicability, and acceptability. METHODS: Children and adolescents aged 6-18 years with functional limitations in at least one hand due to a neurological cause were selected for this cross-sectional evaluation. We characterized participants by various clinical tests and quantified bimanual performance with the Assisting Hand Assessment (AHA). We identified children whose AHA scaled score increased by ≥ 7 points when using the hand exoskeleton and determined clinical predictors to investigate appropriateness. The time needed to don each component and the number of technical issues were recorded to evaluate practicability. For acceptability, the experiences of the patients and the therapist with PEXO were evaluated. We further noted any adverse events. RESULTS: Eleven children (median age 11.4 years) agreed to participate, but data was available for nine participants. The median AHA scaled score was higher with PEXO (68; IQR: 59.5-83) than without (55; IQR: 37.5-80.5; p = 0.035). The Box and Block test, the Selective Control of the Upper Extremity Scale, and finger extensor muscle strength could differentiate well between those participants who improved in AHA scaled scores by ≥ 7 points and those who did not (sensitivity and specificity varied between 0.75 and 1.00). The median times needed to don the back module, the glove, and the hand module were 62, 150, and 160 s, respectively, but all participants needed assistance. The most critical failures were the robustness of the transmission system, the electronics, and the attachment system. Acceptance was generally high, particularly in participants who improved bimanual performance with PEXO. Five participants experienced some pressure points. No adverse events occurred. CONCLUSIONS: PEXO is a safe exoskeleton that can improve bimanual hand performance in young patients with minimal hand function. PEXO receives high acceptance. We formulated recommendations to improve technical issues and the donning before such exoskeletons can be used under daily-life conditions for therapy or as an assistive device. Trial registration Not appropriate.

Goal-Directed Personalized Upper Limb Intensive Therapy (PULIT) for Children With Hemiparesis: A Retrospective Analysis.

IMPORTANCE: Children with hemiparesis experience limitations in activities of daily living (ADLs) as a result of upper limb impairments. To address these limitations, we developed a group-based Personalized Upper Limb Intensive Therapy (PULIT) program combining modified constraint-induced movement therapy, bimanual intensive therapy, and exergame-based robotics. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of PULIT in helping children with upper limb impairments achieve individually set goals and enable transfer of the attained motor skills into ADLs. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis. SETTING: Day camp at a pediatric rehabilitation clinic in Switzerland. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-three children with upper limb impairment (unilateral cerebral palsy, n = 16; acquired brain injury, n = 7); 13 boys and 10 girls (M age = 7 yr, 8 mo, SD = 2 yr, 1 mo; Manual Ability Classification System Level I-IV). INTERVENTION: Thirty hours of PULIT over the course of 8 days. OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Goal attainment scaling (GAS) was assessed on the first and last day of intervention. The Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) and dexterity tests, such as the Box and Block Test (BBT), were administered 3 wk before and 3 wk after the intervention. RESULTS: Total goal achievement was 85.7%. GAS, parent- and child-rated COPM Performance and Satisfaction, and the BBT of the affected and dominant upper limb improved significantly. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: PULIT effectively increases children's dexterity of the impaired and dominant upper limb, improves ADL performance, and achieves individual goals. This retrospective analysis could serve as a basis for a future randomized trial. What This Article Adds: This article informs occupational therapy practitioners about a therapy program that includes conventional and rehabilitation technology interventions and enables children with hemiparesis of the upper limb to improve relevant ADL tasks in 8 days' time.

Game-based training of selective voluntary motor control in children and youth with upper motor neuron lesions: protocol for a multiple baseline design study.

