Urban sprawl into Natura 2000 network over Europe.

Urban growth is a major threat to biodiversity conservation at the global scale. Its impacts are expected to be especially detrimental when it sprawls into the landscape and reaches sites of high conservation value due to the species and ecosystems they host, such as protected areas. I analyzed the degree of urbanization (i.e., urban cover and growth rate) from 2006 to 2015 in protected sites in the Natura 2000 network, which, according to the Habitats and Birds Directives, harbor species and habitats of high conservation concern in Europe. I used data on the degree of land imperviousness from COPERNICUS to calculate and compare urban covers and growth rates inside and outside Natura 2000. I also analyzed the relationships of urban cover and growth rates with a set of characteristics of Natura sites. Urban cover inside Natura 2000 was 10 times lower than outside (0.4% vs. 4%) throughout the European Union. However, the rates of urban growth were slightly higher inside than outside Natura 2000 (4.8% vs. 3.9%), which indicates an incipient urban sprawl inside the network. In general, Natura sites affected most by urbanization were those surrounded by densely populated areas (i.e., urban clusters) that had a low number of species or habitats of conservation concern, albeit some member states had high urban cover or growth rate or both in protected sites with a large number of species or habitats of high conservation value. Small Natura sites had more urban cover than large sites, but urban growth rates were highest in large Natura sites. Natura 2000 is protected against urbanization to some extent, but there is room for improvement. Member states must enact stricter legal protection and control law enforcement to halt urban sprawl into protected areas under the greatest pressure from urban sprawl (i.e., close to urban clusters). Such actions are particularly needed in Natura sites with high urban cover and growth rates and areas where urbanization is affecting small Natura sites of high conservation value, which are especially vulnerable and concentrated in the Mediterranean region.

Expansión Urbana dentro de la Red Natura 2000 en Europa Resumen El crecimiento urbano es una amenaza importante para la conservación de la biodiversidad a escala global. Se espera que los impactos de este crecimiento sean especialmente perjudiciales cuando se expande por el paisaje y alcanza sitios de alto valor para la conservación por las especies y ecosistemas que albergan, como lo son las áreas protegidas. Analicé el grado de urbanización (cobertura urbana y tasa de crecimiento) entre 2006 y 2015 dentro de los sitios protegidos de la red Natura 2000, la cual, de acuerdo con las Directivas de Aves y Hábitats, alberga especies y hábitats de alto interés para la conservación en Europa. Usé información sobre el grado de impermeabilidad del suelo tomados de COPERNICUS para calcular y comparar coberturas urbanas y tasas de crecimiento dentro y fuera de la red Natura 2000. También analicé las relaciones de la cobertura urbana y las tasas de crecimiento con un conjunto de características de los sitios Natura. La cobertura urbana dentro de la red Natura 2000 fue diez veces más baja que afuera (0.4% vs. 4%) a lo largo de la Unión Europea. Sin embargo, las tasas de crecimiento urbano fueron ligeramente más altas dentro de la red Natura 2000 que fuera (4.8% vs. 3.8%), lo cual indica una expansión urbana incipiente dentro de la red. En general, los sitios Natura más afectados por la urbanización fueron aquellos rodeados por áreas densamente pobladas (es decir, conglomerados urbanos) que tenían un número bajo de especies o hábitats de interés para la conservación, aunque algunos estados miembros de la UE tuvieron una cobertura urbana o una tasa de crecimiento alta o ambas en sitios protegidos con un número elevado de especies o hábitats de alto valor para la conservación. Los sitios Natura pequeños tuvieron mayor cobertura urbana que los sitios más grandes, pero las tasas de crecimiento urbano fueron más altas en los sitios Natura grandes. La red Natura 2000 está protegida contra la urbanización hasta cierto punto, pero todavía se puede mejorar mucho más. Los estados miembros de la UE deben promulgar una protección legal más estricta y controlar la aplicación de la ley para detener la expansión urbana hacia las áreas protegidas más cercanas a los conglomerados urbanos. Dichas acciones son necesarias en sitios Natura con una cobertura urbana extensa y tasas de crecimiento altas y en áreas en donde la urbanización está afectando a espacios Natura pequeños con un valor alto de conservación, los cuales son especialmente vulnerables y se encuentran concentrados en la región mediterránea.

[The Global Patient Safety Action Plan 2021-2030: Identifying actions for safer primary health care]. / El Plan de acción mundial para la seguridad del paciente 2021-2030: identificando acciones para una atención primaria más segura.

