Influence of perceived parental child-rearing attitudes and ego identity on college adjustment among Korean nursing students.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to examine the relationship between nursing students' perceived parental child-rearing attitude, ego identity, and college adjustment in Korea and explore factors that influence college adjustment. METHODS: This study surveyed 224 nursing students enrolled in universities located in two regions within South Korea. Data were collected from October 14 to November 31, 2019. Perceived parental child-rearing attitude (paternal emotional warmth, paternal rejection, paternal overprotection, maternal emotional warmth, maternal rejection, and maternal overprotection) and ego identity of nursing students were used as independent variables on college adjustment. Collected data were subjected to correlation analysis using SPSS version 26.0 for Windows. Further, regression analysis was performed on the influence of parental child-rearing attitude and ego identity on college adjustment. RESULTS: Among the parental child-rearing attitudes, paternal emotional warmth (r = .30, p < .001), maternal emotional warmth (r = .38, p < .001), and ego identity (r = .71, p < .001) were positively correlated with nursing students' college adjustment, whereas maternal rejection was negatively correlated with ego identity (r = - .28, p < .001) and college adjustment (r = - .15, p = .025). Regression analysis of the effects of nursing students' perceived parental child-rearing attitude and ego identity on college adjustment, with grade as a control variable, revealed that ego identity (p < .001) had a significant effect on college adjustment, and the higher the ego identity (ß = 0.712), the higher the college adjustment. Further, the explanatory power of explaining college adjustment was high at 49.9%. CONCLUSIONS: The nursing students' perceived paternal emotional warmth, maternal emotional warmth, and ego identity were positively correlated with college adjustment. Additionally, ego identity was found as the influencing factor in Korean nursing students' college adjustment. Therefore, programs to strengthen ego identity should be developed and implemented for college adjustment among nursing students.

Wife-Mother Role Conflict at the Critical Child-Rearing Stage: A Machine-Learning Approach to Identify What and How Matters in Maternal Depression Symptoms in China.

Maternal depression (MD) was one of the most prevalent psychiatric problems worldwide. However, it easily remains untreated and misses the best time to prevent the emergence or worsening of major depressive symptoms due to under-observed stigma and the lack of effective screening tools. Thus, this study aims to develop and validate a machine learning-based MD symptoms prediction model integrating more observable and objective factors to early detect and monitor MD risk. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 10 community vaccination centers in Wenzhou, China, and a total of 1099 mothers were surveyed by using purposive sampling. A questionnaire containing questions regarding socio-demographic variables, psychophysiological variables, wife role-related variables, and mother role-related variables was used to collect data. A framework of data preprocessing, feature selection, and model evaluation was implemented to develop an optimal risk prediction model. Results demonstrated that the XG-Boost algorithm provided robust performance with the highest AUC and well-balanced sensitivity and specificity (AUC = 0.90, sensitivity = 0.74, specificity = 0.90). Furthermore, the causal mediation analysis indicated that wife-mother role conflict positively predicted MD symptoms, and it also exerted influence on mothers suffering through the mediation of anxiety and insomnia. Findings from the present study may help guide the development of MD screening tools to early detect and provide the modifiable risk factor information for timely tailored prevention.

Pedagogical practices developed with children through hospital classes: An integrative literature review.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the evidence available in the literature on the pedagogical practices developed with children through hospital classes. METHOD: An integrative review was conducted on July 20, 2022, in Scopus, MEDLINE/PubMed, CINAHL, LILACS, Web of Science, ERIC, Educ@, and Scielo using the following descriptors in English, Portuguese, and Spanish, extracted from DECS/MeSH, CINAHL, Brased/INEP, and ERIC Thesaurus: "Child, Hospitalized", "Education, Special", "Education Department, Hospital", "Hospital Classroom", "Hospital Class", "Child Rearing", "Educational Practices", "Early Childhood Education", "Education", "Hospital Pedagogy", and "Hospital Special Class". No time restriction was applied. The EndNot Web reference manager and the Rayyan software were used to select studies, and later, the methodological rigor and level of evidence were assessed. RESULTS: The 22 articles described pedagogical practices, including ludic activities, individualized work, working with regular school content, stimulation activities, pedagogical and dialogic listening, learning based on the exchange of knowledge, video games, computational robotics, and theatrical performance. CONCLUSION: Although difficulties were identified in implementing pedagogical practices in the hospital, they were shown to allow educational continuity and clinical improvement of hospitalized children. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Studies on the educational process within the hospital setting can contribute to the development of public policies and the guarantee of the right to education for hospitalized children. DESCRIPTORS: Special education; Hospital education department; Hospitalized child; Child rearing; Teaching.

