Evaluación de la dinámica cardiaca con la aplicación de metodologías basadas en entropía proporcional y la ley Zipf-Mandelbrot.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Las metodologías fisicomatemáticas son de utilidad para el diagnóstico de la dinámica cardiaca. OBJETIVO: Comparar la aplicación de dos métodos matemáticos de evaluación de la dinámica cardiaca. Una basada en proporciones de la entropía y otra en la ley de Zipf-Mandelbrot. MÉTODO: Se tomaron 10 registros Holter, cinco de pacientes con enfermedad aguda y cinco normales. Se construyó un atractor numérico, se evaluó la probabilidad, entropía y proporciones de entropía. Para aplicar la segunda metodología se agruparon los valores de frecuencia cardiaca en rangos de 15 latidos/minuto y se aplicó la ley de Zipf-Mandelbrot para obtener la dimensión fractal estadística. Finalmente se comparó la evaluación matemática obtenida por ambas metodologías. RESULTADOS: La metodología basada en las proporciones de la entropía diferenció normalidad, enfermedad y estados intermedios. La segunda metodología diferenció normalidad de enfermedad aguda mediante el grado de complejidad. CONCLUSIÓN: Ambas metodologías establecen evaluaciones de ayuda diagnóstica de la dinámica cardiaca de forma objetiva y reproducible. La entropía proporcional permite cuantificar normalidad, enfermedad y evolución entre estados con carácter predictivo y mayor precisión. INTRODUCTION: Physical-mathematical methodologies have been useful for the diagnosis of cardiac dynamics. OBJECTIVE: To compare the application of two mathematical methodologies for cardiac dynamics evaluation, one of them based on entropy proportions and the other based on of Zipf-Mandelbrot law. METHOD: 10 Holter, 5 acute disease dynamics and 5 normal records were taken. A numerical attractor was constructed; probability, entropy and entropy proportions were evaluated. To apply the second methodology, heart rate values were grouped in 15-beat/min ranges, and Zipf-Mandelbrot's law was applied in order for the statistical fractal dimension to be obtained. Finally, the mathematical evaluation obtained by both methodologies was compared. RESULTS: The methodology based on entropy proportions differentiated normality, disease and intermediate states. The second methodology differentiated normality from acute disease through the degree of complexity. CONCLUSION: Both methodologies establish diagnostically helpful evaluations of cardiac dynamics in an objective and reproducible way. Proportional entropy allows normality, disease and evolution between states to be quantified in a predictive manner and with higher accuracy.

Association between early manifestations of infection or sepsis and prognosis in a high complexity hospital in the city of Medellín.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the first symptoms and signs of patients with suspected infection or sepsis and their association with the composite outcome of admission to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) or mortality. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study between June 2019 and March 2020. SETTING: Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación, Colombia. PATIENTS: Over 18 years of age with suspicion or confirmation of sepsis, which required hospitalization. INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN VARIABLES OF INTEREST: Symptoms and signs associated with infection, with their time of evolution, specified in the study. RESULTS: From 1005 eligible patients, 261 were included. After multivariable adjustment with a logistic regression model, the main factors for ICU admission or mortality were heart rate (OR 1.04 with 95% CI 1.04-3.7), respiratory rate (OR 1.19 with 95% CI 1.0-1.4) and capillary refill time (OR 3.4 with 95% CI 1.9-6.1). CONCLUSIONS: Heart rate, respiratory rate, and capillary refill may behave as early predictors of ICU admission and mortality in cases of sepsis.

Effect of PTSD treatment on cardiovascular reactivity during trauma memory recall and correspondence with symptom improvement.

ABSTRACTBackground: Prior research has shown PTSD treatment leads to reductions in cardiovascular reactivity during trauma recall, but the extent to which such reductions are associated with changes in PTSD symptoms is less clear. Moreover, such relationships have not been investigated in a cognitively focused PTSD treatment.Objective: To examine changes in cardiovascular reactivity to the trauma memory in patients receiving cognitive processing therapy (CPT), CPT with a written trauma account, and a written account only condition. We also examined the association of such changes with symptom improvement.Method: 118 women with PTSD secondary to interpersonal violence completed pre- and post-treatment assessments of PTSD symptoms and cardiovascular reactivity during a script-driven imagery task.Results: Results indicated a significant but modest reduction in cardiovascular reactivity in CPT conditions. Changes in cardiovascular reactivity and reexperiencing symptoms were significantly associated among the whole sample. Among individuals with the greatest reactivity to the trauma memory at pretreatment, associations were also seen with changes in total PTSD, numbing, and trauma-related guilt.Conclusions: Results indicate that previous findings on the effect of PTSD treatment on cardiovascular reactivity during trauma recall extend to cognitively oriented treatment. Baseline cardiovascular reactivity may influence the extent to which reductions in PTSD symptoms and reactivity during trauma recall are related.

Cognitive Processing Therapy leads to reduced heart rate reactivity when recalling a trauma memory.Decreases in heart rate reactivity are associated with reduced reexperiencing symptoms.Changes in heart rate reactivity and PTSD symptoms are more closely related among patients with greater pretreatment reactivity.

[Follow-up of the patient with pacemakers: Interrogation and basic programming]. / Seguimiento del paciente con marcapasos: interrogatorio y programación básica.

Permanent pacemakers are a frequently used therapeutic modality. Its use has had a great impact on the morbidity and mortality and quality of life of patients with heart rhythm disturbances, with an exponential increase observed in recent decades. The use of this strategy presents different phases, in which follow-up throughout the useful life of the device is a fundamental and determinant pillar of the efficacy and safety of this therapeutic modality. This review seeks to provide a clear and structured update of the fundamental aspects to consider in the follow-up of all patients with pacemakers. The follow-up of the patient with a pacemaker must follow a complete, systematic and periodic protocol, evaluating aspects and parameters related to the patient and the pacemaker, in order to ensure the proper and safe operation of the device adapted to the person.

