Added value of post-mortem computed tomography (PMCT) to clinical findings for cause of death determination in adult "natural deaths".

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate whether post-mortem computed tomography (PMCT) provides additional information regarding the cause of death and underlying diseases in a general practitioners' (GP), out-of-hospital population. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Bodies donated to our anatomy department between January 2014 and January 2018, who consecutively underwent a total body PMCT and had given permission for retrieval of their medical records during life, were included. PMCT scans were assessed by a radiologist and compared with the cause of death as stated in the medical records. Discrepancies were analyzed with an adjusted Goldman classification. RESULTS: Ninety-three out of the 274 scanned donors during the inclusion period had given consent for the retrieval of their medical records, of which 79 GP's responded to the request thereof (31 men, 48 women, average age 72.8 years, range 36-99). PMCT identified 49 (62%) cases of cancer, 10 (12.7%) cardiovascular diseases, 8 (10.1%) severe organ failures, 5 (6.3%) cases with signs of pneumonia, 2 (2.5%) other causes, and 7 (8.9%) cases without an (underlying) definitive cause of death. Eleven major discrepancies on the Goldman classification scale, with possible relevance to survival between PMCT and GP records, were identified. CONCLUSION: PMCT can have added value for the detection of additional findings regarding the cause of death in an out-of-hospital, GP's population, especially to identify or exclude major (previously non-diagnosed) underlying diseases.

Diagnostic accuracy of preoperative ultrasonography in predicting contralateral inguinal hernia in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: The incidence of children developing metachronous contralateral inguinal hernia (MCIH) is 7-15%. Contralateral groin exploration during unilateral hernia repair can prevent MCIH development and subsequent second surgery and anaesthesia. Preoperative ultrasonography is a less invasive strategy and potentially able to detect contralateral patent processus vaginalis (CPPV) prior to MCIH development. METHODS: We queried MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane library to identify studies regarding children aged < 18 years diagnosed with unilateral inguinal hernia without clinical signs of contralateral hernia, who underwent preoperative ultrasonography of the contralateral groin. We assessed heterogeneity and used a random-effects model to obtain pooled estimates of sensitivity, specificity and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). RESULTS: Fourteen studies (2120 patients) were included, seven (1013 patients) in the meta-analysis. In studies using surgical exploration as reference test (n = 4, 494 patients), pooled sensitivity and specificity were 93% and 88% respectively. In studies using contralateral exploration as reference test following positive and clinical follow-up after negative ultrasonographic test results (n = 3, 519 patients), pooled sensitivity was 86% and specificity 98%. The AUC (0.984) shows high diagnostic accuracy of preoperative ultrasonography for detecting CPPV, although diagnostic ultrasonographic criteria largely differ and large heterogeneity exists. Reported inguinal canal diameters in children with CPPV were 2.70 ± 1.17 mm, 6.8 ± 1.3 mm and 9.0 ± 1.9 mm. CONCLUSION: Diagnostic accuracy of preoperative ultrasonography to detect CPPV seems promising, though may result in an overestimation of MCIH prevalence, since CPPV does not invariably lead to MCIH. Unequivocal ultrasonographic criteria are mandatory for proper diagnosis of CPPV and subsequent prediction of MCIH. KEY POINTS: • Diagnostic accuracy of preoperative ultrasonography for detection of CPPV in children with unilateral inguinal hernia is high. • Preoperative ultrasonographic evaluation of the contralateral groin assumedly results in an overestimation of MCIH prevalence. • Unequivocal ultrasonographic criteria are mandatory for proper diagnosis of CPPV and risk factor identification is needed to predict whether CPPV develops into clinically apparent MCIH.

Dutch guideline for clinical foetal-neonatal and paediatric post-mortem radiology, including a review of literature.