Experiences of nurses managing parenthood and career. A systematic review and meta-synthesis.

AIM: Consolidate and synthesize evidence on working nurse-parent experiences of parenthood. BACKGROUND: Demands in healthcare strain the workforce, causing burnout and high turnover rates, especially among nurses. Balancing work and family responsibilites is even more challenging for nurse-parents. INTRODUCTION: Nursing is highly stressful, and the experiences of nurse-parents are under-researched highlighting the need to better understand and support nurse-parents in their dual roles. METHODS: Seven databases (PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, ProQuest, Scopus, and Web of Science) were systematically searched for published and unpublished primary qualitative studies. Extracted data were meta-summarized and synthesized using Sandelowski and Barroso's approach. FINDINGS: Twelve peer-reviewed studies, conducted between 2007 and 2022, investigated the challenges faced by 339 female nurse-parents across various countries. The meta-synthesis revealed two main themes: (a) Clashes of dual roles, and (b) Accept, adapt, and compromise, which were supported by six subthemes. Nurse-parents struggled with dual roles, often neglected self-care, and experienced work-family conflicts. However, they learned to accept their situations, adapt by seeking help from family, friends, and colleagues, and compromise on career aspirations to prioritize their families. The importance of organizational support and flexibility in accommodating their dual roles was emphasized. DISCUSSION: Female nurse-parents face challenges in balancing their dual roles, resulting in fatigue, compromised self-care, and limited social interactions. The culture of self-sacrifice in nursing contributes to these challenges, impacting patient safety. Supportive interventions like mindfulness programs and exercise classes can promote well-being. Staffing shortages and shift work further affect the work-life balance for nurse-parents. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING AND HEALTH POLICY: Creating a supportive work environment for nurse-parents is crucial. Family-friendly shifts revised parental leave policies, and improved childcare support are needed. Supporting nurse-parents benefits their well-being and enhances patient care. Collaboration between healthcare organizations and policymakers is essential to address workforce shortages and implement changes.

Relationship between physical activity and mental health in women after childbirth: a cross-sectional exploratory study.

BACKGROUND: Physical activity (PA) is recommended for women after childbirth. However, it is unknown whether PA, such as housework and child-rearing, is associated with mental health. This study aimed to measure daily PA in women 2 months postpartum as well as investigate the relationship between daily PA and mental health. METHODS: In this cross-sectional quantitative exploratory study conducted between September 2017 and May 2018, 110 women were approached for participation. Mental health was evaluated using the General Health Questionnaire-28, and PA measurements were performed using accelerometers that the participants wore for 2 days. Welch's t-test and linear regression analysis were performed to assess the relationship between PA and mental health. RESULTS: This study included 99 participants. The mean amount of daily activities from housework and child-rearing was 3.21 ± 1.14 metabolic equivalent of tasks (METs)-h/day and that of time spent sitting was at least 7.5 h/12.5 h. PA time spent in light child-rearing and housework activities was significantly longer among multiparous women than among primiparous women (t = - 3.41). PA time comprising the duration of moderate (3 METs) or more vigorous PA was 73 min/day. No significant relationship between mental health and PA was observed. However, the amount of daily activities tended to increase with an improvement in mental health. The amount of daily activities exceeded 3 METs-h/day regardless of the mental health status. CONCLUSIONS: No significant relationship was found between the amount of daily activities and mental health. The former increased as the latter improved. The amount of daily activities met the standard recommended by the World Health Organization, regardless of the mental health status.