Los marcapasos permanentes son una modalidad terapéutica de uso frecuente. Su empleo ha tenido un gran impacto en la morbimortalidad y calidad de vida de los pacientes con alteraciones del ritmo cardiaco, observándose en las últimas décadas un incremento exponencial. El empleo de esta estrategia presenta diferentes fases, que inician con la indicación de la estimulación, la selección del sistema de marcapaso apropiado, el procedimiento de implantación, la programación inicial y el seguimiento posterior, en la cual el seguimiento a lo largo de la vida útil del dispositivo es un pilar fundamental y determinante de la eficacia y seguridad de esta modalidad terapéutica. La presente revisión busca proporcionar una actualización clara y estructurada de los aspectos fundamentales a considerar en el seguimiento de todo paciente portador de marcapasos. El seguimiento del paciente con marcapasos debe seguir un protocolo completo, sistemático y periódico, evaluando aspectos y parámetros relacionado con el paciente y el marcapaso, con la finalidad de garantizar un funcionamiento adecuado y seguro del dispositivo adaptado a la persona.

Psychophysiological reactions during the trauma-film paradigm and their predictive value for intrusions.

Background: Adequate adaptation of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is crucial in potentially life-threatening situations. The defence cascade provides a descriptive model of progressing dominant physiological reactions in such situations, including cardiovascular parameters and body mobility. The empirical evidence for this model is scarce, and the influence of physiological reactions in this model for predicting trauma-induced intrusions is unresolved.Objectives: Using a trauma-film paradigm, we aimed to test physiological reactions to a highly stressful film as an analogue to a traumatic event along the defence cascade model. We also aimed to examine the predictive power of physiological activity for subsequent intrusive symptoms.Method: Forty-seven healthy female participants watched a stressful and a neutral film in randomized order. Heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV), and body sway were measured. Participants tracked frequency, distress, and quality of subsequent intrusions in a diary for 7 consecutive days.Results: For the stressful film, we observed an initial decrease in HR, followed by an increase, before the HR stabilized at a high level, which was not found during the neutral film. No differences in HRV were observed between the two films. Body sway and trembling frequency were heightened during the stressful film. Neither HR nor HRV predicted subsequent intrusions, whereas perceived distress during the stressful film did.Conclusions: Our results suggest that the physiological trauma-analogue response is characterized by an orientation response and subsequent hyperarousal, reaching a high physiological plateau. In contrast to the assumptions of the defence cascade model, the hyperarousal was not followed by downregulation. Potential explanations are discussed. For trauma-associated intrusions in the subsequent week, psychological distress during the film seems to be more important than physiological distress. Understanding the interaction between physiological and psychological responses during threat informs the study of ANS imbalances in mental disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder.

We used a trauma-film analogue to examine the defence cascade model and to investigate the influence of psychophysiological response on subsequent intrusions.While we found an orientation phase, upregulation phase, and coactivation indicated by heart rate, no downregulation phase was observed.None of the physiological parameters examined predicted subsequent intrusions, whereas subjective distress during the film did.

Chronotropic index and long-term outcomes in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Little is known about the usefulness of heart rate (HR) response to exercise for risk stratification in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Therefore, this study aimed to assess the association between HR response to exercise and the risk of total episodes of worsening heart failure (WHF) in symptomatic stable patients with HFpEF. METHODS: This single-center study included 133 patients with HFpEF (NYHA II-III) who performed maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing. HR response to exercise was evaluated using the chronotropic index (CIx) formula. A negative binomial regression method was used. RESULTS: The mean age of the sample was 73.2± 10.5 years; 56.4% were female, and 51.1% were in atrial fibrillation. The median for CIx was 0.4 [0.3-0.55]. At a median follow-up of 2.4 [1.6-5.3] years, a total of 146 WHF events in 58 patients and 41 (30.8%) deaths were registered. In the whole sample, CIx was not associated with adverse outcomes (death, P=.319, and WHF events, P=.573). However, we found a differential effect across electrocardiographic rhythms for WHF events (P for interaction=.002). CIx was inversely and linearly associated with the risk of WHF events in patients with sinus rhythm and was positively and linearly associated with those with atrial fibrillation. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with HFpEF, CIx was differentially associated with the risk of total WHF events across rhythm status. Lower CIx emerged as a risk factor for predicting higher risk in patients with sinus rhythm. In contrast, higher CIx identified a higher risk in those with atrial fibrillation.

Autonomic function and its relationship with central obesity and hemodynamic variables in obese and overweight adults.

Introduction: Introduction: central obesity is associated with an autonomic dysfunction characterized by an increase in sympathetic activity and a reduction in vagal tone, leading to a decrease in heart rate variability. Objective: we aimed to analyze the relationship between the time and frequency domains of heart rate variability with central obesity, and its hemodynamic variables in normal-weight, overweight and obese adults. Methods: a total of 65 adults were evaluated (25.4 ± 3.2 years old) and distributed in 3 groups: normal weight group (NW group), overweight group (OW group) and obese group (OB group). Heart rate variability parameters at rest and both anthropometric and hemodynamic variables were recorded. Results: the results showed a positive correlation between waist circunference and LF/HF ratio in the OW (p = 0.0008; r = 0.6607; r2 = 0.4365) and OB (p = 0.0001; r = 0.8286; r2 = 0.6866) groups. The waist-to-height ratio showed significant differences with HF in the NW, OW, and OB groups. The variables related to the parasympathetic system (SDNN, RMSSD, pNN50, HF) in the OB and OW groups showed a decrease in values when compared to the NW group. Likewise, the variable related to the sympathetic system (LF) in the OB and OW groups increased its values when compared with the NW group. The LF/HF ratio increased from the NW group to the OW and OB groups (1.6 ± 0.7; 2.5 ± 1.8 and 3.3 ± 0.7). Conclusion: overweight and obese adults present a modulation of sympathetic activity predominance at rest. This increased activity is represented by the time and frequency domains of heart rate variability, having an important correlation with waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio.