Clinical post-mortem radiology is a relatively new field of expertise and not common practice in most hospitals yet. With the declining numbers of autopsies and increasing demand for quality control of clinical care, post-mortem radiology can offer a solution, or at least be complementary. A working group consisting of radiologists, pathologists and other clinical medical specialists reviewed and evaluated the literature on the diagnostic value of post-mortem conventional radiography (CR), ultrasonography, computed tomography (PMCT), magnetic resonance imaging (PMMRI), and minimally invasive autopsy (MIA). Evidence tables were built and subsequently a Dutch national evidence-based guideline for post-mortem radiology was developed. We present this evaluation of the radiological modalities in a clinical post-mortem setting, including MIA, as well as the recently published Dutch guidelines for post-mortem radiology in foetuses, neonates, and children. In general, for post-mortem radiology modalities, PMMRI is the modality of choice in foetuses, neonates, and infants, whereas PMCT is advised in older children. There is a limited role for post-mortem CR and ultrasonography. In most cases, conventional autopsy will remain the diagnostic method of choice. CONCLUSION: Based on a literature review and clinical expertise, an evidence-based guideline was developed for post-mortem radiology of foetal, neonatal, and paediatric patients. What is Known: • Post-mortem investigations serve as a quality check for the provided health care and are important for reliable epidemiological registration. • Post-mortem radiology, sometimes combined with minimally invasive techniques, is considered as an adjunct or alternative to autopsy. What is New: • We present the Dutch guidelines for post-mortem radiology in foetuses, neonates and children. • Autopsy remains the reference standard, however minimal invasive autopsy with a skeletal survey, post-mortem computed tomography, or post-mortem magnetic resonance imaging can be complementary thereof.

Development of the testis in pre-pubertal boys with cancer after biopsy for fertility preservation.

STUDY QUESTION: Is testicular growth affected by a testicular biopsy intended for fertility preservation in pre-pubertal boys with cancer? SUMMARY ANSWER: Testicular growth of the biopsied testis is not impeded in comparison to the non-biopsied contralateral testis up until 1 year after surgery. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Fertility preservation in pre-pubertal boys by means of testicular biopsy has been conducted for more than 15 years. Although immediate adverse effects of testicular biopsy are rare (1%), no data exist on the effect of biopsy on testicular growth. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: In this prospective cohort study, between March 2011 and February 2017, 93 parents of pre-pubertal boys were offered cryopreservation of testicular tissue of their son, of whom 78 consented. Sixty-four boys were included in this follow-up study. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: All boys with cancer at the paediatric oncology department of the Academic Medical Center (AMC) who needed gonadotoxic therapy and were unable to ejaculate were offered cryopreservation of testicular tissue prior to treatment. By testicular ultrasound before and after biopsy (1, 6 and 12 months after biopsy), volume and parenchymal abnormalities were assessed. Data were analysed using mixed-effects modelling. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: Of the 64 included boys all were followed up at 1 month, 58 at 6 months and 55 at 12 months. Mean testicular volumes after 1, 6 and 12 months after biopsy were 1.7 ± 2.1, 1.7 ± 2.2 and 1.9 ± 2.4 for the biopsied testis and 1.8 ± 2.2, 1.8 ± 2.3 and 2.0 ± 2.2 for the non-biopsied testis, respectively. Biopsy of the testis did not have a significant impact on testicular growth. Immediate adverse effects of the biopsy, i.e. wound infections, were seen in 3/78 boys (3.8%). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: Although it is the largest cohort available to date, the number of patients included in our follow-up is still relatively small. A larger cohort would be able to evaluate growth more precisely. Follow-up was discontinued in a significant portion of boys, 12/76 (15.8%), mainly because of death due to primary illness but also because they could not be reached or declined further follow-up. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: These reassuring data may be used in counselling future boys who are eligible for fertility preservation and their parents. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S): Study funded by KIKA Foundation (Kika 86), Grant from the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMW TAS-116003002). The authors declare no conflict of interest. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: CCMO-register: NL27690.000.09.

How to use a plain abdominal radiograph in children with functional defecation disorders.

Defecation-related functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs), such as infant dyschezia, functional constipation and functional non-retentive faecal incontinence, as defined by the Rome IV criteria, are common problems in childhood. The symptomatology varies from relatively mild, such as crying before passage of soft stools or infrequent defecation to severe problems with faecal impaction and the daily involuntary loss of faeces in the underwear. Conventional radiography is widely available, relatively cheap and is non-invasive. The drawback however, is radiation exposure. This review describes and evaluates the value of different existing scoring methods to assess faecal loading on an abdominal radiograph with or without the use of radio-opaque markers, to measure colonic transit time, in the diagnosis of these defecation-related FGIDs. Insufficient evidence exists for a diagnostic association between clinical symptoms of functional constipation or functional nonretentive faecal incontinence and faecal loading on an abdominal radiograph. Furthermore, evidence does not support the routine use of colonic transit studies to diagnose functional constipation. Colonic transit time measurement may be considered in discriminating between functional constipation and functional non-retentive faecal incontinence and in patients in which the diagnosis is not clear such as having an unreliable medical history. In children with the suspicion of defecation-related FGIDs, the diagnosis should be made based on the Rome IV criteria.