Mothers with depressed mood: help-seeking from husbands and child-rearing behaviors.

BACKGROUND: Mothers with depressed mood tend not to seek help or support from others. Yet, there is no research providing a detailed examination of the processes that mothers with depressed mood undergo while seeking child-rearing support from their husbands. This study aimed to clarify the processes that mothers with depressed mood go through in seeking child-rearing support from their husbands and performing child-rearing duties. METHODS: The participants were 10 mothers living in Japan who had given birth within the past three years and were suspected of having depression after screening using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Semi-structured interview data were analyzed based on the grounded theory. RESULTS: The responses revealed that the mothers felt as though they had insufficient time for themselves, which impelled them to seek support from their husbands, consequently leading them to conclude either that child-rearing and housework are difficult or that child-rearing can be managed some way or another. CONCLUSION: When the husbands fully cooperated in child-rearing or demonstrated their willingness to cooperate in child-rearing, despite difficulty, the wives accepted their child-rearing support. On the other hand, if the husbands did not recognize their wives' efforts, the wives did not accept their support, even if they had helped with child-rearing. In this way, the wives re-evaluated their relationship with the husbands based on their husbands' attitudes toward child-rearing.

Social isolation among mothers caring for Infants in Japan: findings from the Nationwide Survey of healthy parents and children 21.

BACKGROUND: Child-rearing isolation may increase the risk of child abuse and negatively affect child development owing to increased urbanization and a decline in family and community support systems. PURPOSE: This study aimed to identify the prevalence of child-rearing isolation and the related sociodemographic factors among mothers in Japan using data from the Final Survey of Healthy Parents and Children 21. PARTICIPANTS: Mothers of young children attending their health checkups. METHODS: Multivariate logistic regression models assessed the association between child-rearing isolation and socio-demographic variables. Data from 69,337 women were analyzed. RESULTS: Mothers who experienced child-rearing isolation comprised 0.2% of all participants. Mothers who were 35 to 39 years old at childbirth (OR = 1.6, CI[1.0, 2.4], p = .036), were unemployed (OR = 1.7, CI[1.3, 2.4], p = .001), had experienced financial difficulty (OR = 1.8, CI[1.3, 2.5], p < .001), had husbands with limited participation in child-rearing (OR = 5.7, CI[4.2, 7.9], p < .001), lived in special wards in the Tokyo Metropolis (OR = 4.2, CI[2.2, 8.3], p < .001), had child abuse concerns (OR = 2.1, CI [1.5, 2.9], p < .001), and had no time to relax with their child (OR = 4.5, CI [3.1-6.7], p < .001) exhibited higher odds ratios for child-rearing isolation, compared to mothers who did not exhibit these characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: Findings showed the impact of urban living on maternal health and the influence of isolation on mothers' anxiety about child-rearing and their potential for child maltreatment. The importance of fathers' involvement in child-rearing in preventing maternal child-rearing isolation was highlighted.

Parents' approaches to sexuality education of their adolescent boys: a qualitative study in Ahvaz, Iran.