BACKGROUND: Impairments of selective control of joint movements can have consequences for many activities of daily life, but there are only a few interventions to improve selective voluntary motor control (SVMC). We have developed a treatment option to specifically enhance SVMC exploiting the advantages of interactive computer play technology. It targets SVMC by training selective activation of a muscle or a selective joint movement while it provides immediate feedback about involuntary muscle activations/movements at an (unwanted) joint. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of this game-based intervention to enhance SVMC in children and youth with upper motor neuron lesions. METHODS: We will conduct a randomized, non-concurrent, multiple baseline design study. Patients aged between 6 and 20 years with reduced SVMC due to an upper motor neuron lesion will be included. During the baseline phase of random length, participants will attend their regular intensive rehabilitation program, and in the intervention phase, they will additionally complete 10 therapy sessions (à 40 min) of the game-based SVMC training. The primary outcome will be a short SVMC assessment conducted repeatedly throughout both phases, which quantifies movement accuracy and involuntary movements. Changes in clinical SVMC measures, muscle strength, cortical excitability, motor control of the inhibited/unwanted movement, and functional independence will be assessed as secondary outcomes. We will use a mixed-effect model to determine the change in the course of the primary outcome when the intervention is introduced, and we will compare changes between phases for secondary outcomes with paired tests. DISCUSSION: This study will provide first evidence whether SVMC can be improved with our game-based training. The single-case design takes into account the individualization required for this intervention, and it can help to address the challenges of intervention trials in our setting. TRIAL REGISTRATION: German Clinical Trials Register: DRKS00025184 , registered on 28.04.2021.

Clinical utility of the over-ground bodyweight-supporting walking system Andago in children and youths with gait impairments.

BACKGROUND: The Andago is a rehabilitation robot that allows training walking over-ground while providing bodyweight unloading (BWU). We investigated the practicability, acceptability, and appropriateness of the device in children with gait impairments undergoing neurorehabilitation. Concerning appropriateness, we investigated whether (i) stride-to-stride variability of the stride time and inter-joint coordination was higher when walking over-ground in Andago versus treadmill walking, and (ii) activation of antigravity leg muscles decreased with higher levels of BWU. METHODS: Eighteen children and adolescents with gait impairments participated in three sessions. Practicability was assessed by determining the time needed to get a patient in and out of Andago, the accuracy of the BWU system, and other aspects. Acceptability was assessed by patients responding to questions, while six therapists filled out the System Usability Scale. To determine appropriateness, the participants were equipped with surface electromyography (sEMG) electrodes, electrogoniometers and accelerometers. Various parameters were compared between walking over-ground and on a treadmill, and between walking with three different levels of BWU (median: 20%, 35% and 50% of the bodyweight) over-ground. RESULTS: Practicability: the average time needed to get in and out of Andago amounted to 60 s and 16 s, respectively. The BWU system seemed accurate, especially at higher levels. We experienced no technical difficulties and Andago prevented 12 falls. However, participants had difficulties walking through a door without bumping into it. Acceptability: after the second session, nine participants felt safer walking in Andago compared to normal walking, 15 preferred walking in Andago compared to treadmill walking, and all wanted to train again with Andago. Therapists rated the usability of the Andago as excellent. Appropriateness: stride-to-stride variability of stride duration and inter-joint coordination was higher in Andago compared to treadmill walking. sEMG activity was not largely influenced by the levels of BWU investigated in this study, except for a reduced M. Gluteus Medius activity at the highest level of BWU tested. CONCLUSIONS: The Andago is a practical and well-accepted device to train walking over-ground with BWU in children and adolescents with gait impairments safely. The system allows individual stride-to-stride variability of temporospatial gait parameters without affecting antigravity muscle activity strongly. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03787199.

Validity and reliability of an accelerometer-based assessgame to quantify upper limb selective voluntary motor control.

INTRODUCTION: Current clinical assessments measure selective voluntary motor control (SVMC) on an ordinal scale. We introduce a playful, interval-scaled method to assess SVMC in children with brain lesions and evaluate its validity and reliability. METHODS: Thirty-one neurologically intact children (median [1st-3rd quartile]: 11.6 years [8.5-13.9]) and 33 patients (12.2 years [8.8-14.9]) affected by upper motor neuron lesions with mild to moderate impairments participated. Using accelerometers, they played a movement tracking game (assessgame) with isolated joint movements (shoulder, elbow, lower arm [pro-/supination], wrist, and fingers), yielding an accuracy score. Involuntary movements were recorded simultaneously and resulted in an involuntary movement score. Both scores were normalized to the performance of 33 neurologically intact adults (32.5 years [27.9; 38.3]), which represented physiological movement patterns. We correlated the assessgame outcomes with the Manual Ability Classification System, Selective Control of the Upper Extremity Scale, and a therapist rating of involuntary movements. Furthermore, a robust ANCOVA was performed with age as covariate, comparing patients to their healthy peers at the age levels of 7.5, 9, 10.5, 12, and 15 years. Intraclass correlation coefficients and smallest real differences indicated relative and absolute reliability. RESULTS: Correlations (Kendall/Spearman) for the accuracy score were τ = 0.29 (p = 0.035; Manual Ability Classification System), ρ = - 0.37 (p = 0.035; Selective Control of the Upper Extremity Scale), and ρ = 0.64 (p < 0.001; therapist rating). Correlations for the involuntary movement metric were τ = 0.37 (p = 0.008), ρ = - 0.55 (p = 0.001), and ρ = 0.79 (p < 0.001), respectively. The robust ANCOVAs revealed that patients performed significantly poorer than their healthy peers in both outcomes and at all age levels except for the dominant/less affected arm, where the youngest age group did not differ significantly. Robust intraclass correlation coefficients and smallest real differences were 0.80 and 1.02 (46% of median patient score) for the accuracy and 0.92 and 2.55 (58%) for involuntary movements, respectively. CONCLUSION: While this novel assessgame is valid, the reliability might need to be improved. Further studies are needed to determine whether the assessgame is sensitive enough to detect changes in SVMC after a surgical or therapeutic intervention.