Long-term efficacy of current thyroid prophylaxis and future perspectives on thyroid protection during 131I-metaiodobenzylguanidine treatment in children with neuroblastoma.

PURPOSE: Treatment with (131)I-MIBG is associated with significant thyroid damage. This study was undertaken to investigate the long-term efficacy of current thyroid prophylaxis, to explore the relationship between thyroid dysfunction and thyroid volume after exposure to (131)I-MIBG and to evaluate the possible negative effects of (131)I(-) on the parathyroid glands. METHODS: Of 81 long-term surviving patients with neuroblastoma treated with (131)I-MIBG during the period 1999-2012, 24 were finally evaluated. Patients received thyroxine (T4), methimazole and potassium iodide as thyroid protection. In all patients (para)thyroid function was evaluated and ultrasound investigation of the (para)thyroid gland(s) was performed. Thyroid dysfunction was defined as a plasma thyrotropin concentration >5.0 mU/L (thyrotropin elevation, TE) or as the use of T4 at the time of follow-up. Hyperparathyroidism was defined as a serum calcium concentration above the age-related reference range in combination with an inappropriately high parathyroid hormone level. RESULTS: At a median follow-up of 9.0 years after (131)I-MIBG treatment, thyroid disorders were seen in 12 patients (50 %; 9 with TE, 5 with a thyroid nodule and 1 patient was subsequently diagnosed with differentiated thyroid carcinoma). No significant risk factors for the occurrence of thyroid damage could be identified. In 14 of 21 patients (67 %) in whom thyroid volume could be determined, the volume was considered small (<-2SD) for age and gender. Patients treated with T4 at the time of follow-up had significantly smaller thyroid volumes for age than patients without T4 treatment (p = 0.014). None of the patients was diagnosed with hyperparathyroidism. CONCLUSION: Thyroid protection during treatment with (131)I-MIBG needs attention and must be further improved, as thyroid disorders are still frequently seen despite current thyroid prophylaxis. Reduced thyroid volume in neuroblastoma survivors may be related to previous (131)I-MIBG therapy or current T4 treatment. No deleterious effects of (131)I-MIBG on the parathyroid glands could be found.

Mutations in the T (brachyury) gene cause a novel syndrome consisting of sacral agenesis, abnormal ossification of the vertebral bodies and a persistent notochordal canal.

BACKGROUND: The T gene (brachyury gene) is the founding member of the T-box family of transcription factors and is vital for the formation and differentiation of the mesoderm and the axial development of all vertebrates. RESULTS: We report here on four patients from three consanguineous families exhibiting sacral agenesis, a persistent notochordal canal and abnormal ossification of the vertebral bodies, and the identification and characterisation of their underlying genetic defect. Given the consanguineous nature and the similarity of the phenotypes between the three families, we performed homozygosity mapping and identified a common 4.1 Mb homozygous region on chromosome 6q27, containing T, brachyury homologue (mouse) or T. Sequencing of T in the affected individuals led to the identification of a homozygous missense mutation, p.H171R, in the highly conserved T-box. The homozygous mutation results in diminished DNA binding, increased cell growth, and interferes with the normal expression of genes involved in ossification, notochord maintenance and axial mesoderm development. CONCLUSIONS: We have identified a shared homozygous mutation in three families in T and linked it to a novel syndrome consisting of sacral agenesis, a persistent notochordal canal and abnormal ossification of the vertebral bodies. We suggest that screening for the ossification of the vertebrae is warranted in patients with sacral agenesis to evaluate the possible causal involvement of T.

Age determination of subdural hematomas: survey among radiologists.

Abusive head trauma is a severe form of child abuse. One important diagnostic finding is the presence of a subdural hematoma. Age determination of subdural hematomas is important to relate radiological findings to the clinical history presented by the caregivers. In court this topic is relevant as dating subdural hematomas can lead to identification of a suspect. The aim of our study is to describe the current practice among radiologists in the Netherlands regarding the age determination of subdural hematomas in children. This is a cross-sectional study, describing the results of an online questionnaire regarding dating subdural hematomas among pediatric and neuro-radiologists in the Netherlands. The questionnaire consisted of sociodemographic questions, theoretical questions and eight pediatric cases in which the participants were asked to date subdural hematomas based on imaging findings. Fifty-one out of 172 radiologists (30 %) filled out the questionnaire. The percentage of participants that reported it was possible to date the subdural hematoma varied between 58 and 90 % for the eight different cases. In four of eight cases (50 %), the age of the subdural hematoma as known from clinical history fell within the range reported by the participants. None of the participants was "very certain" of their age determination. The results demonstrate that there is a considerable practice variation among Dutch radiologists regarding the age determination of subdural hematomas. This implicates that dating of subdural hematomas is not suitable to use in court, as no uniformity among experts exists.