BACKGROUND: Despite its important role in adolescent sexual health, sexuality education remains one of the most challenging responsibilities of families, especially those living in Muslim communities which experience the transition to modernity. There is little information about sexuality education of boys in Iran. This study aimed to explore parents' approaches to sexuality education of adolescent boys in Ahvaz, southwest of Iran. METHODS: This qualitative study was conducted in 2017 in Ahvaz, Iran. Participants were selected through purposeful sampling with maximum variation. Qualitative data were collected by conducting semi-structured in-depth interviews and focused group discussions with 27 parents from middle/high social class who had adolescent boys aged between 10 and 19. Data were analyzed using conventional qualitative content analysis. RESULTS: Parents' approaches to sexuality education of their boys emerged in six categories: Extreme monitoring and restricting; abstinence as the main content of sexuality education; struggling to establish peace and achieve tolerance; criticizing the cultural taboos; hoping for spontaneous learning; and uncertainty and confusion. The theme "Transition from tradition to modernity" emerged from these categories. CONCLUSION: Parents' approaches to sexuality education ranged from a restrictive traditional manner to approaches with some degree of modern attitudes. Parents are facing uncertainty and confusion regarding sexuality education. Abstinence is an underlying assumption in their sexuality education style. Educating parents through culturally-appropriate methods is a priority that is more acceptable at the policy level. Lack of understanding of the need for sexuality education of children in some parents can threaten the sexual health of children.

Children's sexuality education has an important role in adolescent sexual behaviors and health. However, it is one of the most challenging dimensions of education in families, especially in Muslim communities experiencing the transition to modernity. There is little information about sexuality education of adolescent boys in Iran. In this study we aimed to explore parents' experiences and perceptions of communicating sexuality education with their sons. Data were collected through individual interview with 11 parents and group discussion with 8 fathers and 8 mothers who had sons aged 10­19, living in Ahvaz, in south west of Iran. We summarized and categorized parents' approaches to sexuality education in categories including: Extreme monitoring and restricting; abstinence as the main content of sexuality education; struggling to establish peace and achieve tolerance; criticizing the cultural taboos; hoping for spontaneous learning; and uncertainty and confusion. Parents' approaches to sexuality education ranged from a restrictive traditional manner to some degree of modern conduct. Findings imply that parents are facing challenges regarding sexuality education: uncertainty about the necessity of it, and confusion between religious teachings and modernity. Abstinence is still a central assumption and pre-marital sex is off-limits in their sexuality education. They hoped that they could enhance the children's adherence to family's values regarding sexuality, by establishing a peaceful relationship with them. These findings provide evidence for culturally-appropriate educational programs for parents to improve their skills and knowledge about sexuality education. These findings highlighted the fact that Iranian parents are experiencing a "Transition from tradition to modernity".

Measuring child-rearing goals for parents with young children: A scoping review.

This scoping review summarizes and consolidates the parenting goals for young children captured in existing parent-report measures, and the characteristics of studies that employed them. Five electronic databases were systematically searched to identify original studies that used a self-report measure for parenting goals during the child's first 5 years. Characteristics of the parenting goals measures and the studies that employed them were extracted and synthesized. A deductive approach was used to reduce the parenting goals items across instruments into representative domains. Fourteen original parenting goals measures and their modifications (i.e., 24 unique measures in total) were identified in 44 research articles from 41 original studies. Items from these measures were synthesized into 33 representative domains. Findings will inform the direction of future research and the development of a comprehensive measure of parenting goals for parents with young children that can be applied across cultures, economic backgrounds, informants, and parenting contexts.

Esta revisión exploratoria resume y consolida los objetivos de crianza para los niños pequeños captados en medidas de informes actuales de los padres, así como las características de los estudios que las utilizaron. Se hicieron búsquedas sistemáticas en cinco bases de datos electrónicas para encontrar estudios originales en los que se utilizó un instrumento de medición de autoinforme para los objetivos de crianza durante los primeros cinco años del niño. Se extrajeron y se combinaron las características de las mediciones de los objetivos de crianza y los estudios que las utilizaron. Se usó un método deductivo para reducir los ítems de los objetivos de crianza de los instrumentos en áreas representativas. Se identificaron catorce instrumentos de medición de objetivos de crianza originales y sus modificaciones (p. ej.: 24 instrumentos de medición únicos en total) en 44 artículos de investigación de 41 estudios originales. Los ítems de estos instrumentos de medición se combinaron en 33 áreas representativas. Los resultados indicarán el rumbo de investigaciones futuras y el desarrollo de un instrumento de medición completo de los objetivos de crianza para padres con niños pequeños que se pueda aplicar a diferentes culturales, situaciones económicas, informantes y contextos de crianza.