Administration of the German Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI-G) Using the Mode of Observation in Children Undergoing Inpatient Rehabilitation: A Reliability and Validity Study.

Aims: To investigate inter-rater reliability, concurrent validity, and feasibility of the German Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI-G) using the mode of observation in a Swiss inpatient rehabilitation setting with the Functional Independence Measure for Children (WeeFIM®) as criterion.Methods: Cross-sectional clinimetric study including 36 children and adolescents with median age 10.8 (quartiles 8.7, 13.0) years with neurological/neuro-orthopedic disorders. Data were collected by healthcare professionals through observation. Analyses were performed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC2,1), standard error of measurement (SEMAgreement), Bland-Altman plots, Cohen's Kappa κ, percentage agreement, and correlations.Results: Excellent inter-rater reliability (ICCs2,1 ≥ 0.97), small SEMs and acceptable limits of agreement for the Functional Skills Scale (FSS) and Caregiver Assistance Scale (CAS) were found. No systematic differences between raters existed. Cohen's Kappa for inter-rater agreement of the Modifications Scale (MS) ranged from poor to strong (-0.06 ≤ κ ≤0.85). Excellent concurrent validity for FSS and CAS with the WeeFIM® (ρ ≥ 0.96), and excellent correlations of FSS and CAS with each other (ρ ≥ 0.98) were identified.Conclusion: The German PEDI-G seems to be a reliable and valid, but time-consuming tool when applied in an inpatient setting using observation.

Measuring change in gait performance of children with motor disorders: assessing the Functional Mobility Scale and the Gillette Functional Assessment Questionnaire walking scale.

AIM: To examine the responsiveness and minimal important change (MIC) of two gait performance measures, the Functional Mobility Scale (FMS) and the Gillette Functional Assessment Questionnaire walking scale (FAQ), in a paediatric inpatient setting. METHOD: Sixty-four children and adolescents with a motor disorder, including cerebral palsy, traumatic brain injury, or stroke (25 females, 39 males; mean age [SD] 12y 6mo [3y 2mo], range 6-18y 6mo), were recruited. Physiotherapists scored the FMS and FAQ at the start and end of active gait rehabilitation. Change scores were compared with changes in gait capacity tests, the walking item of the Functional Independence Measure for Children, and a global rating scale (GRS) on the physiotherapists' perceived change of the child's functional mobility. The GRS was also used to define the MIC. RESULTS: Change scores of the FMS and FAQ correlated between 0.35 and 0.49 with those of the capacity tests, 0.54 to 0.76 with the Functional Independence Measure for Children walking item change scores, and 0.57 to 0.76 with the GRS. The MIC values for the FMS and FAQ were 0.5 and 1.5 respectively. INTERPRETATION: FMS and FAQ can illustrate change in inpatient gait performance of children and adolescents with motor disorders. An improvement of one level in the FMS and two levels in the FAQ is considered as a clinically meaningful change. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: The Functional Mobility Scale (FMS) can detect change in children's inpatient gait performance. The Gillette Functional Assessment Questionnaire walking scale (FAQ) can also detect change in children's inpatient gait performance. A one-level improvement in the FMS is clinically relevant. A two-level improvement in the FAQ is clinically relevant.