Association between C-reactive protein levels and outcome in acute lung injury in children.

UNLABELLED: High plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) levels are associated with favorable outcome in adults with acute lung injury (ALI). The association between CRP levels and outcome has not been studied in ALI in children. We performed a historical cohort study in 93 mechanically ventilated children (0-18 years) with ALI. The CRP level within 48 h of disease onset was tested for association with 28-day mortality and ventilator-free days (VFD). Clinical parameters and ventilator settings were evaluated for possible confounding. Fourteen patients died within 28 days. The median (interquartile range) CRP level in nonsurvivors was 126 mg/L (64; 187) compared with 56 mg/L (20; 105) in survivors (p = 0.01). For every 10-mg/L rise in CRP level, the unadjusted odds (95% confidence interval (95% CI)) for mortality increased 8.7% (2.1-15.8%). Cardiovascular organ failure at onset of ALI was the strongest predictor for mortality (odds ratio, 30.5 (6.2-152.5)). After adjustment for cardiovascular organ failure, for every 10-mg/L rise in CRP level, the OR (95% CI) for mortality increased 4.7% (-2.7-12.6%; p = 0.22). Increased CRP levels were associated with a decrease in VFD (ρ = -0.26, p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: increased plasma CRP levels are not associated with favorable outcome in ALI in children. This is in contrast with findings in adults with ALI.

Bone age assessment: automated techniques coming of age?

Bone age determination from hand radiographs is one of the oldest radiographic procedures. The first atlas was published by Poland in 1898, and to date the Greulich Pyle atlas, although it dates from 1959, is still the most commonly used method. Bone age rating is time-consuming, suffers from an unsatisfactorily high rater variability, and therefore already 25 years ago it was proposed to replace the manual rating by an automated, computerized method, a field nowadays referred to as computer-aided diagnosis (CAD). The pursuit of this goal reached a first stage of accomplishment in 1992-1996 with the presentation of several systems. However, they had limited clinical value, and efforts in CAD research were increasingly focused on lesion detection for cancer screening. It was only in 2008 that a fully-automated bone age method was presented, which appears to be clinically acceptable. In this paper we consider the requirements that should be met by an automated bone age method and review the state of the art. Integration in PACS and saving time are important factors for radiologists. But it is the validation of the methods which poses the greatest challenge, because there is no gold standard for bone age rating, and the direct comparison to manual rating is therefore not sufficient for demonstrating that manual rating can be replaced by automated rating. One needs additional studies assessing the precision of a method and its accuracy when used for adult height prediction, which serves as an objective.

Absence of the spleen(s) in conjoined twins: a diagnostic clue of laterality defects? Radiological study of historical specimens.

BACKGROUND: Laterality defects are quite common in thoracoileopagus and parapagus dicephalus but rare in other types of conjoined twins. OBJECTIVE: To present the presumed laterality defects in cephalothoracoileopagus and prosopothoracoileopagus conjoined twins, based on the unilateral or bilateral absence or duplication of the spleen. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three human anatomical specimens of craniothoracoileopagus (CTIP) twins and one of prosopothoracoileopagus (PTIP) twins were investigated. The specimens were part of the Museum Vrolik collection of the Department of Anatomy and Embryology of the Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands. The specimens were taken out of their jars and scanned with multidetector CT and volumetric T2-weighted MRI at 1.5 T. RESULTS: The internal anatomy of the specimens was largely in accordance with previous reports. However, there was no recognisable spleen in the right twin in one CTIP specimen, in the left twin in one other CTIP specimen, and in both twins in the third CTIP specimen and in the PTIP specimen. CONCLUSION: Asplenia and polysplenia are considered reliable indicators of right and left isomerism, respectively. However, three of our four specimens had laterality patterns that did not correspond with those previously reported. Since no other parameters of laterality defects could be verified in these specimens, we concluded that asplenia was unlikely to be caused by laterality defects.

Lumbar spine and total-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in children with severe neurological impairment and intellectual disability: a pilot study of artefacts and disrupting factors.