Child-rearing experiences of female nurses working three shifts in South Korea: A qualitative study.

AIM: To explore the experience of balancing a career with raising school-aged children and working three shifts and to suggest working environment changes to balance these roles BACKGROUND: Female nurses working three-day shift rotations experience irregular life patterns, parenting conflicts, and confusion over nursing roles. INTRODUCTION: This qualitative study examined nurses with early school-aged children who work three-day shift rotations in South Korea. METHODS: A descriptive phenomenological approach employed in-depth interviews to collect data from 12 married, female nurses with children aged 4-9 years. Data were analyzed using Colaizzi's phenomenological method, and reporting rigor was demonstrated using the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research checklist. FINDINGS: Four themes emerged in our findings: (1) challenging phase: facing a great crisis that completely shatters the axis of life; (2) chaos phase: endless inner conflict between work and parenting; (3) solutions for coping phase: struggling to continue a nursing career; and (4) expanding phase: stepping into the expanded world of care. CONCLUSION: Nurses working three-day shift rotations try to balance their lives through interactions between nursing and child-rearing. Further research is needed to create an environment that promotes this balance. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE AND POLICY: To provide a better work-life balance, policymakers should foster a participatory and supportive management style, ensure adequate nurse staffing, implement a flexible work system, provide clinical career opportunities, encourage professional autonomy and responsibility, and promote in-service and shared social information or continuing education.

Are there any changes in mothers' attitudes? Analysis of the impact of the COVID-19 quarantine on child-rearing attitudes.

The present study aims to examine the impact of the time spent by mothers at home with their children during the quarantine period that was implemented due to the COVID-19 pandemic on the mothers' child-rearing attitudes, taking into consideration some variables and the experiences of mothers. The study was designed using embedded mixed design, in which qualitative and quantitative research methods were used together. The quantitative research group consisted of 673 mothers and the qualitative research group consisted of 16 mothers. The research data was gathered online using the Lime Survey platform, and the interviews with the mothers were also held online. Demographic information form, the Child Rearing Attitude Scale, and a semi-structured interview form were used as data collection tools. Moderator variable analysis was used for the quantitative research data and descriptive analysis was used for the qualitative research data in support of the quantitative data. The findings revealed that the mothers' child-rearing attitudes changed depending on the variables concerning the children; however, the quarantine period instituted due to COVID-19 had an impact on the mothers' child-rearing attitudes depending on the variables of age and number of children. The qualitative findings obtained from the interviews supported the quantitative findings. However, it was revealed that the mothers' attitudes towards their children underwent changes during the quarantine period under COVID-19.

[Childcare and housework performed by fathers with infants and related factors].

Objective　The aim of this study was to identify the status regarding childcare and housework performed by fathers with infants (one and two years old, first child), as well as related factors.Method　An online survey of fathers with infants across Japan was administered in October 2020. The survey items encompassed basic attributes, work conditions, and child-rearing information, as well as items from the Quality of Marriage Index (QMI), Work-Family Conflict Scale (WFCS), and a Japanese version of the K6 screening tool. The frequency of performing childcare and housework was divided into two groups, frequent and infrequent, and furthers into four groups based on the combination of frequent and infrequent childcare and housework. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed with the frequent/infrequent childcare group, the frequent/infrequent housework group, and the four groups by childcare and housework each as dependent variables.Results　Responses were obtained from subjects in 44 prefectures, with 406 responses used for analysis. Frequently performed items for childcare and housework were hugging, playing together, and taking out trash. Infrequent performed items were making hospital visits, ensuring children's regular medical examinations and vaccinations, preparing meals, and sleeping.　The results of the multiple logistic regression analyses demonstrated that the groups citing the frequent performance of childcare tasks were correlated with participation in parenting/father-directed classes, the use of parental leave, wives engaged in formal employment, work requiring less than 10 hours of overtime per month, the highest level of education (junior high school, high school, junior college, vocational school, or technical school: non-university graduate), low WFCS scores, and high QMI scores. The groups citing the frequent performance of housework were associated with not living with grandparents, shift work, participation in parenting/father-directed classes, household yearly income of 6 million yen or more, highest level of education (non-university graduate), wife engaged in formal employment, wife's health condition (normal, poor, very poor), and high QMI scores. The subjects were divided into four groups: frequent childcare-frequent housework (38.4%), frequent childcare-infrequent housework (14.0%), infrequent childcare-frequent housework (19.5%), and infrequent childcare-infrequent housework (28.1%). Among the four groups, the highest correlation was observed for participation in parenting/father-directed classes, overtime hours, wife's work status, and QMI scores.Conclusion　To promote participation in parenting, fathers should be encouraged to care for children more frequently and help with housework. As such, introducing support methods in classes for fathers is a necessary step toward this objective.