MEDICIÓN DEL CAMBIO EN EL DESEMPEÑO DE LA MARCHA EN NIÑOS CON TRASTORNOS MOTORES: EVALUACIÓN DE LA ESCALA DE MOVILIDAD FUNCIONAL Y EL CUESTIONARIO DE EVALUACIÓN FUNCIONAL DE GILLETTE: OBJETIVO: Examinar la sensibilidad y el cambio mínimo significativo de dos mediciones de desempeño de la marcha, la Escala de Movilidad Funcional (FMS) y el Cuestionario de Evaluación Funcional de Gillette (FAQ), en una población de pacientes pediátricos hospitalizados. MÉTODO: Se reclutaron sesenta y cuatro niños y adolescentes con algún trastorno motor, incluyendo parálisis cerebral, lesión cerebral traumática o accidente cerebrovascular (25 mujeres, 39 varones; edad promedio [DE] 12a 6m [3a 2m], rango 6a - 18a 6m). Fisioterapeutas aplicaron las escalas FMS y FAQ al principio y final del proceso de rehabilitación activa de la marcha. Los puntajes de cambio fueron comparados con los cambios en pruebas de capacidad de marcha, el ítem de marcha de la escala WeeFIM (Functional Independence Measure for Children) y una escala global de calificación (EGC) sobre la percepción del fisioterapeuta del cambio en la movilidad funcional del niño. La EGC se utilizó, además, para definir el cambio mínimo significativo. RESULTADOS: Los puntajes de cambio de la FMS y el FAQ tuvieron una correlación de 0,35 a 0,49 con lo de la prueba de capacidad de marcha, 0,54 a 0,76 con el ítem de marcha de la escala WeeFIM, y 0,57 a 0,76 con la EGC. El cambio mínimo significativo para la FMS y el FAQ fueron 0,5 y 1,5, respectivamente. INTERPRETACIÓN: La FMS y el FAQ permiten observar cambios en el desempeño de la marcha de pacientes pediátricos y adolescentes hospitalizados con trastornos motores. Un cambio positivo de un nivel en la FMS y de dos niveles en el FAQ se considera un cambio clínicamente significativo.

MENSURANDO MUDANÇA NO DESEMPENHO DA MARCHA EM CRIANÇAS COM DESORDENS MOTORAS: AVALIANDO A ESCALA DE MOBILIDADE FUNCIONAL A ESCALA DA MARCHA DO QUESTIONÁRIO DE AVALIAÇÃO FUNCIONAL GILLETTE: OBJETIVO: Examinar a responsividade e mínima mudança importante (MMI) de tduas medidas do desempenho da marcha, a Escala de mobilidade funcional (FMS), e a escala da marcha do Questionário de Avaliação Funcional Gillette (FAQ), em uma unidade de internação pediátrica. MÉTODO: Sessenta e quatro crianças e adolescentes com uma desordem motora, incluindo paralisia cerebral, lesão cerebral traumática, ou acidente vascular encefálico (25 do sexo feminino, 39 do sexo masculino; média de idade [DP] 12a 6m [3a 2m], variação 6a-18a 6m), foram recrutadas. Fisioterapeutas pontuaram a FMS e FAQ no início e final da reabilitação ativa da marcha. Mudanças nos escores foram comparadas com mudanças nos testes de capacidade da marcha, no item de marcha da Medida de Independência Funcional para crianças, e uma Escala Global de Pontuação (EGP) sobre as mudanças percebidas pelos fisioterapeutas na mobilidade funcional da criança. A EGP também foi usada para determinar a MMI. RESULTADOS: Os escores de mudança da FMS e FAQ correlacionaram entre 0,35 e 0,49 com os dos testes de capacidade, 0,54 a 0,76 com a mudaça de escores no item de marcha da medida de Independência Funcional para crianças, e 0,57 a 0,76 com a EGP. A MMI para FMS e FAQ foi 0,5 e 1,5, respectivamente. INTERPRETAÇÃO: FMS e FAQ podem ilustrar mudanças no desempenho da marcha em crianças e adolescentes com desordens motoras que se encontram internados. Uma melhora de um nível na FMS e dois níveis na FAQ é considerada mudança clinicamente significativa.