The 74th World Health Assembly adopted in May 2021 the "Global Patient Safety Action Plan: 2021-2030" to enhance patient safety as an essential component in the design, procedures and performance evaluation of health systems worldwide. It is a strategic plan that guides country governments, health sector entities, health organisations and the World Health Organisation secretariat on how to implement the assembly's patient safety resolution. Deployment of the plan will strengthen the quality and safety of health systems worldwide by spanning the entire continuum of people's health care from diagnosis to treatment and care, reducing the likelihood of harm in the course of care. The Declaration on Primary Health Care during the Global Conference on Primary Health Care in Astana, 2018, urged countries to strengthen their primary health care systems as an essential step towards achieving universal health coverage and providing access to safe, quality care without financial loss. The deployment of the Global Patient Safety Action Plan in primary care is therefore a high-priority health policy action. The Action Plan is structured into 6 strategic objectives with 35 strategic actions. We present an analysis of the strategic actions regarding healthcare organizations and the challenges ahead for their particular deployment in primary health care settings.

[Effect of gender equality on mortality from non-communicable diseases]. / Efecto de la igualdad de género en la mortalidad por enfermedades no transmisibles.

OBJECTIVE: Relate gender inequalities with the probability of mortality from non-communicable diseases (NCD), in the countries of the world from the year 2000 to 2019, to detect the progress of Target 3.4 of the Sustainable Development Goal 3, to reduce NCD by one third between the ages of 30 and 70 by 2030. METHOD: Exploratory ecological study on the association between the probability of death from NCD and the gender inequality index (GII) at the global level in 2000, 2015 and 2019. Logistic regression estimation of the risk of not being on track to meet Target 3.4 by 2019 by gender inequality. RESULTS: The mean probability of death from NCD decreased progressively in all countries. Median 2000/2015/2019: women 20.20/16.58/16; men 26.59/22.45/21.88; total 23.14/20.10/19.23. The risk of not achieving the goal in 2019 is greater in countries with a lower GII than in countries with a higher GII (OR: 2.13; 95% CI: 1.14-3.99; p=0.018), being the higher risk in women (OR: 2.64; 95% CI: 1.40-5.06; p=0.003) than in men (OR: 2.12; 95% CI: 1.44-3.98; p=0.017). CONCLUSIONS: The risk of deaths from NCD has decreased in both sexes in all countries of the world since the year 2000; but progress is slow, so the greater gender inequality in the countries, there is a greater risk of not achieving the reduction needed to comply with the agreement to reduce mortality from NCD by one third in 2030; this risk being greater in women than in men.

Green radiology: How to develop sustainable radiology.

The phenomenon of global warming due to the increased emission of greenhouse gases makes it necessary to raise public awareness about the importance of promoting sustainable practices. The field of radiology is not an exception, as it consumes a large amount of energy and resources to operate equipment and generate images. Green radiology is a sustainable, innovative, and responsible approach in radiology practice that focuses on minimizing the negative environmental effects of the technologies and procedures used in radiology. Its primary goal is to reduce the carbon, water and ecological footprint in our services based on four strategic pillars: decreasing energy, water, and helium usage; properly recycling and/or disposing of waste and residues (including contrast media); minimizing the environmental impact of ionizing radiation; and promoting eco-friendly radiology practices.

[Translated article] Pharmaceuticals in the environment: A hospital pharmacy perspective.

Drugs do not disappear once they have been excreted. In fact, 992 active principles have already been measured in the different environmental matrices. A recent study led by scientists from the University of York has studied the presence of drugs in the rivers of more than 100 different countries, showing that environmental contamination by pharmaceuticals is a global issue and that, concentrations found are frequently harmful to the environment. In this work, we have tried to briefly expose the problem of environmental contamination with medicines, but above all, we have tried to address the possible solutions, with a perspective from the field of hospital pharmacy. This is a very complex matter (a wicked problem), since it involves multiple stakeholders with different visions and interests regarding medicines. In order to find solutions, we will probably need to act at all steps of the drug's life cycle. Until now, health professionals have been part of the problem. It is time for us to be part of the solution.

Pharmaceuticals in the Environment: A hospital pharmacy's perspective. / El impacto ambiental de los medicamentos: una mirada desde la farmacia hospitalaria.

Drugs do not disappear once they have been excreted. In fact, 992 active principles have already been measured in the different environmental matrices. A recent study led by scientists from the University of York has studied the presence of drugs in the rivers of more than 100 different countries, showing that environmental contamination by pharmaceuticals is a global issue and that, concentrations found are frequently harmful to the environment. In this work, we have tried to briefly expose the problem of environmental contamination with medicines, but above all, we have tried to address the possible solutions, with a perspective from the field of hospital pharmacy. This is a very complex matter (a wicked problem), since it involves multiple stakeholders with different visions and interests regarding medicines. In order to find solutions, we will probably need to act at all steps of the drug's life cycle. Until now, health professionals have been part of the problem. It is time for us to be part of the solution.

[Future National Public Health Agency: an opportunity for the public health system in Spain]. / La Agencia Estatal de Salud Pública: una oportunidad para el sistema de Salud Pública en España.