Introducción: Introducción: la obesidad central se asocia con una disfunción autonómica caracterizada por una mayor actividad simpática y reducción del tono vagal, conduciendo a una disminución de la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca (VFC). Objetivo: analizar la relación entre los dominios de tiempo y frecuencia de la VFC con la obesidad central y sus variables hemodinámicas en adultos con peso normal, sobrepeso y obesidad. Metodología: participaron 65 adultos (25,4 ± 3,2 años) distribuidos en 3 grupos: peso normal (grupo NW), sobrepeso (grupo OW) y obesidad (grupo OB). Se registraron los parámetros de la VFC y las variables antropométricas y hemodinámicas. Resultados: se observó una correlación positiva entre la circunferencia de la cintura y la relación LF/HF en el grupo OW (p = 0,0008; r = 0,6607; r2 = 0,4365) y OB (p = 0,0001; r = 0,8286; r2 = 0,6866). La relacion cintura/altura mostró una diferencia significativa con la HF en los grupos NW, OW y OB. La actividad parasimpática (SDNN, RMSSD, pNN50, HF) de los grupos OB y OW evidenció una disminución de los valores en comparación con el grupo NW. La actividad simpática (LF) en el grupo OB y OW presentó mayores valores que en el grupo NW. La relación LF/HF aumentó del grupo NW hacia el OW y el OB (1,6 ± 0,7; 2,5 ± 1,8 y 3,3 ± 0,7). Conclusiones: el sobrepeso y la obesidad presentan una predominancia de la actividad simpática en reposo. Este aumento de la actividad está representado en el dominio de tiempo y frecuencia de la VFC y, además, presenta una correlación importante con la circunferencia de la cintura y la relación cintura/altura.

Shock index combined with age and the Glasgow Coma Scale during the initial care of polytraumatized patients as a predictor of mortality. / Shock Index asociado a la edad y al Glasgow Coma Score como predictor de mortalidad en la atención inicial del paciente politraumatizado.

OBJECTIVES: To study whether combining age and the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) with the shock index (SI) - SIA/G - during the initial care of polytraumatized patients can improve the ability of the SI alone to predict mortality. To compare the predictive performance of the SIA/G combination to other prognostic scales: the addition of points for the GCS, age and systolic blood pressure (GAP); the Revised Trauma Score (RTS); and the Injury Severity Score (ISS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Observational cohort study of patients with severe trauma admitted to the intensive care unit of a tertiary care hospital between 2015 and 2020. We calculated the SI (heart rate/systolic blood pressure), the SI/G ratio, the product of the SI and age SIA, and the combined index: SIA/G. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROCs) for hospital mortality and 24-hour mortality were calculated for the SIA/G combination and compared to the AUROCs for the GAP, the RTS, and the ISS. RESULTS: We analyzed data for 433 patients, 47 of whom (10.9%) died. All the prognostic indexes were significantly related to mortality but the SIA/G was the best predictor of both hospital and 24-hour mortality, with AUROCs of 0.879 (95% CI, 0.83-0.93) and 0.875 (95% CI, 0.82-0.93), respectively. A score of 3.3 for the SIA/G showed 82% sensitivity and 80% specificity for hospital mortality (86% and 78%, respectively, for 24-hour mortality). The AUROCs for the GAP, RTS, and ISS indexes were lower for hospital mortality. CONCLUSION: The combined SIA/G score is a better predictor in hospital of mortality in patients with multiple injuries than the SI or the traditional GAP, RTS, and ISS indexes.

OBJETIVO: Estudiar si la edad y la puntuación Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) incrementan la predicción de mortalidad del Shock Index (SI) en la atención inicial del paciente politraumatizado y compararlo con las escalas pronósticas, GAP (Glasgow Coma Score-Age-Systolic Blood Pressure), RTS (Revised Trauma Score) e ISS (Injury Severity Score). METODO: Estudio observacional sobre una cohorte de pacientes de la unidad de cuidados críticos de un hospital de tercer nivel con diagnóstico de trauma grave entre 2015 y 2020. Se recogió el SI (FC/TAS) y el SI asociado al GCS (SI/G), a la edad (SIA) y a ambos (SIA/G). Se calculó el área bajo la curva (ABC) de la característica operativa del receptor (COR) para cada uno de ellos para la mortalidad hospitalaria (MH) y en las primeras 24 horas (M24). También se comparó el ABC COR del SIA/G con las de las escalas GAP, RTS e ISS. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 433 pacientes de los cuales fallecieron 47 (10,9%). Todos los SI se relacionaron significativamente con la mortalidad, pero el SIA/G presentó la mayor ABC COR para MH (0,879, IC 95% 0,83-0,93) y para M24 (0,875, IC 95% 0,82-0,93). El valor SIA/G de 3,3 puntos mostró una sensibilidad del 82% y especificidad del 80% para MH y del 86% y 78% para M24. El ABC COR del SIA/G para la MH fue superior a las de las escalas GAP, RTS e ISS. CONCLUSIONES: SIA/G es superior al SI y a las escalas clásicas GAP, RTS e ISS como predictor de MH del paciente politraumatizado.