Family functioning of single-parent families with children attending a special needs school in Japan.

BACKGROUND: Single-parent families with disabled children are obliged to take special care of children and shoulder excessive burdens. This study aimed to clarify the family functioning of child-rearing single-parent families with children attending special needs schools in Japan. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with qualitative content analysis utilized for data analysis. RESULTS: The results of the data analysis clarified nine categories: excessive concentration of family functioning on mothers, and adjustments in the family functioning they perform; creation of a family environment friendly to disabled children and their families; satisfaction with family needs by gaining support from the neighborhood and social resources; anxieties related to children's disabilities; promotion of a better understanding of disability; unavoidable reduction in the amount of time shared by the family; efforts to maintain an infrastructure for health care; selection and effective use of a special needs school; and strengthened bonds between families with disabled children. CONCLUSIONS: Receiving adequate support from the school is of great assistance in enabling families to maintain their family functioning. This demonstrates that, through the use of the time while the child attends a special needs school, the family can accomplish family functioning, contributing to a fulfilling family life.

[Previous experiences of Japanese children with parents who have a mental illness, and their consultation situation at school: A survey of grown-up children].

Objectives　The purpose of this study was to understand the experience of grown-up children with parents suffering from mental illness during their elementary, junior high, and high school years, and the consultation situations at their schools.Methods　A web-based questionnaire survey was conducted on 240 grown-up children who had participated in groups for children with parents suffering from mental illness. The analysis was a simple tabulation and compared the consultation history inside and outside the school environment, according to the respondent's age. Free-response descriptions were categorized according to the content.Results　A total of 120 respondents answered, ranging in age from 20 to over 50 years, with the majority being women (85.8%). Their mothers were the most likely parent to suffer from a mental illness (67.5%), and their estimated age at illness onset was before entering elementary school (73.1%).　During their elementary, junior high, and high school years, 57.8-61.5% of the respondents provided emotional care, and 29.7-32.1% did household chores. When they were in elementary school, most recognized adult fights (62.4%) and experienced attacks by parents (51.4%). Signs that others could have noticed included the fact that parents did not visit the school or talk to teachers, being bullied, forgetfulness, absenteeism, arriving late for school, and academic deterioration. Nearly half of the respondents (43.2-55.0%) hid their challenges during their elementary, junior high, and high school years. They were aware of teachers' prejudice towards mental illness, discriminatory behavior, and lack of consideration for privacy. At the same time, many respondents wanted teachers to be concerned about their circumstances and listen to their stories.　More than half of the respondents (62.7-80.7%) did not approach school staff, who did not notice their problems. When they were high school students, they had an inadequate consultation environment or were unprepared to consult. The easiest person to approach was the teacher in charge.Conclusion　Children with parents suffering from a mental illness were those most in need of support, while being the least connected to sources of support. Schools need to support children to become aware of their problems at home, and teachers need to pay more attention to their students, and listen to them carefully, including to what they may not say.