The creation of a national centre for public health, with adequate resources, will make it possible to face the public health challenges of the present and the future in our country. To this end, the proposed state agency, should hold functions based on advanced public health organizational schemes, while linking with the sustainable development goals. The coordination of a national public health strategy built on a collaborative network of networks would also be essential, as developing an innovative, benchmarked and prioritised public health communication strategy, among other tasks. The lack of resources, the current relative disconnection of essential public health functions at the state level, and the inequity in their development of these functions at the regional and municipal levels, favour the development of the agency project as a network of networks. In this paper we give ideas for a process that seems decisive for Spanish public health in the 21st century.

[Methodological proposal to explore the healthy and sustainable food service purchasing]. / Propuesta metodológica para explorar la compra de alimentos saludables y sostenibles en servicios de alimentación.

OBJECTIVE: Describe the methodology used to explore sustainability and nutritional aspects of institutional food service purchasing. METHOD: The source of information is the purchasing list. This document includes information on the ingredients used to prepare meals, such as the quantity (kg), variety (n), origin (local farmers or other suppliers) and type of production (organic or conventional) of food items. CONCLUSION: The described methodology allows obtain a wider vision of the quality of the meals offered in the food services. In addition to nutritional aspects, this methodology incorporates the perspective of sustainability.

Human rights in the Horn of Africa: an index of child and maternal health.

OBJECTIVE: To construct a territorial measure and classification of child and maternal health in the countries of the Horn of Africa based on the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015. METHOD: The design of our index includes the variables child and maternal health defined in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to enable territorial ranking of the countries. For this purpose, we used Pena's distance method for 2017. RESULTS: The results indicate a relatively high territorial disparity in maternal health between the countries of the Horn of Africa according to the differing values of the SDGs variables of child and maternal health. CONCLUSIONS: We propose a territorial classification in the countries of the Horn of Africa. We believe that the most striking differences between countries relate to basic variables of maternal health such as being attended by skilled health personnel.

Tecnologías e Integración de las Ciencias y la Educación Superior por un Desarrollo Sostenible / Technologies and Integration of Science and Higher Education for a Sustainable Development

El uso de las Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones ha tenido un impacto significativo en todas las áreas del conocimiento, de manera particular en los procesos sustantivos de la educación superior en las carreras tecnológicas de la salud. Es propósito de los autores informar sobre el uso de las Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones para la divulgación de actividades docentes, extensionistas e investigativas de la cátedra Integración de las Ciencias y la Educación Superior por un Desarrollo Sostenible. Se destaca la vinculación de dos proyectos de investigación científica con un fin único: la promoción de actividades educativas con herramientas digitales.

The use of Information and Communication Technologies has had a significant impact in all areas of knowledge, particularly in the substantive processes of higher education in health technology careers. It is the authors' purpose to report on the use of Information and Communication Technologies for the dissemination of teaching, extension and research activities of the chair Integration of Sciences and Higher Education for Sustainable Development. The linkage of two scientific research projects with a unique purpose: the promotion of educational activities with digital tools is highlighted.

Participative Management and Sustainable Development as bases of Rural Tourism in the Cusco region / Gestion participativa y desarrollo sostenible como bases del turismo rural en la region del cusco

Resumen Este estudio tiene como objetivo el diseñar un plan de acción para el cumplimiento de una gestión participativa y desarrollo sostenible basado en el turismo rural en la región del Cusco. Este planteamiento se desarrolla en una metodología de tipo aplicada y nivel descriptivo a través de dos instrumentos de recolección de datos que fueron la observación y el cuestionario aplicado a 67 emprendimientos de turismo rural presentes en la zona. Los resultados muestran la necesidad de mejorar las condiciones de vida de los locales y del apoyo que necesitan para progresar en sus emprendimientos, crear nuevas fuentes de trabajo y con ello ofrecer un mejor servicio a los futuros turistas que los visiten. Se concluye que debe haber una mejora en el turismo rural considerando la protección del medio ambiente, siendo en este caso estrictamente necesario, ya que de allí se pretende obtener el crecimiento.

Abstract This study aims to design a model of participatory management and sustainable development based on rural tourism in the Cusco region. This approach is developed in a methodology of applied type and descriptive level through two data collection instruments that were the observation and the questionnaire applied to 67 rural tourism enterprises present in the area. The results show the need to improve the living conditions of the locals and the support they need to progress in their enterprises, create new sources of work and thereby offer a better service to future tourists who visit them. It is concluded that there must be an improvement in rural tourism considering the protection of the environment, being in this case strictly necessary since from there it is intended to obtain growth.