[Association between autonomic disorders and subclinical atherosclerosis]. / Asociación de desórdenes autonómicos con aterosclerosis subclínica.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Alterations of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system have been proposed as precursors of the genesis and perpetuation of atherosclerosis for a long time. The objective of this study is to determine if there is an association between the presence of carotid atherosclerosis and the reduction in heart rate variability. METHODS: Using a prospective case-control design, the heart rate variability and the presence of carotid atherosclerosis was investigated in 54 patients, divided into 2groups according to the presence or absence of carotid atherosclerosis. An analysis was made of the heart rate variability variables of the frequency (spectral) domain in high frequency band, low frequency band, parasympathetic autonomic balance, and the total spectral band. RESULTS: Of the 54 individuals evaluated without previous cardiovascular disease consecutively, 26 of them (48%) presented with subclinical carotid atherosclerosis (ATE+). A reduction in heart rate variability was observed in the ATE+group represented by the low frequency (LF) spectrum (P<.0001). The parasympathetic activity specifically represented in the high frequency (HF) band was also lower in the ATE+group in the univariate analysis (P<.0001), same as the total spectral power (P<.0001), an index of integral autonomic regulation. No significant differences were found in the LF/HF analysis (P=.1598). After analysing variables with significant differences in the univariate analysis with a logistic regression model, only systolic blood preassure and the total spectral power were shown to be independent predictors of ATE+. CONCLUSION: A reduction in heart rate variability was found in subjects with carotid atherosclerosis. Some spectral components of heart rate variability, like low frequency or total spectral power, were better predictors of carotid atherosclerosis than the parasympathetic autonomic balance. In this study it seems that total spectral power is an adequate measurement for analysing autonomic function.

Recuperación de la frecuencia cardíaca en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar intersticial difusa

Introducción: La enfermedad pulmonar intersticial difusa no soporta el ejercicio, debido a la sensación de disnea y fatiga durante el esfuerzo de baja intensidad. La recuperación de la frecuencia cardíaca se relaciona con el desempeño en el test de caminata de los seis minutos. Objetivo: Determinar las diferencias sociodemográficas de la función y la capacidad pulmonar en pacientes con enfermedad intersticial difusa, a partir de la recuperación de la frecuencia cardíaca durante el test de caminata de los seis minutos. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. Se calculó la recuperación de la frecuencia cardíaca a partir de la diferencia entre el final del test y los cinco minutos de la prueba. Se conformaron dos grupos de comparación, anormal versus normal, en variables sociodemográficas de la función pulmonar y la capacidad funcional. Resultados: Se vincularon 38 pacientes en el grupo normal y en el anormal 26. En el primero predominaron la edad de 62,26 ± 15,82 y los hombres (52,6 %); mientras que en el grupo anormal los años promediaron entre 58,77 ± 13,23 y sobresalieron las mujeres (61,5 %). Se presentó un valor p < 0,05 del grupo recuperación de la frecuencia anormal en la distancia recorrida, disnea y fatiga al final, un minuto y a los cinco minutos de culminar el test. Conclusiones: Los pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar intersticial difusa con una recuperación de la frecuencia cardíaca anormal presentaron peores resultados en la distancia recorrida, volumen de oxígeno, los equivalentes metabólicos, disnea y fatiga de los miembros inferiores.

Introduction: Diffuse interstitial lung disease does not tolerate exercise, due to the sensation of dyspnea and fatigue during low-intensity exertion. Heart rate recovery is related to performance in the six-minute walk test. Objective: To determine sociodemographic differences in lung function and capacity in patients with diffuse interstitial lung disease, based on heart rate recovery during the 6-minute walk test. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was performed. Heart rate recovery was calculated from the difference between the end of the test and the five minutes of the test. Two comparison groups were formed, abnormal versus normal, in sociodemographic variables of pulmonary function and functional capacity. Results: 38 patients were included in the normal group and 26 in the abnormal group. In the normal group, age was 62.26 ± 15.82 and men were predominant (52.6 %); while in the abnormal group, age averaged 58.77 ± 13.23 and women were predominant (61.5 %). A p-value < 0.05 of the abnormal frequency recovery group was presented in the distance run, dyspnea at the end, fatigue at the end, 1 minute and at 5 minutes after the culmination of the test. Conclusions: Patients with diffuse interstitial lung disease with abnormal heart rate recovery had worse results in distance run, oxygen volume, metabolic equivalents, dyspnea and lower limb fatigue.

Smokeless tobacco: Risk factor for cardiovascular and breathing in young Indian adolescent.

BACKGROUND: Teenagers are the foremost susceptible population to smokeless tobacco usage and limited studies have surveyed the influence of smokeless tobacco on cardiac and respiratory response. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to measure consequence (cardiovascular and breathing) of smokeless tobacco usage (gutkha and chewing tobacco) among young Indian men. METHOD: On random basis, the applicants were divided into Group I (n=50) - healthy control group, Group II (n=50) - smokeless tobacco users. Anthropometric measurements and recording of blood pressure (BP), pulse wave analysis (PWV), heart rate variability (HRV) and pulmonary function test (PFT) was performed. RESULT: We observed that altogether anthropometric variables were comparable among all individuals. In blood pressure variable, except DBP, other variables for example SBP, PP and MAP were significantly increased in Group II individuals, once compare to Group I. Pulse wave analysis, (such as, AP, AIx, and SEVR), was comparable in individuals of both groups. As compare to Group I, HR was significantly increased in Group II. In HRV investigation, NN, VLF, LF, LF(nu), LF/HF were increased significantly and TSP, HF, HF(nu) were decreased significantly in Group II with compare to Group I. In PFT analysis, FVC was comparable among individuals of both the group and conversely, significant decrease in FEV1, FEV1/FVC, FEF25-75 and PEFR in Group II when compare with Group I. CONCLUSION: This study illustrate that smokeless tobacco practice has increasing adverse effects on cardiovascular as well as breathing system and become an important public health problem.