BACKGROUND: Children with severe neurological impairment and intellectual disability (ID) are susceptible for developing low bone mineral density (BMD) and fractures. BMD is generally measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). OBJECTIVE: To describe the occurrence of factors that may influence the feasibility of DXA and the accuracy of DXA outcome in children with severe neurological impairment and ID. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Based on literature and expert opinion, a list of disrupting factors was developed. Occurrence of these factors was assessed in 27 children who underwent DXA measurement. RESULTS: Disrupting factors that occurred most frequently were movement during measurement (82%), aberrant body composition (67%), small length for age (56%) and scoliosis (37%). The number of disrupting factors per child was mean 5.3 (range 1-8). No correlation was found between DXA outcomes and the number of disrupting factors. CONCLUSION: Factors that may negatively influence the accuracy of DXA outcome are frequently present in children with severe neurological impairment and ID. No systematic deviation of DXA outcome in coherence with the amount of disrupting factors was found, but physicians should be aware of the possible influence of disrupting factors on the accuracy of DXA.

In transit metastases in children, adolescents and young adults with localized rhabdomyosarcoma of the distal extremities: Analysis of the EpSSG RMS 2005 study.

In-transit metastases (ITM) are defined as metastatic lymph nodes or deposits occurring between the primary tumor and proximal draining lymph node basin. In extremity rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), they have rarely been reported. This study evaluates the frequency, staging and survival of patients with ITM in distal extremity RMS. METHODS: Patients with extremity RMS distal to the elbow or knee, enrolled in the EpSSG RMS 2005 trial between 2005 and 2016 were eligible for this study. RESULTS: One hundred and nine distal extremity RMS patients, with a median age of 6.2 years (range 0-21 years) were included. Thirty seven of 109 (34%) had lymph node metastases at diagnosis, 19 of them (51%) had ITM, especially in lower extremity RMS. 18F-FDG-PET/CT detected involved lymph nodes in 47% of patients. In patients not undergoing 18F-FDG-PET/CT lymph node involvement was detected in 22%. The 5-yr EFS of patients with ITM vs proximal lymph nodes vs combined proximal and ITM was 88.9% vs 21.4% vs 20%, respectively (p = 0.01) and 5-yr OS was 100% vs 25.2% vs 15%, respectively (p = 0.003). CONCLUSION: Our study showed that in-transit metastases constituted more than 50% of all lymph node metastases in distal extremity RMS. 18F-FDG-PET/CT improved nodal staging by detecting more regional and in-transit metastases. Popliteal and epitrochlear nodes should be considered as true (distal) regional nodes, instead of in-transit metastases. Biopsy of these nodes is recommended especially in distal extremity RMS of the lower limb. Patients with proximal (axillary or inguinal) lymph node involvement have a worse prognosis.

Multicystic encephalomalacia as an end-stage finding in abusive head trauma.

Abusive head trauma (AHT) is one of the most severe forms of physical child abuse. If a child initially survives severe AHT the neurological outcome can be poor. In recent years several children were seen who developed multicystic encephalomalacia (MCE) after documented severe AHT. A search of the Netherlands Forensic Institute database in The Hague was performed. Inclusion criteria were cases of AHT between 1999 and 2010 where the child was under the age of 1 year old at the time of trauma. Trauma mechanism and radiological information were collected. Five children, three boys and two girls (mean age 57 days, range 8-142 days) who developed cystic encephalomalacia after inflicted traumatic brain injury were included. Survival ranged from 27 to 993 days. In all cases judicial autopsy was performed. All cases came before court and in each case child abuse was considered to be proven. In two cases the perpetrator confessed, during police interrogation, to shaking of the child only. Although a known serious outcome, this is one of the few reports on MCE as a result of AHT. In all cases the diagnosis was confirmed at autopsy.

A paediatric bone index derived by automated radiogrammetry.