Desafíos de salud y bienestar en el mundo según indicadores ODS / Challenges of health and well-being in the world according to SDG indicators

Resumen En este estudio se analiza el estado actual de los indicadores de salud y bienestar pertenecientes a los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible (ODS), identificando los desafíos más significativos que se presentan entre los países del mundo y en la región de las Américas. Se utiliza la técnica multivariante HJ-Biplot para representar las variaciones y covariaciones existentes entre 16 indicadores del ODS 3, reportados al año 2022, según datos de 176 países, entre ellos, 31 del continente americano. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que indicadores como la esperanza de vida al nacer, la cobertura sanitaria universal y la demanda de planificación familiar satisfecha, caracterizan a los países desarrollados. En contraste, los países en vía de desarrollo aún registran retos importantes para favorecer la salud materna, el bienestar de los niños y en el control de enfermedades trasmisibles y crónicas. Por ello, en el marco de la Agenda 2030, es necesario continuar trabajando en acciones de política pública que permitan avanzar en la implementación de programas para mejorar la salud y el bienestar de la población, en especial entre las naciones de menores ingresos.

Abstract This study reviews the current state of the good health and well-being indicators included in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), identifying the most significant challenges faced by countries in the world and in the Americas region. The HJ-Biplot multivariate technique is used to represent variances and covariances between 16 SDG 3 indicators, reported as of 2022, based on data from 176 countries, including 31 countries of the American continent. The findings show that indicators such as life expectancy at birth, universal health coverage and satisfied demand for family planning are key characteristics of developed countries. In contrast, developing countries still face significant challenges in terms of promoting maternal health, the well-being of children and the control of communicable and chronic diseases. For this reason, in the framework of the 2030 Agenda, it is necessary to continue working on public policy actions that enable making progress in the implementation of programs to improve the health and well-being of the population, especially in lower-income countries.

Vicerrectoría de Proyección Social y su vínculo con la comunidad: más allá de sus de sus muros / The social outreach program offifice and its link with the community: the university beyond its wall

La Fundación Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud FUCS creó en 2021 la Vicerrectoría de Proyección Social, con la función principal de interactuar y beneficiar a la comunidad a través de labores de extensión, salud comunitaria, educación continuada, relacionamiento con otras instituciones y responsabilidad social, ramas que tienen una clara representación dentro de las diferentes dependencias de dicha función sustantiva y que aportan en forma directa a los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS). Una de las divisiones que hace más evidente dicha labor es la de salud comunitaria, con la que se han logrado acumular miles de beneficiarios, teniendo en su haber 378441 durante 2023, con actividades que se dividen en cuatro grandes programas: FUCS al parque, espacios educativos saludables, vivienda, familia y salud, y entorno seguro para el paciente y su familia. Se busca realizar promoción de la salud y prevención de la enfermedad a través de labores presenciales dentro de instituciones educativas de todo nivel, en parques, empresas e instituciones hospitalarias, así como las virtuales con los espacios de Pregúntele al Especialista, o en diversos canales de comunicación.

The Fundación Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud FUCS created in 2021 the Vice Rector's Office of Social Outreach, with the main function of interacting and benefiting the community through outreach work, community health, continuing education, relations with other institutions and social responsibility, branches that have a clear representation within the different units of this substantive function and that contribute directly to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). One of the divisions that makes this work more evident is that of community health, with which thousands of beneficiaries have been accumulated, with 378,441 beneficiaries during 2023, with activities divided into four major programs: FUCS to the park, healthy educational spaces, housing, family and health, and safe environment for the patient and his or her family. The aim is to promote health and prevent disease through face-to-face activities in educational institutions at all levels, in parks, companies and hospitals, as well as virtual activities through the Ask the Specialist spaces, or through various communication channels.

Cátedra Integración de las Ciencias y la Educación Superior por un Desarrollo Sostenible

La Cátedra Integración de las Ciencias y la Educación Superior por un Desarrollo Sostenible es un equipo dirigido por una institución de la educación superior que se asocia con la UNESCO en un proyecto para lograr avances en el conocimiento y la práctica en un ámbito de prioridad común. La alianza se formaliza mediante un acuerdo entre la directora general de la UNESCO y el rector de la institución que acoge la cátedra. Por su importancia en la Educación Ambiental para el Desarrollo Sostenible como pilar de salud y bienestar humano, quedó constituida recientemente esta cátedra en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Villa Clara. El objetivo de esta comunicación es socializar los antecedentes, constitución y propósitos de la Cátedra UNESCO en la referida universidad.

The Chair Integrating Sciences and Higher Education for Sustainable Development is a team led by a higher education institution that partners with UNESCO on a project to advance knowledge and practice in a common priority area. The alliance is formalized through an agreement between the director general of UNESCO and the rector of the institution that hosts the chair. For its importance in Environmental Education for Sustainable Development As a pillar of health and human well-being, this chair was recently established at Villa Clara University of Medical Sciences. The objective of this research paper is to socialize the background, constitution, and purposes of the UNESCO Chair at the aforementioned university.