Estudio de variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca en pacientes con sospecha de fallas autonómicas. Utilización del Holter y el Diagrama de Poincare

El estudio de la regularidad de la Frecuencia Cardiaca, a través del Holter de 24 horas se hace desde la década de los años 60 y es bastante efectivo. Sin embargo, desde los años noventa comenzaron a efectuarse estudios cortos de Holter en pacientes sospechados de tener fallas autonómicas de control de la frecuencia cardiaca, especialmente en pacientes con comorbilidades tales como Hipertensión, Diabetes Mellitus, Aterosclerosis etc. De aquí la importancia de realizar un test de Holter de diez minutos, divididos en dos tiempos de 5 minutos, primero en decúbito dorsal y luego en bipedestación, especialmente en pacientes de más de cincuenta años o con comorbilidades presentes. Los resultados se presentan luego en gráficos de Poincare, que incluye el programa operativo del dispositivo, que permite un vistazo de la elipse con sus dos ejes, que representan las acciones simpáticas y parasimpáticas sobre la frecuencia cardiaca. Una variabilidad anormal de la frecuencia cardiaca debe ser luego estudiada más profundamente a fin de reafirmar el diagnóstico y ulteriores pasos en el tratamiento.

The variability of Cardiac Frequency is a valuable monitor of the autonomic function and is currently used as tool for study of changes of regularity through Holter 24 hours. From nighties, several researchers have been oriented to stablish relationship between VCF and autonomic failure, especially in patients with comorbidities, such as Hypertension, Diabetes Mellitus, atherosclerosis etc. Actually is well known that a lost or VCF or a minor variability, even in short traces of Holter in 10 minutes, means an autonomic failure, of baroreflex and quimioreflex resources. Hence, the importance of performing test of ten minutes Holter, five in decubitus position and five in standing, to patients of more than fifty years old, or less if comorbidities are presents, to design a Poincare diagram, which is special to indicate in quick view the prevalence of Sympathetic o Vagal action on cardiac frequency; that conduces to a more deep study of Autonomic failure, such tilt test, extended holter of 24 hours, and others medicals images resources.

Reflections of yoga practice on the physical performance of obese students / Reflexos da prática de ioga no desempenho físico de estudantes obesos / Reflejos de la práctica del yoga en el rendimiento físico de estudiantes obesos

ABSTRACT Introduction: Yoga practice is an activity recently implemented in the content of school physical education to guide students to participate actively in sports activities. Its impacts on the body and psychological health of students are constantly evaluated. Objective: Study the effect of yoga practice on the heart rate and cardiopulmonary capacity of obese students. Methods: 40 obese students from a high school were selected as volunteers for the experiment, randomly divided into an experimental group and a control group, with no change in location or duration of intervention between the groups. The students in the control group participated in regular school activities during physical education classes, while the experimental group performed yoga training during the same schedule. The duration was eight weeks. Results: After the experiment, the heart rate and lung function indexes of the students in the experimental group showed a statistical increase, without significant weight changes, but body fat and visceral fat were reduced, with improvement in their body composition and muscle lines. Conclusion: Yoga practice reflected a positive effect on the physical performance of obese students, positively impacting on heart rate and cardiopulmonary resistance of the students. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: A prática de ioga é uma atividade recentemente implementada no conteúdo da educação física escolar com o objetivo de orientar os estudantes a participarem ativamente das atividades esportivas, e seus impactos sobre a saúde corporal e psicológica dos estudantes são constantemente avaliados. Objetivo: Estudar o efeito da prática de ioga sobre a frequência cardíaca e a capacidade cardiopulmonar dos estudantes obesos. Métodos: 40 estudantes obesos de uma escola secundária foram selecionados como voluntários para o experimento, divididos aleatoriamente em grupo experimental e grupo de controle, sem alteração de local ou duração de intervenção entre os grupos. Os alunos do grupo de controle participaram das atividades regulares da escola durante as aulas de educação física, enquanto os alunos do grupo experimental realizam treinamento de ioga durante o mesmo horário. A duração foi de 8 semanas. Resultados: Após o experimento, os índices de frequência cardíaca e função pulmonar dos alunos do grupo experimental mostraram um aumento estatístico, sem alterações significativas no peso, mas a gordura corporal e a gordura visceral foram reduzidas, com melhora de sua composição corporal e linhas musculares. Conclusão: A prática de yoga refletiu um efeito positivo sobre o desempenho físico dos estudantes obesos, repercutindo positivamente sobre a frequência cardíaca e a resistência cardiopulmonar dos estudantes. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: La práctica de yoga es una actividad recientemente implementada en el contenido de la educación física escolar con el objetivo de orientar a los alumnos a participar activamente de las actividades deportivas, y sus impactos sobre la salud corporal y psicológica de los alumnos son constantemente evaluados. Objetivo: Estudiar el efecto de la práctica de yoga sobre la frecuencia cardiaca y la capacidad cardiopulmonar de estudiantes obesos. Métodos: 40 estudiantes obesos de un instituto de secundaria fueron seleccionados como voluntarios para el experimento, divididos aleatoriamente en grupo experimental y grupo de control, sin cambios en el lugar ni en la duración de la intervención entre los grupos. Los alumnos del grupo de control participaron en las actividades escolares habituales durante las clases de educación física, mientras que los del grupo experimental realizaron el entrenamiento de yoga en el mismo horario. La duración fue de 8 semanas. Resultados: Tras el experimento, los índices de frecuencia cardiaca y de función pulmonar de los alumnos del grupo experimental mostraron un aumento estadístico, sin cambios significativos en el peso, pero se redujeron la grasa corporal y la grasa visceral, con una mejora de su composición corporal y de las líneas musculares. Conclusión: La práctica de yoga reflejó un efecto positivo en el rendimiento físico de los estudiantes obesos, incidiendo positivamente en la frecuencia cardiaca y la resistencia cardiopulmonar de los estudiantes. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Effect of gymnastics on heart rate and physique of male college students / Efeitos da ginástica sobre a frequência cardíaca e o físico dos estudantes universitários masculinos / Efecto de la gimnasia en la frecuencia cardiaca y el físico de estudiantes universitarios varones