Evaluation of the psychological status of mothers of children with cystic fibrosis and the relationship between children's clinical status.

AIM: In this study, we aimed to determine the psychosocial status of primary care givers of children with cystic fibrosis (CF) and its relationship with the clinical scores of children with CF. METHODS: Thirty-six patients with CF and their primary care givers were assessed. A personal information form, as well as the Parent Attitude Research Instrument, Maslach Burnout Inventory, Beck Depression Scale and modified Shwachman-Kulczycki Score, were used for data collection. RESULTS: All the CF children's primary care givers were their mothers. The mothers' occupation and educational level affected their child-rearing attitudes (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the frequency of hospital visits and hospitalizations was associated with increased emotional exhaustion, depression and negative attitudes towards child-rearing (P < 0.05). Higher levels of emotional exhaustion in mothers were associated with increased depersonalization and depression, while personal accomplishment was associated with lower levels of depression (P < 0.05). Depression was present in 69.4% of mothers, and its severity was correlated with their children having a poor clinical status. Moreover, increased depression was associated with increased negative attitudes towards child-rearing (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The rate of depression is high in mothers of children with CF. These mothers displayed a negative attitude towards child-rearing, along with the disease, which was more severe in their children. These mothers should undergo routine psychosocial screening, and support should be given to those in need.

Child-rearing experiences and home environment concerns among Southeast Asian immigrant mothers in transnational marriage families in Taiwan.

AIMS: To explore the child-rearing experiences of immigrant mothers and their concerns about children's home environments in the contexts of transnational marriage families and non-native culture. BACKGROUND: Immigrant mothers are often disadvantaged by a relative lack of information on and access to children's healthcare, but little research exists on the experiences of mothers in transnational marriage families as they attempt to provide a secure home environment while navigate an unfamiliar culture. DESIGN: A descriptive phenomenological research design based on intuition was employed to explore immigrant mothers' unique lived reality through their subjective experiences and perceptions. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews with 15 immigrant mothers from 15 transnational marriage families were conducted between May 2016-February 2017. Narratives were analyzed using the descriptive phenomenological method because it permits systematic discovery of the lived experiences from the perspective of the study's participants. RESULTS: Three major themes were identified: (a) striving to maintain a secure home for children; (b) suffering and struggling with difficulties; and (c) trying to overcome difficulties and build an adequate family environment. The essential, prevailing concept of immigrant mothers' experience in child-rearing was identified as 'Where my child is, is home.' CONCLUSION: Immigrant mothers bond emotionally and physically to their new land via their children. Their child-raising experiences are interwoven with their roles in their new familial and cultural homes. IMPACT: Immigrant brides often become mothers soon after marrying to continue their husbands' family line. Understanding their unique child-rearing experiences and challenges in providing a secure home in a non-native culture will help nurses provide effective care. Study results will benefit paediatric/family nurses in any setting where care for transnational marriage families is provided, those families themselves, public policymakers and future researchers.

Psychiatric referral is required in children with vaginal foreign body injury: A case-control study from China.

PURPOSE: The rate of vaginal foreign body (VFB) injury has been increasing in recent years. VFB will cause vaginal inflammation, injury and negative psychological impacts in girls. Our study aimed to elucidate the need of psychological referral in children with VFB. DESIGN AND METHODS: A case-control study was performed. A total of 67 girls who visited the clinic due to vaginal foreign bodies were recruited. A questionnaire and Family environment scale-Chinese version (FES-CV) and social anxiety scale for children-Chinese version (SASC-CV) were completed by parents and children. Demographic information, parenting pattern, girls' social anxiety status, and their daily life trajectory and outdoor activities were collected. RESULTS: The mean age of the 67 girls with VFB was 6.6 ± 2.1 years with a range of 2 years10 months-13 years. The 72 girls of the control group were age-matched with the patients. Scorings in two subscales of FES-CV including family cohesion, emotion expression were significantly lower in the VFB group than those in the control group (7.2 ± 2.4 vs. 7.9 ± 1.7, p < 0.05; 5.2 ± 1.6 vs. 6.5 ± 1.3, p < 0.001). Social anxiety level was higher in the VFB group comparing with the control group. Shorter time of outdoor activities (t = 3.205, p = 0.002) and significantly longer screen time were in the VFB group (t = 5.74, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: The occurrence of VFB was associated with parenting patterns and social anxiety level. Psychiatric referral is required in children with VFB.