El control de las enfermedades no transmisibles en la sostenibilidad de la salud / The control of the non-communicable illnesses in the sustainability of the health

Introducción: Las enfermedades no transmisibles, uno de los mayores desafíos para el desarrollo del siglo XXI en el mundo, son consideradas la principal amenaza para la salud humana y un problema de desarrollo y derechos humanos. En Cuba, ocupan 9 de las primeras 10 causas de muerte. Se realizó una búsqueda sobre el tema entre los años 2000 y 2022. Fueron consultadas las bases de datos Medline, Pubmed, SciELO y otras revistas de acceso abierto. De 93 documentos revisados se seleccionaron 43 referencias. Objetivos: Revisar los fundamentos teóricos de la evolución y los factores de riesgo de las enfermedades no trasmisibles, reseñar estrategias de organizaciones internacionales, Cuba, cuerpos armados y destacar los desafíos más importantes para su prevención y control. Desarrollo: Las enfermedades no trasmisibles por su elevada morbimortalidad son la principal amenaza para la salud humana, tienen una etiología compleja, multifactorial, largos periodos evolutivos y demandan cuidados a largo plazo. Las organizaciones de salud demandan una respuesta efectiva e innovadora para la prevención y control de dichas enfermedades. Conclusiones: En correspondencia con la importancia de su prevención y control en la sostenibilidad de la salud, se realizan intervenciones de impacto en el mundo, Cuba y las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias; en respuesta a lo aprobado en la 75° Asamblea Mundial de la Salud(AU)

Introduction: Non-communicable diseases, one of the greatest challenges for the development of the 21st century in the world, are considered the main threat to human health and a problem of development and human rights. In Cuba, they occupy 9 of the first 10 causes of death. A search on the topic was carried out between the years 2000 and 2022. The databases Medline, Pubmed, SciELO and other open access journals were consulted. Of 93 documents reviewed, 43 references were selected. Objectives: Review the theoretical foundations of the evolution and risk factors of non-communicable diseases, review strategies of international organizations, Cuba, armed forces and highlight the most important challenges for their prevention and control. Development: Non-communicable diseases, due to their high morbidity and mortality, are the main threat to human health, they have a complex, multifactorial etiology, long evolutionary periods and demand long-term care. Health organizations demand an effective and innovative response for the prevention and control of these diseases. Conclusions: In correspondence with the importance of its prevention and control in the sustainability of health, impact interventions are carried out in the world, Cuba and the Revolutionary Armed Forces; in response to what was approved at the 75th World Health Assembly(AU)

Diseño curricular para el desarrollo sostenible y la ciudadanía global: intervención pedagógica en educación superior / Curricular design for sustainable development and global citizenship: pedagogical intervention in higher education / Projeto curricular para desenvolvimento sustentável e cidadania global: intervenção pedagógica no ensino superior

RESUMEN El artículo tuvo como objetivo plantear el diseño e implementación de una propuesta para el fortalecimiento de las competencias de desarrollo sostenible y la ciudadanía mundial. Se formula el modelo de gestión curricular que contribuye en la solución de los problemas locales y globales, dentro de los procesos pedagógicos de la Institución Universitaria Pascual Bravo en Medellín- Colombia. A través de las fases de caracterización, planificación, aplicación y evaluación, se propuso una investigación cuantitativa, con alcance descriptivo y de tipo experimental aplicada a 152 profesionales en formación de diferentes pregrados, durante el segundo el semestre académico del año 2021. Los resultados indican que el rango medio de la puntuación mediana del post test es mayor que la del pre test con un p-valor 4.553x10-9 menor del 5%. Esto se ve materializado en las capacidades de los estudiantes para ser flexibles y adaptables, tener conocimientos de la comunicación intercultural, ser autosuficiente en relación con los asuntos globales y generar un buen clima escolan De ahí se concluye que, la intervención pedagógica mejoró los resultados, de forma significativa, sobre los aprendizajes de los participantes del estudio.

ABSTRACT The objective of this article was to propose the design and implementation of a proposal to strengthen sustainable development competencies and global citizenship. The curricular management model is formulated that contributes to the solution of local and global problems, within the pedagogical processes of the Pascual Bravo University Institution in Medellín-Colombia. Through the phases of characterization, planning, application and evaluation, quantitative research was proposed, with a descriptive and experimental scope applied to 152 professionals in training from different undergraduate degrees, during the second academic semester of the year 2021. The results indicate that the average range of the median score of the post test is greater than that of the pretest with a p-value 4.553x01-9 less than 5%. This is materialized in the students' abilities to be flexible and adaptable, have knowledge of intercultural communication, be self-sufficient in relation to global issues, and generate a good school climate. From this it is concluded that the pedagogical intervention significantly improved the learning results of the study participants.