ABSTRACT Introduction People's living standards have gradually improved with rapid economic development, and physical exercise has become a viable alternative for people to relax and improve their quality of life. Among the forms of physical exercise, the most traditional and simplest is aerobics, despite few current studies on the physiological evidence of its adherence. Objective Evaluate the effects of aerobic gymnastics on heart rate and physique of college students. Methods 10 male college students volunteered for an experiment involving a specific aerobic gymnastics protocol over six weeks. To explore the effects of aerobic exercise on heart rate variability and physique of male college students, vital and anthropometric data were collected before and after the intervention for a statistical comparison and scientific discussion according to current literature. Results There were significant differences in heart rate variability indexes SDNN, RMSSD, TP, HF, lf/hf before and after training. Conclusion There were some significant differences in vital capacity, grip strength, flexion of sitting and standing posture after the intervention protocol. It is suggested that aerobic gymnastics training can improve cardiac function and fitness of its practitioners, especially among college students. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução O nível de vida das pessoas tem melhorado gradualmente com o rápido desenvolvimento econômico e o exercício físico tornou-se uma alternativa viável para as pessoas relaxarem e melhorarem sua qualidade de vida. Dentre as formas de exercício físico, o mais tradicional e simples é a ginástica aeróbica, apesar de poucos estudos atuais sobre as evidências fisiológicas de sua adesão. Objetivo Avaliar os efeitos da ginástica aeróbica sobre o ritmo cardíaco e sobre o físico dos estudantes universitários. Métodos 10 estudantes universitários masculinos foram voluntários para um experimento envolvendo um protocolo específico de ginástica aeróbica durante 6 semanas. No intuito de explorar os efeitos do exercício aeróbico na variabilidade do ritmo cardíaco e no físico dos estudantes universitários do sexo masculino, os dados vitais e antropométricos foram coletados antes e após a intervenção para uma comparação estatística e discussão científica segundo a bibliografia atual. Resultados houve diferenças significativas nos índices de variabilidade da frequência cardíaca SDNN, RMSSD, TP, HF, lf/hf antes e depois do treinamento. Conclusão Foram evidenciadas algumas diferenças significativas de capacidade vital, força de preensão, flexão da postura sentada e ortostática após o protocolo de intervenção. Sugere-se que o treinamento de ginástica aeróbica possa melhorar a função cardíaca e a condição física de seus praticantes, principalmente entre os estudantes universitários. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción El nivel de vida de las personas ha mejorado gradualmente con el rápido desarrollo económico y el ejercicio físico se ha convertido en una alternativa viable para que la gente se relaje y mejore su calidad de vida. Entre las formas de ejercicio físico, la más tradicional y sencilla es la gimnasia aeróbica, a pesar de los escasos estudios actuales sobre las pruebas fisiológicas de su adherencia. Objetivo Evaluar los efectos de la gimnasia aeróbica sobre la frecuencia cardiaca y el físico de estudiantes universitarios. Métodos 10 estudiantes universitarios varones se ofrecieron voluntarios para un experimento que incluía un protocolo específico de gimnasia aeróbica durante 6 semanas. Con el fin de explorar los efectos del ejercicio aeróbico sobre la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca y el físico de estudiantes universitarios varones, se recogieron datos vitales y antropométricos antes y después de la intervención para realizar una comparación estadística y una discusión científica según la bibliografía actual. Resultados Hubo diferencias significativas en los índices de variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca SDNN, RMSSD, TP, HF, lf/hf antes y después del entrenamiento. Conclusión Se evidenciaron algunas diferencias significativas en la capacidad vital, la fuerza de prensión, la flexión de sedestación y la postura ortostática tras el protocolo de intervención. Se sugiere que el entrenamiento de gimnasia aeróbica puede mejorar la función cardiaca y la forma física de sus practicantes, especialmente entre los estudiantes universitarios. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Heart rate monitoring in special training for boxers / Monitoramento de frequência cardíaca em treino especial para boxeadores / Monitorización de frecuencia cardíaca en entrenamiento especial para boxeadores