Concurrent Validity of Two Gait Performance Measures in Children with Neuromotor Disorders.

AIMS: To investigate the concurrent validity of two mobility performance measures, the Functional Mobility Scale (FMS) and the Gillette Functional Assessment Questionnaire - walking scale (FAQ) in an inpatient pediatric neurorehabilitation setting. METHODS: Cross-sectional data were collected on 71 children (mean age 12.7 years) with neuromotor gait impairments who participated in an inpatient rehabilitation program to evaluate aspects of concurrent validity of the FMS and FAQ. Physiotherapists independently performed ratings. Comparator instruments included the walking item of the Functional Independence Measure for children, 10-m and 6-minute walking tests, and Gross Motor Function Measure-88 dimension E. All tests were completed within 7 days. Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated to test a priori formulated hypotheses regarding the strength and direction of the measures relationships. RESULTS: The children had a broad spectrum of mobility levels, including all levels of FMS and levels 2-10 of FAQ. Spearman correlation coefficients with comparator measures varied between 0.58-0.79 for the FMS and 0.69-0.73 for the FAQ. Hypotheses concerning correlation strengths and directions were met for FMS and FAQ. CONCLUSIONS: The findings demonstrate that the FMS and FAQ are valid to evaluate functional mobility in pediatric inpatient neurorehabilitation.

The Eating and Drinking Ability Classification System: concurrent validity and reliability in children with cerebral palsy.

AIM: As there is little evidence for concurrent validity of the Eating and Drinking Ability Classification System (EDACS), this study aimed to determine its concurrent validity and reliability in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy (CP). METHOD: After an extensive translation procedure, we applied the German language version to 52 participants with CP (30 males, 22 females, mean age 9y 7mo [SD 4y 2mo]). We correlated (Kendall's tau or Kτ ) the EDACS levels with the Bogenhausener Dysphagiescore (BODS), and the EDACS level of assistance with the Manual Ability Classification System (MACS) and the item 'eating' of the Functional Independence Measure for Children (WeeFIM). We further quantified the interrater reliability between speech and language therapists (SaLTs) and between SaLTs and parents with Kappa (κ). RESULTS: The EDACS levels correlated highly with the BODS (Kτ =0.79), and the EDACS level of assistance correlated highly with the MACS (Kτ =0.73) and WeeFIM eating item (Kτ =-0.80). Interrater reliability proved almost perfect between SaLTs (EDACS: κ=0.94; EDACS level of assistance: κ=0.89) and SaLTs and parents (EDACS: κ=0.82; EDACS level of assistance: κ=0.89). INTERPRETATION: The EDACS levels and level of assistance seem valid and showed almost perfect interrater reliability when classifying eating and drinking problems in children and adolescents with CP. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: The Eating and Drinking Ability Classification System (EDACS) correlates well with a dysphagia score. The EDACS level of assistance proves valid. The German version of EDACS is highly reliable. EDACS correlates moderately to highly with other classification systems.

Dual-task training of children with neuromotor disorders during robot-assisted gait therapy: prerequisites of patients and influence on leg muscle activity.

BACKGROUND: Walking in daily life is complex entailing various prerequisites such as leg strength, trunk stability or cognitive and motor dual task (DT) activities. Conventional physiotherapy can be complemented with robot-assisted gait therapy (RAGT) and exergames to enhance the number of step repetitions, feedback, motivation, and additional simultaneously performed tasks besides walking (e.g., dual-task (DT) activities). Although DT gait training leads to improvements in daily ambulation in adult patient groups, no study has evaluated RAGT with a DT exergame in children with neurological gait disorders. Therefore, we investigated children's functional and cognitive prerequisites to walk physiologically during RAGT with a DT exergame and analysed the influence of DT on leg muscle activity. METHODS: Children and adolescents (6-18 years) with neurological gait disorders completed RAGT with and without a DT exergame in this quasi-experimental study. We assessed several measures on the body function and activity domains (according to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF)) and determined whether these measures could distinguish well between children who walked physiologically during the DT RAGT or not. We measured leg muscle activity with surface electrodes to identify changes in EMG-amplitudes and -patterns. RESULTS: Twenty-one children participated (7 females, 6.5-17.3 years, Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels I-IV). Most activity measures distinguished significantly between participants performing the DT exergame physiologically or not with moderate to good sensitivity (0.8 ≤ sensitivity≤1.0) and specificity (0.5 ≤ specificity≤0.9). Body function measures differentiated less well. Despite that the EMG-amplitudes of key stance muscles were significantly lower during DT versus no DT exergaming, the mean activation patterns of all muscles correlated high (ρ > 0.75) between the conditions. CONCLUSION: This study is the first that investigated effects of a DT exergame during RAGT in children with neurological gait disorders. Several performance measures could differentiate well between patients who walked with physiological versus compensatory movements while performing the DT exergame. While the DT exergame affected the leg muscle activity amplitudes, it did not largely affect the activity patterns of the muscles.