RESUMO O objetivo do artigo foi propor a elaboração e a implementação de uma proposta para fortalecer as competências de desenvolvimento sustentável e a cidadania global. Ele formula o modelo de gestão curricular que contribui para a solução de problemas locais e globais, dentro dos processos pedagógicos da Instituição Universitária Pascual Bravo em Medellín-Colômbia. Por meio das fases de caracterização, planejamento, aplicação e avaliação, foi proposta uma pesquisa quantitativa, com escopo descritivo e tipo experimental, aplicada a 152 profissionais em formação de diferentes cursos de graduação, durante o segundo semestre acadêmico do ano de 2021. Os resultados indicam que a faixa média da pontuação mediana do pós-teste é maior do que a do pré-teste, com um p-valor de 4,553x01-9 inferior a 5%. Isso se materializa nas habilidades dos alunos de serem flexíveis e adaptáveis, de terem conhecimento de comunicação intercultural, de serem autoconfiantes em relação a questões globais e de gerarem um bom clima escolar Portanto, conclui-se que a intervenção pedagógica melhorou significativamente os resultados de aprendizagem dos participantes do estudo.

Cálculo do indicador de consumo de álcool per capita no Brasil: uso de dados nacionais / Calculation of the alcohol per capita consumption in Brazil: using national data / Cálculo del indicador del consumo de alcohol per cápita en Brasil: uso de datos nacionales

RESUMO Objetivo. Calcular o indicador de consumo de álcool per capita (APC) para o Brasil utilizando dados nacionais (APC Brasil), com vistas a estabelecê-lo como padrão ouro para o país em substituição ao indicador anteriormente calculado pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) com base em dados internacionais. Métodos. Foram selecionadas, no Brasil, as fontes públicas de dados necessárias para a composição do cálculo do APC registrado e definida a concentração alcoólica por categoria de bebida. Para as variáveis APC turista e APC não registrado, indisponíveis no Brasil, foram usadas as estimativas da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) e da OMS. O indicador APC Brasil foi calculado e comparado ao indicador produzido pela OMS por meio de análise das medianas para o período de 2005 a 2020. Resultados. O indicador de consumo de álcool nacional foi de 9,2 litros per capita em 2005, chegando a 9,8 em 2020. Já o indicador da OMS mostrou, para 2005, um consumo de 8,4 litros per capita, com queda até 2016 e leve aumento para 7,8 em 2020. Conclusão. O APC Brasil foi calculado com base em fontes nacionais e mostrou tendência distinta em relação ao indicador da OMS, que se mostrou em queda. A disponibilização transparente e regular desse indicador por canais governamentais permitirá o seu monitoramento, possibilitando a elaboração de políticas para o enfrentamento do consumo do álcool no país.

ABSTRACT Objective. To calculate the alcohol per capita consumption (APC) in Brazil (Brazil APC) using national data and to establish the Brazil APC as gold standard for the country, replacing the indicator previously calculated by the World Health Organization (WHO) based on international data. Method. The Brazilian public data sources necessary for calculating the recorded APC were selected, and the alcohol concentration was defined by beverage category. For the variables of tourist APC and unrecorded APC, which are unavailable in Brazil, estimates from the United Nations (UN) and the WHO were used. The Brazil APC indicator was calculated and compared to the indicator produced by the WHO through analysis of the medians obtained for the period from 2005 to 2020. Results. The national alcohol consumption indicator was 9.2 liters per capita in 2005, reaching 9.8 in 2020. The WHO indicator showed a consumption of 8.4 liters per capita in 2005, decreasing until 2016 and slightly increasing to 7.8 in 2020. Conclusion. The Brazil APC was calculated based on national sources and showed a distinct trend compared to the WHO indicator, which showed a decrease. The regular and transparent provision of this indicator through government channels will support the development of policies to address alcohol consumption in the country.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Calcular el indicador del consumo de alcohol per cápita en Brasil a partir de datos nacionales, con miras a establecerlo como patrón de referencia para el país en sustitución del indicador calculado anteriormente por la Organización Mundial de la Salud a partir de datos internacionales. Métodos. Se seleccionaron las fuentes públicas de datos de Brasil necesarias para estructurar el cálculo del consumo de alcohol per cápita registrado y se definió la concentración de alcohol por clase de bebida. Para las variables de consumo de alcohol per cápita por parte de turistas y consumo per cápita no registrado, que no están disponibles en Brasil, se utilizaron estimaciones de las Naciones Unidas y de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Se calculó el indicador del consumo de alcohol per cápita en Brasil y se comparó con el indicador elaborado por la OMS mediante un análisis de las medianas correspondientes al período 2005-2020. Resultados. El indicador nacional del consumo de alcohol fue de 9,2 litros per cápita en el 2005, con un aumento a 9,8 en el 2020. El indicador de la Organización Mundial de la Salud mostró un consumo de 8,4 litros per cápita en el 2005, con una reducción hasta el 2016 y un leve aumento a 7,8 en el 2020. Conclusión. Se calculó el consumo de alcohol per cápita en Brasil a partir de fuentes nacionales, lo que mostró una tendencia distinta de la tendencia descendente del indicador de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. La disponibilidad transparente y regular de este indicador por medio de los canales gubernamentales permitirá su seguimiento, con lo cual se podrán formular políticas para enfrentar el consumo de alcohol en el país.