SUMMARY: Hand radiographs are obtained routinely to determine bone age of children. This paper presents a method that determines a Paediatric Bone Index automatically from such radiographs. The Paediatric Bone Index is designed to have minimal relative standard deviation (7.5%), and the precision is determined to be 1.42%. INTRODUCTION: We present a computerised method to determine bone mass of children based on hand radiographs, including a reference database for normal Caucasian children. METHODS: Normal Danish subjects (1,867), of ages 7-17, and 531 normal Dutch subjects of ages 5-19 were included. Historically, three different indices of bone mass have been used in radiogrammetry all based on A = piTW(1 - T/W), where T is the cortical thickness and W the bone width. The indices are the metacarpal index A/W(2), DXR-BMD = A/W, and Exton-Smith's index A/(WL), where L is the length of the bone. These indices are compared with new indices of the form A/(W(a) L(b)), and it is argued that the preferred index has minimal SD relative to the mean value at each bone age and sex. Finally, longitudinal series of X-rays of 20 Japanese children are used to derive the precision of the measurements. RESULTS: The preferred index is A/(W(1.33) L(0.33)), which is named the Paediatric Bone Index, PBI. It has mean relative SD 7.5% and precision 1.42%. CONCLUSIONS: As part of the BoneXpert method for automated bone age determination, our method facilitates retrospective research studies involving validation of the proposed index against fracture incidence and adult bone mineral density.

[No hocus POCUS: high standards should be set for point-of-care ultrasonography]. / Geen hocus POCUS.

Point-of-care ultrasonography (POCUS) was initially limited to simple applications such as diagnosing ascites, sampling pleural fluid and guiding venous access. Use of POCUS is currently on the rise. As radiologists, we endorse the use of ultrasonography as the stethoscope of the future, but we make some critical comments. The interpretation of ultrasonographic findings can have far-reaching therapeutic implications. The patient is therefore entitled to maximum ultrasonographic expertise. Intensive hands-on training starting in early medical school is mandatory and central archiving of ultrasonographic images and reports is essential.

A case of neonatal dural sinus malformation: clinical symptoms, imaging and neuropathological investigations.

We report a case of neonatal dural sinus malformation already visible on antenatal ultrasound. This is a rare disease entity in infants and children. Clinical diagnosis was made by demonstrating a cranial murmur on auscultation; macrocrania and signs of progressive cardiac failure. Imaging studies as cerebral ultrasound, postnatal MRI scan and MR angiography demonstrated a large dural sinus malformation originating from the sagittal sinus with extensive arteriovenous fistulae. Due to the extent of the lesion, the existing ischemic brain damage and involvement of the torcular, no therapeutic options were available and the child died of irreversible cardiac failure. The diagnosis was confirmed with autopsy. We discuss the clinical presentation, imaging and neuropathological results and relate our findings to embryological data and the existing literature.

Pediatric constrictive asphyxia a rare form of child abuse: A report of two cases.

We present two cases of infants who died under suspicious circumstances. After clinical and legal investigations, non-accidental constrictive asphyxia inflicted by one of the parents was established. The first case presents a to date not yet reported, unique mechanism of trauma. In order to stop his daughter from crying, the father admitted that he sometimes sat on his baby while she was lying on the bed. Occasionally increasing his force by pulling with his hands on the bottom of the bed. In the second case tight swaddling and encircling chest compression was the causative mechanism. In both cases the father was sentenced to imprisonment with mandate psychiatric care. Only two previous reports of this uncommon and relatively unknown cause of child abuse, called constrictive asphyxia, are known. In all reported cases static loading of the chest resulted in rib fractures and demise of the child. This rare abusive mechanism should be known to pediatric radiologists and pathologists.

Dutch population specific sex estimation formulae using the proximal femur.

Sex estimation techniques are frequently applied in forensic anthropological analyses of unidentified human skeletal remains. While morphological sex estimation methods are able to endure population differences, the classification accuracy of metric sex estimation methods are population-specific. No metric sex estimation method currently exists for the Dutch population. The purpose of this study is to create Dutch population specific sex estimation formulae by means of osteometric analyses of the proximal femur. Since the Netherlands lacks a representative contemporary skeletal reference population, 2D plane reconstructions, derived from clinical computed tomography (CT) data, were used as an alternative source for a representative reference sample. The first part of this study assesses the intra- and inter-observer error, or reliability, of twelve measurements of the proximal femur. The technical error of measurement (TEM) and relative TEM (%TEM) were calculated using 26 dry adult femora. In addition, the agreement, or accuracy, between the dry bone and CT-based measurements was determined by percent agreement. Only reliable and accurate measurements were retained for the logistic regression sex estimation formulae; a training set (n=86) was used to create the models while an independent testing set (n=28) was used to validate the models. Due to high levels of multicollinearity, only single variable models were created. Cross-validated classification accuracies ranged from 86% to 92%. The high cross-validated classification accuracies indicate that the developed formulae can contribute to the biological profile and specifically in sex estimation of unidentified human skeletal remains in the Netherlands. Furthermore, the results indicate that clinical CT data can be a valuable alternative source of data when representative skeletal collections are unavailable.