ABSTRACT Introduction Chinese boxing is an aggressive, competitive, and combative sport. During its performance, good physical fitness and a stable heart rate can determine the athletes' sports performance. Objective Study special physical training methods of Chinese boxing athletes by monitoring their heart rates. Methods The implementation period of the experiment totaled eight weeks, performed three times a week. The control group did not get any specific physical training while the experimental group received special physical training, properly protocoled. Their indices were measured before, during, and after the experiment, with classification and data analysis by Excel and SPSS software. Results The fitness data of the experimental group were significantly improved, with the heart rate more stable, corroborating the effectiveness of the special training. Conclusion The use of special physical training can optimize and better adjust the pre-existing protocol according to the athletes' real competition needs, improving the specialized physical fitness and the athletes' competitive level. It also helps stabilize the heart rate, helping athletes get better results in combat. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigating treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução O boxe chinês é um esporte agressivo, competitivo e combativo. Durante a sua execução, a boa forma física e a frequência cardíaca estável podem determinar o desempenho esportivo dos atletas. Objetivo Estudar métodos especiais de treinamento físico dos atletas de boxe chinês monitorando suas frequências cardíacas. Métodos O período de implementação do experimento totalizou oito semanas, executado três vezes por semana. O grupo de controle não obteve nenhum treinamento físico específico enquanto o grupo experimental recebeu um treinamento físico especial, devidamente protocolado. Seus índices foram mensurados antes, durante e depois do experimento, com classificação e análise de dados pelos programas Excel e SPSS. Resultados Os dados de aptidão física do grupo experimental foram significativamente aprimorados, com frequência cardíaca foi mais estável, corroborando a eficácia do treinamento especial. Conclusão O uso de treino físico especial pode otimizar e ajustar melhor o protocolo pré-existente, de acordo com as necessidades reais de competição dos atletas, melhorando a aptidão física especializada e o nível competitivo dos atletas. Também auxilia na estabilização da frequência cardíaca, ajudando os atletas a obterem melhores resultados em combate. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción El boxeo chino es un deporte agresivo, competitivo y combativo. Durante su ejecución, el buen estado físico y el ritmo cardíaco estable pueden determinar el rendimiento deportivo de los atletas. Objetivo Estudiar los métodos de entrenamiento físico especial de los atletas de boxeo chinos mediante la monitorización de sus frecuencias cardíacas. Métodos El periodo de aplicación del experimento fue de ocho semanas, realizado tres veces por semana. El grupo de control no obtuvo ningún entrenamiento físico específico, mientras que el grupo experimental recibió un entrenamiento físico especial, debidamente protocolizado. Se midieron sus índices antes, durante y después del experimento, con clasificación y análisis de datos mediante los programas Excel y SPSS. Resultados Los datos de aptitud física del grupo experimental mejoraron significativamente, con una frecuencia cardíaca más estable, lo que corrobora la eficacia del entrenamiento especial. Conclusión El uso del entrenamiento físico especial puede optimizar y ajustar mejor el protocolo preexistente, de acuerdo con las necesidades reales de competición de los atletas, mejorando la aptitud física especializada y el nivel competitivo de los atletas. También ayuda a estabilizar el ritmo cardíaco, ayudando a los atletas a obtener mejores resultados en el combate. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Effects of aerobic gymnastics on heart rate variability and physical performance in male college students / Efeitos da ginástica aeróbica sobre a variação do ritmo cardíaco e do desempenho físico dos estudantes universitários masculinos / Efectos de la gimnasia aeróbica sobre la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca y el rendimiento físico de estudiantes universitarios masculinos

ABSTRACT Introduction: There are many forms of physical exercise, and the traditional simple exercise can no longer meet people's increasing needs. With the rapid development of the economy, people's living standards have improved progressively. Exercise and fitness have become one of ways for people to relax and improve their quality of life. Objective: Analyze the effects of aerobic gymnastics on male college students' heart rate variability and physical performance. Methods: 10 male college students volunteered for a 6-week aerobic gym-based protocol. This paper discusses the influence of aerobic exercise on heart rate variability and physical fitness of 10 male college students through aerobic interventions for 6 weeks. Results: The HRV indexes SDNN, RMSSD, TP, HF, and LF/HF significantly differed before and after training. Conclusion: There are significant differences in the physical performance of volunteers such as grip strength, flexion of sitting posture, and sitting posture itself before and after the intervention. It is suggested that aerobic training can improve people's cardiac function and physical fitness. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: Existem muitas formas de exercício físico, e a forma tradicional de exercício simples já não pode satisfazer as necessidades crescentes das pessoas. Com o rápido desenvolvimento da economia, o nível de vida das pessoas tem melhorado progressivamente. O exercício físico e a condicionamento físico tornaram-se uma das formas de as pessoas relaxarem e melhorarem a sua qualidade de vida. Objetivo: Analisar os efeitos da ginástica aeróbica sobre a variação do ritmo cardíaco e desempenho físico dos estudantes universitários masculinos. Métodos: 10 estudantes universitários masculinos foram voluntários de um protocolo baseado em ginástica aeróbica com duração de 6 semanas. Este artigo discute a influência do exercício aeróbico na variabilidade do ritmo cardíaco e na aptidão física de 10 estudantes universitários masculinos através de intervenções aeróbicas por 6 semanas. Resultados: Os índices HRV SDNN, RMSSD, TP, HF e LF/HF foram significativamente diferentes antes e depois do treino. Conclusão: Existem diferenças significativas do desempenho físico dos voluntários como força de preensão, flexão da postura sentada e da própria postura sentada antes e depois da intervenção. Sugere-se que o treino aeróbico pode melhorar a função cardíaca e a condição física das pessoas. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: Hay muchas formas de ejercicio físico, y la forma tradicional de ejercicio simple ya no puede satisfacer las necesidades crecientes de la gente. Con el rápido desarrollo de la economía, el nivel de vida de la población ha mejorado progresivamente. El ejercicio físico y el acondicionamiento físico se han convertido en una de las formas de relajarse y mejorar la calidad de vida de las personas. Objetivo: Analizar los efectos de la gimnasia aeróbica sobre la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca y el rendimiento físico de estudiantes universitarios de sexo masculino. Métodos: 10 estudiantes universitarios se ofrecieron como voluntarios para un protocolo de 6 semanas de gimnasia aeróbica. Este artículo analiza la influencia del ejercicio aeróbico en la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca y la aptitud física de 10 estudiantes universitarios masculinos mediante intervenciones aeróbicas durante 6 semanas. Resultados: Los índices de HRV SDNN, RMSSD, TP, HF y LF/HF fueron significativamente diferentes antes y después del entrenamiento. Conclusión: Existen diferencias significativas en el rendimiento físico de los voluntarios como la fuerza de agarre, la flexión de la postura sentada y la propia postura sentada antes y después de la intervención. Se sugiere que el entrenamiento aeróbico puede mejorar la función cardíaca y la aptitud física de las personas. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Influência do tempo de internação hospitalar sobre a variabilidade da frequência cardíaca pediátrica por meio de método linear / Influence of hospital stay on the variability of pediatric heart rate by linear method / Influencia de la estancia hospitalaria en la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca pediátrica por método lineal