Advanced Robotic Therapy Integrated Centers (ARTIC): an international collaboration facilitating the application of rehabilitation technologies.

BACKGROUND: The application of rehabilitation robots has grown during the last decade. While meta-analyses have shown beneficial effects of robotic interventions for some patient groups, the evidence is less in others. We established the Advanced Robotic Therapy Integrated Centers (ARTIC) network with the goal of advancing the science and clinical practice of rehabilitation robotics. The investigators hope to exploit variations in practice to learn about current clinical application and outcomes. The aim of this paper is to introduce the ARTIC network to the clinical and research community, present the initial data set and its characteristics and compare the outcome data collected so far with data from prior studies. METHODS: ARTIC is a pragmatic observational study of clinical care. The database includes patients with various neurological and gait deficits who used the driven gait orthosis Lokomat® as part of their treatment. Patient characteristics, diagnosis-specific information, and indicators of impairment severity are collected. Core clinical assessments include the 10-Meter Walk Test and the Goal Attainment Scaling. Data from each Lokomat® training session are automatically collected. RESULTS: At time of analysis, the database contained data collected from 595 patients (cerebral palsy: n = 208; stroke: n = 129; spinal cord injury: n = 93; traumatic brain injury: n = 39; and various other diagnoses: n = 126). At onset, average walking speeds were slow. The training intensity increased from the first to the final therapy session and most patients achieved their goals. CONCLUSIONS: The characteristics of the patients matched epidemiological data for the target populations. When patient characteristics differed from epidemiological data, this was mainly due to the selection criteria used to assess eligibility for Lokomat® training. While patients included in randomized controlled interventional trials have to fulfill many inclusion and exclusion criteria, the only selection criteria applying to patients in the ARTIC database are those required for use of the Lokomat®. We suggest that the ARTIC network offers an opportunity to investigate the clinical application and effectiveness of rehabilitation technologies for various diagnoses. Due to the standardization of assessments and the use of a common technology, this network could serve as a basis for researchers interested in specific interventional studies expanding beyond the Lokomat®.

Correction to: Advanced Robotic Therapy Integrated Centers (ARTIC): an international collaboration facilitating the application of rehabilitation technologies.

The original article [1] contains a small mistake concerning the ARTIC Team members mentioned in the Acknowledgements. The team member, Rocco Salvatore Calabrò had their name presented incorrectly. This has now been corrected in the original article.

The Trunk Control Measurement Scale: reliability and discriminative validity in children and young people with neuromotor disorders.

AIM: This study investigated the intra- and interrater reliability of the Trunk Control Measurement Scale (TCMS) German version, with its subscores, in children with neuromotor disorders. Further, the discriminative validity of the TCMS was assessed by comparing the TCMS scores with the Functional Independence Measure for children. METHOD: Bland-Altman analyses and intraclass correlation coefficients were applied to investigate reliability. The discriminative ability of the TCMS was evaluated with receiver operating characteristics. RESULTS: Ninety children (mean age 11y 5mo; range 5y-18y 11mo) participated for the reliability, and 50 for the discriminative validity study. The reliability proved to be excellent (intrarater: bias=0.57 points, 95% confidence interval [CI] -3.71 to 4.85; interrater: bias=-0.31 points, 95% CI -5.77 to 5.10). A change in the TCMS total score of six points (10%) can be considered a true change. The TCMS subscores appeared to be clinically relevant because children with less than around 80% of the static balance score, less than 55% of the dynamic reaching score, or less than around 35% of the selective movement control score needed support for daily life activities. INTERPRETATION: The TCMS is a reliable and clinically relevant assessment for children aged 5 years and older with different neurological impairments.