La educación ambiental y para el cambio climático en Latinoamérica: una revisión de alcance / Environmental and climate change education in Latin America: A scoping review

Resumen Introducción/objetivo: La educación ambiental y la educación para el cambio climático son dos iniciativas fundamentales para Latinoamérica; sin embargo, pocos trabajos han descrito a profundidad la investigación disponible en la región sobre estas. Método: Se implementó una revisión de alcance tipo Prisma de trabajos empíricos (análisis cuantitativo, cualitativo y mixto), en español, inglés o portugués, en Scielo, Redalyc y Scopus. Resultados: un total de 66 artículos conformaron la base final. En general, la educación ambiental y la educación para el cambio climático han sido abordadas interdisciplinariamente, aunque con un predominio del campo educación. Los dominios incluyen el conocimiento ambiental, actitudes proambientales, prácticas de siembra y cuidado animal. Hay reportes en todos los niveles de formación, con una mayoría en educación superior. Los efectos de las intervenciones son positivos; sin embargo, solo en una investigación se reporta el registro de seguimientos y en pocas hay registro de comportamientos. Conclusiones: las implicaciones para el diseño de actividades educativas de educación ambiental y educación para el cambio climático consisten en que estas aborden problemáticas ambientales locales, integren diferentes disciplinas, incluyan actividades de interacción con la naturaleza y duren más de un semestre lectivo.

Abstract Introduction/objective: Environmental education and climate change education are two fundamental initiatives for Latin America, however, few works have described in depth the research available in the region on them. Method: A Prisma-type scoping review of empirical papers (quantitative, qualitative and mixed analysis), in Spanish, English or Portuguese, was implemented in Scielo, Redalyc and Scopus. Results: a total of 66 articles made up the final database. In general, environmental education and climate change education have been approached interdisciplinarily, although with a predominance of the field of education. The domains include environmental knowledge, pro-environmental attitudes, planting practices and animal care. There are reports at all levels of education, with a majority in higher education. The effects of the interventions are positive; however, only one research reports a record of follow-ups and in few there is a record of behaviors. Conclusions: the implications for the design of environmental education and climate change education activities are that they should address local environmental problems, integrate different disciplines, include interaction activities with nature and last more than one school semester.

Nursing and waste management in health services: unveiling meanings in the hospital context / Gestión de residuos en enfermería y servicios de salud: develando significados en el contexto hospitalario / Enfermagem e o gerenciamento de resíduos nos serviços de saúde: desvelando significados no contexto hospitalar

ABSTRACT Objective: To unveil the meanings that nursing professionals attribute to practices related to waste management in health services, within the hospital context. Method: Qualitative research, whose theoretical and methodological references were, respectively, Complexity Theory and Grounded Theory. A total of 30 nursing professionals from a public hospital in Rio de Janeiro participated in the study, between January and August 2022. A semi-structured interview was used for data collection. Results: The professionals indicate the need for better knowledge about waste management in healthcare services, while revealing their understanding on the importance of this process and of themselves as important elements in impacting the environment and health. Conclusion: The complexity of the meanings attributed to healthcare waste management practices indicates the dialogue between the fragility of nursing professionals' knowledge and their expanded perceptions about the impacts they can have on this reality.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Revelar los significados que los profesionales de enfermería atribuyen a las prácticas relacionadas con la gestión de los residuos de los servicios de salud, en el hospital. Método: Investigación cualitativa, cuyos referentes teóricos y metodológicos fueron, respectivamente, la Teoría de la Complejidad y la Teoría Fundamentada. Participaron en el estudio 30 profesionales de enfermería en un hospital en Rio de Janeiro, entre enero y agosto de 2022. Para la recolección de los datos se utilizó la entrevista semiestructurada. Resultados: Los profesionales señalan la necesidad de un mejor conocimiento sobre la gestión de residuos en los servicios de salud, al tiempo que revelan que comprenden la importancia de este proceso y de ellos mismos como elementos importantes para impactar el medio ambiente y la salud. Conclusión: La complejidad de los significados atribuidos a las prácticas de gestión de residuos de salud señala el diálogo entre la fragilidad del conocimiento de los profesionales de enfermería y sus percepciones ampliadas sobre los impactos que pueden tener en esa realidad.