Culture Moderates the Relationship between Family Obligation Values and the Outcomes of Korean and European American College Students.

Family obligation values have been described as an important element of collectivistic cultures that are related to the development of positive emotional well-being and motivation in high school and college students. The present study tested the hypothesis that culture moderates the relationship between family obligation values and the outcomes of Korean (n = 249) and European American (n = 251) college students. The results provided support for this hypothesis. Specifically, for Koreans, family obligation values were significantly and positively correlated with descriptions of parents as being more supportive of the self-determination of their children, which was found to mediate the relationship between family obligation values and student outcomes. Furthermore, family obligation values were more strongly associated with the motivation, self-esteem, and depression of Koreans than European Americans. European American students expressed lower family obligation values and the intensity of these values were unrelated to their emotional well-being. Family obligation values were positively correlated with reports of self-determined motivation for Korean students, and negatively correlated with reports of self-determined motivation for European American students. The results are discussed in terms of cultural moderation and self-determination theory.

[Family functioning, parental rearing and its relationship to nutritional status in preschoolers]. / Funcionalidad familiar, crianza parental y su relación con el estado nutricional en preescolares.

AIM: To analyze association among family functioning, parental rearing and nutritional status in preschoolers. DESIGN: Quantitative, descriptive and correlational cross-sectional study. LOCATION: Preschool public institutions in Nuevo León, Mexico. Primary Care. PARTICIPANTS: Sample of 228 dyads (mother or father and preschooler); sole inclusion criterion was to be main responsible for the upbringing of the preschooler. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Sociodemographic data questionnaire was used, nutritional status was determined based on the recommendations of the World Health Organization, Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale and Parental Rearing Style Questionnaire were used. Descriptive and Spearman's correlation coefficient were obtained. RESULTS: Mean age of parents was 32.09 years, 60.5% of mothers were housewives and 100% of fathers had a job; mean years of schooling were 12.16, 68.9% of participants were married; 29.4% of preschoolers were overweight or obese. Regarding family functioning it was identified that 44.3% is semi-related in cohesion dimension. The parental rearing style that prevailed was the permissive with 62.3%. CONCLUSIONS: Most parents presented an imbalance in family functioning. No statistical significance was found among family functioning and parental rearing with nutritional status in preschoolers (P<.05).

Parenting Styles and their Influence on Child's Dental Behavior and Caries Status: An Analytical Cross-Sectional Study.

Aim: The present study aimed to evaluate the association between parenting styles, child's behavior in dental setting and dental caries status. Study design: Children aged 3-7 years on their first dental visit were included in the study. Their parents were asked to complete Parenting Style Dimension Questionnaire (PSDQ) to assess their parenting style. Oral prophylaxis was performed for the children and their behavior was assessed using Frankl behavior rating scale. Their caries status was recorded using DMFT/deft index. Results: Out of 315 parents, 240 parents exhibited authoritative parenting style, 45 exhibited permissive and 30 exhibited authoritarian parenting style. Permissive parenting was associated with four-fold increase in the child's negative dental behavior and authoritarian parenting showed two-fold increase in the negative behavior of children compared to authoritative parenting. Children of both authoritative and authoritarian parents showed less caries status and the permissive parenting depicted threefold increase in the caries status compared to authoritative parenting. Conclusion: Children of both the permissive and authoritarian parents showed more negative dental behavior than children of authoritative parents. Children of permissive parents showed increased caries status compared to the children of authoritative parents.