Selective voluntary motor control measures of the lower extremity in children with upper motor neuron lesions: a systematic review.

AIM: Recovery and trainability of impaired selective voluntary motor control (SVMC) of the lower extremity in children with upper motor neuron lesions has received little attention. To facilitate an evidence-based debate about this topic, this review evaluates the evidence level of the psychometric properties of SVMC measures. METHOD: MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Scopus, Cochrane and PEDro databases were systematically searched up to July 2016. Two independent raters scored the methodological quality in accordance to the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) checklist. The overall level of evidence was scored according to Cochrane criteria. RESULTS: We identified 3590 studies, of which 17 were included. COSMIN scores ranged from 'poor' to 'excellent' for studies investigating measurement properties of the Selective Motor Control test, modified Trost test, Gillette's Selective Motor Control test, Selective Control Assessment of the Lower Extremity (SCALE), kinematic measures, electromyography, and torque steadiness. Studies assessing the SCALE scored highest on COSMIN items. Evidence levels for SCALE's validity and reliability properties were moderate, while for the other SVMC measures these ranged from unknown to moderate. Responsiveness was not assessed. INTERPRETATION: Further psychometric studies of SVMC measures are needed to provide a scientific contribution to the ongoing debate of SVMC trainability.

Interrater reliability of two gait performance measures in children with neuromotor disorders across two different settings.

AIM: To examine the interrater agreement of the two gait performance measures - the Functional Mobility Scale (FMS) and Gillette Functional Assessment Questionnaire - walking scale (FAQ) - within health professionals and parents in children with neuromotor disorders, measured in an inpatient setting and at home. METHOD: Seventy-one children with a neuromotor diagnosis (44 males, 27 females; median age 12y 11mo [interquartile range 4y-10mo]) were consecutively recruited when starting an inpatient active gait rehabilitation programme. Physiotherapists and nurses independently scored the level of children's gait performance with the FMS and the FAQ, while parents' scores regarding the children's gait performance at home were obtained by interview or telephone call at the same measurement points. RESULTS: Linear weighted kappa coefficients were substantial to almost perfect for all comparisons. Kappa coefficients ranged from 0.62 to 0.85 for the FMS-5, from 0.79 to 0.92 for the FMS-50, from 0.83 to 0.90 for the FMS-500, and from 0.69 to 0.77 for the FAQ. Friedman tests did not reveal significant differences between the different rater groups. INTERPRETATION: The unexpectedly high level of interrater agreement between parents, physiotherapists, and nurses demonstrates that the FMS and FAQ can reliably assess gait performance in an inpatient setting. Inpatient scores correspond well to the children's performance in their usual environment. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: The Functional Mobility Scale and Gillette Functional Assessment Questionnaire - walking scale measure gait performance reliably at home and in an inpatient setting. Physiotherapists, nurses, and parents reliably score gait performance. Inpatient gait performance scores correspond well to children's performance at home. Physiotherapists and nurses in an inpatient setting can reliably estimate gait performance at home.

Weight-supported training of the upper extremity in children with cerebral palsy: a motor learning study.

BACKGROUND: Novel neurorehabilitation technologies build upon treatment principles derived from motor learning studies. However, few studies have investigated motor learning with assistive devices in children and adolescents with Cerebral Palsy (CP). The aim of this study was to investigate whether children with CP who trained with weight support in a playful, virtual environment would improve upper extremity task performance (i.e. skill acquisition), transfer, and retention, three aspects that indicate whether motor learning might have occurred or not. METHODS: Eleven children with CP (mean age 13.3 years, standard deviation 3.4 years), who were mildly to moderately impaired, participated. They played in the Armeo® Spring the exergame Moorhuhn with their more affected arm during 3 days (70 min pure play time). For this within-subject design, kinematic assessments, the Box and Block Test, and five items of the Melbourne Assessment were administered twice during a baseline week (one week before the intervention), directly before and after the intervention, and one day after the training phase (retention). RESULTS: The average exergame score improved from 209.55 to 339.73 (p < 0.001, Cohen's d = 1.80), indicating skill acquisition. The change in the Box and Block test improved from 0.45 (baseline week) to 3.95 (intervention week; p = 0.008, d = 1.59) indicating skill transfer. The kinematic assessments and the Melbourne items did not change. Improvement in game score and Box and Bock Test persisted one day later (retention). CONCLUSIONS: We found evidence indicating the successful acquisition, transfer, and retention of upper extremity skills in children with CP. We therefore infer that motor learning occurred when children with CP trained their more affected arm with weight-support in a playful, virtual environment.