RESUMO Objetivo: Desvelar os significados que profissionais de enfermagem atribuem às práticas relacionadas ao gerenciamento de resíduos nos serviços de saúde, no contexto hospitalar. Método: Pesquisa qualitativa, cujos referenciais teórico e metodológico foram, respectivamente, a Teoria da Complexidade e Grounded Theory. Participaram do estudo 30 profissionais de enfermagem de um hospital público do Rio de Janeiro, entre janeiro e agosto de 2022. A entrevista semiestruturada foi utilizada para a coleta de dados. Resultados: Os profissionais sinalizam a necessidade de melhores conhecimentos sobre gerenciamento de resíduos de serviços de saúde, ao tempo que revelam compreender a importância desse processo e de si mesmos como elementos importantes para impactarem o meio ambiente e a saúde. Conclusão: A complexidade dos significados atribuídos às práticas de gerenciamento de resíduos de saúde sinaliza a dialógica entre a fragilidade de conhecimento dos profissionais de enfermagem e suas percepções ampliadas sobre os impactos que podem exercer nessa realidade.

Um breve panorama sobre a Agenda 2030, as doenças crônicas não transmissíveis e os desafios de não deixar ninguém para trás / A brief overview of the 2030 Agenda, noncommunicable diseases and the challenges of leaving no one behind / Un breve panorama de la Agenda 2030, las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles y los desafíos de no dejar a nadie atrás

Resumo: Este ensaio traz uma reflexão teórica sobre os desafios para alcançar as metas dos Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável da Agenda 2030, considerando seu lema de "não deixar ninguém para trás". Para exemplificar esses desafios, apresenta-se como pano de fundo as doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT), um dos principais temas da agenda da saúde global antes da pandemia de COVID-19, discutindo as dimensões políticas e econômicas que determinam sua presença e avanço global. Após um breve panorama sobre as DCNT, busca-se responder a três perguntas: em "Sem deixar ninguém para trás?", elencamos alguns temas para refletir sobre como e quem tem ficado historicamente para trás, aprofundando um pouco mais os exemplos ao adentrar em "Quem tem ficado para trás no mundo?" e "Quem tem ficado para trás no Brasil?". A partir de dados da literatura mais relevante e recente sobre o tema, apresentamos os desafios e alguns caminhos para não deixar ninguém para trás em um mundo em que o modo de produção tem historicamente vulnerabilizado alguns grupos sociais, com destaque para a população negra e a população indígena. Trazemos nas considerações finais a inspiração do ideograma Sankofa para lembrar que as respostas para o desenvolvimento sustentável que buscamos podem estar em algum lugar de nosso passado mais originário e tradicional, e que é preciso apostar na construção de novos caminhos a partir de outras epistemologias e cosmovisões presentes do outro lado da linha abissal.

Abstract: This essay provides a theoretical reflection on the challenges of meeting the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda, considering its motto of "leave no one behind". To exemplify these challenges, we discuss noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), one of the main issues on the global health agenda before the COVID-19 pandemic, and the political and economic dimensions that determine their presence and global spread. After a brief overview of NCDs, the text seeks to answer three questions: In "Leaving no one behind?" we list some themes to reflect on how and who has historically been left behind, delving a little deeper into the examples in "Who has been left behind in the world?" and "Who has been left behind in Brazil?". Using data from the most relevant and recent literature on the subject, we discuss the challenges and some ways to leave no one behind in a world where the mean of production has historically made some social groups vulnerable, especially black and Indigenous populations. In our final remarks, we draw inspiration from the Sankofa ideogram to remember that the answers to the sustainable development we seek may lie somewhere in our most primordial and traditional past. And that it is necessary to invest on building new paths from different worldviews and approaches to epistemology on the other side of the abyssal line.

Resumen: Este ensayo aporta una reflexión teórica acerca de los desafíos para lograr las metas de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible de la Agenda 2030, teniendo en cuenta su lema "no dejar a nadie atrás". Para ejemplificar estos desafíos, tomamos como telón de fondo las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles (ECNT), uno de los principales temas de la agenda de salud global antes de la pandemia de COVID-19, discutiendo las dimensiones políticas y económicas que determinan su presencia y avance global. Después de un breve panorama de las ECNT, el texto busca responder tres preguntas: En "¿Sin dejar a nadie atrás?" enumeramos algunos temas para reflexionar sobre cómo y quién ha quedado históricamente atrás, profundizando un poco más los ejemplos al centrarse en "¿Quién ha quedado atrás en el mundo?" y "¿Quién ha quedado atrás en Brasil?". Con base en datos de la literatura más relevante y reciente sobre el tema, presentamos los desafíos y algunas maneras de no dejar a nadie atrás en un mundo en el que el modo de producción ha vulnerabilizado históricamente a algunos grupos sociales, con énfasis en la población negra y en la población indígena. En nuestras consideraciones finales, nos inspiramos en el ideograma de Sankofa para recordar que las respuestas al desarrollo sostenible que buscamos pueden estar en algún lugar de nuestro pasado más original y tradicional. Y es necesario apostar por la construcción de nuevos caminos basados en otras epistemologías y cosmovisiones presentes al otro lado de la línea abisal.