Can Lokomat therapy with children and adolescents be improved? An adaptive clinical pilot trial comparing Guidance force, Path control, and FreeD.

BACKGROUND: Robot-assisted gait therapy is increasingly being used in pediatric neurorehabilitation to complement conventional physical therapy. The robotic device applied in this study, the Lokomat (Hocoma AG, Switzerland), uses a position control mode (Guidance Force), where exact positions of the knee and hip joints throughout the gait cycle are stipulated. Such a mode has two disadvantages: Movement variability is restricted, and patients tend to walk passively. Kinematic variability and active participation, however, are crucial for motor learning. Recently, two new control modes were introduced. The Path Control mode allows the patient to walk within a virtual tunnel surrounding the ideal movement trajectory. The FreeD was developed to support weight shifting through mediolaterally moveable pelvis and leg cuffs. The aims of this study were twofold: 1) To present an overview of the currently available control modes of the Lokomat. 2) To evaluate if an increase in kinematic variability as provided by the new control modes influenced leg muscle activation patterns and intensity, as well as heart rate while walking in the Lokomat. METHODS: In 15 adolescents with neurological gait disorders who walked in the Lokomat, 3 conditions were compared: Guidance Force, Path Control, and FreeD. We analyzed surface electromyographic (sEMG) activity from 5 leg muscles of the more affected leg and heart rate. Muscle activation patterns were compared with norm curves. RESULTS: Several muscles, as well as heart rate, demonstrated tendencies towards a higher activation during conditions with more kinematic freedom. sEMG activation patterns of the M.rectus femoris and M.vastus medialis showed the highest similarity to over-ground walking under Path Control, whereas walking under FreeD led to unphysiological muscle activation in the tested sample. CONCLUSIONS: Results indicate that especially Path Control seems promising for adolescent patients undergoing neurorehabilitation, as it increases proximal leg muscle activity while facilitating a physiological muscle activation. Therefore, this may be a solution to increase kinematic variability and patients' active participation in robot-assisted gait training.

Reliability of timed walking tests and temporo-spatial gait parameters in youths with neurological gait disorders.

BACKGROUND: The 10-Meter Walk Tests (10MWT) and the 6-Minute Walk Test (6MinWT) are applied to assess gait capacity in paediatric patients. To better objectify changes in qualitative aspects of gait, temporo-spatial parameters like stride length or step symmetry could be simultaneously assessed with a GAITRite system. Reliability has not yet been evaluated in a heterogeneous sample of children with various neurological gait disorders such as is representative for paediatric neuro-rehabilitation. The aim of this study was to assess test-retest reliability of the 10MWT, the 6MinWT and simultaneously recorded gait parameters captured with the GAITRite system in children with neurological gait disorders. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study with two measurement time-points. Thirty participants (9 females; mean (standard deviation) age 13.0 (3.6) years, 10 with cerebral palsy, 6 after stroke, among other diagnoses) performed the 10MWT at preferred (10MWTpref) and maximum speed (10MWTmax) and the 6MinWT on two occasions (mean time interval: 7.0 (1.9) days). Relative reliability was quantified with an intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC); the measurement error reflecting absolute reliability was quantified with the standard error of measurement and the smallest real difference. RESULTS: ICCs of timed walking tests (time measured with a stopwatch, step count for the 10MWT and walking distance for the 6MinWT) ranged from 0.89-0.97. ICCs of temporo-spatial gait parameters ranged from 0.81-0.95 (10MWTpref), from 0.61-0.90 (10MWTmax) and from 0.88-0.97 (6MinWT). In general, absolute reliability was greatest in the 6MinWT. CONCLUSION: Timed walking tests and temporo-spatial gait parameters obtained from the GAITRite system appear reliable in children with neurological gait disorders. However, especially in children with poorer walking ability, the reliability of temporo-spatial parameters might have been positively influenced, as unclear steps had to be removed using the GAITRite software. As absolute reliability is rather low, the responsiveness of these measures needs to be further evaluated.