INTRODUÇÃO: A imobilização prolongada acarreta prejuízos sistêmicos que repercute diretamente em maiores agravos aos pacientes, dentre eles se encontra a redução da VFC, indicativo de maior morbimortalidade clínica. OBJETIVO: Analisar se o tempo de internação hospitalar influencia a modulação autonômica da frequência cardíaca em pacientes pediátricos. METODOLOGIA: Estudo longitudinal, quantitativo e prospectivo, realizado em uma enfermaria pediátrica. A amostra foi de pacientes entre 4 a 11 anos, ambos gêneros, internados dentro das primeiras 48 horas. A coleta iniciou após a assinatura do TCLE pelo responsável, seguida do colhimento dos dados pessoais e clínicos dos pacientes seguida da coleta da VFC, repetida no último dia de internação. A captação da VFC foi realizada pelo monitor Polar RS800CX. Os dados foram transferidos e passados por uma análise matemática no programa Kubios HRV2.2. Por fim, os dados foram tabulados e analisados pelo Microsoft Excel 2013 e software BioEstat® 5.3 respectivamente. RESULTADOS: Os valores lineares no domínio do tempo obtiveram média pré (IRR=644,7 com P=0,42; RMSSD= 46,1 com P=0,017 e SDNN=43,5 com P=0,017) e pós (IRR=656,3; RMSSD=34,8; SDNN=35,38) e no domínio da frequência média pré (LF=41,9 com P=0,013; HF=58,0 com P=0,013; LF/HF=1,03 com P=0,04) e pós (LF=52,2; HF=47,7; LF/HF=3,56). A correlação de Pearson na análise tanto de RMSSD pós x tempo de internação, quanto SDNN pós x tempo de internação demonstraram R=0,55 e R=0,59 respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: Foi observado que o tempo de internação exerce influência negativa sobre a modulação autonômica da frequência cardíaca em pacientes pediátricos.

INTRODUCTION: Prolonged immobilization causes systemic damage that has a direct impact on greater harm to patients, among which is the reduction in HRV, indicative of greater clinical morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE: To analyze whether the length of hospital stay influences the autonomic modulation of heart rate in pediatric patients. METHODOLOGY: Longitudinal, quantitative and prospective study, carried out in a pediatric ward. The sample consisted of patients between 4 and 11 years old, both genders, hospitalized within the first 48 hours. The collection began after the signature of the TCLE by the guardian, followed by the collection of the patients' personal and clinical data, followed by the HRV collection, repeated on the last day of hospitalization. HRV capture was performed by the Polar RS800CX monitor. The data were transferred and passed through a mathematical analysis in the Kubios HRV2.2 program. Finally, data were tabulated and analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2013 and BioEstat® 5.3 software, respectively. RESULTS: Linear values in the time domain obtained mean pre (IRR=644.7 with P=0.42; RMSSD=46.1 with P=0.017 and SDNN=43.5 with P=0.017) and post (IRR=656.3; RMSSD=34.8; SDNN=35.38) and in the pre mean frequency domain (LF=41.9 with P=0.013; HF=58.0 with P=0.013; LF/HF=1,03 with P=0.04) and powders (LF=52.2; HF=47.7; LF/HF=3.56). Pearson's correlation in the analysis of both the RMSSD post x length of stay and the SDNN post x length of stay showed R=0.55 and R=0.59 respectively. CONCLUSION: It was observed that the length of stay has a negative influence on the autonomic modulation of heart rate in pediatric patients.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La inmovilización prolongada provoca daños sistémicos que repercuten directamente en un mayor perjuicio para los pacientes, entre los que se encuentra la disminución de la VFC, indicativa de una mayor morbimortalidad clínica. OBJETIVO: Analizar si la duración de la estancia hospitalaria influye en la modulación autonómica de la frecuencia cardiaca en pacientes pediátricos. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio longitudinal, cuantitativo y prospectivo, realizado en una planta de pediatría. La muestra consistió en pacientes entre 4 y 11 años, de ambos sexos, hospitalizados dentro de las primeras 48 horas. La recogida se inició tras la firma del TCLE por el tutor, seguida de la recogida de los datos personales y clínicos de los pacientes, seguida de la recogida de la VFC, repetida el último día de hospitalización. La captura de la VFC se realizó con el monitor Polar RS800CX. Los datos se transfirieron y pasaron por un análisis matemático en el programa Kubios HRV2.2. Finalmente, los datos fueron tabulados y analizados utilizando Microsoft Excel 2013 y el software BioEstat® 5.3, respectivamente. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvieron valores lineales en el dominio temporal medios pre (TIR=644,7 con P=0,42; RMSSD=46,1 con P=0,017 y SDNN=43,5 con P=0,017) y post (TIR=656,3; RMSSD=34. 8; SDNN=35,38) y en el dominio de la frecuencia media pre (LF=41,9 con P=0,013; HF=58,0 con P=0,013; LF/HF=1,03 con P=0,04) y polvos (LF=52,2; HF=47,7; LF/HF=3,56). La correlación de Pearson en el análisis tanto de la RMSSD post x duración de la estancia como de la SDNN post x duración de la estancia mostró R=0,55 y R=0,59 respectivamente. CONCLUSIÓN: Se observó que la duración de la estancia influye negativamente en la modulación autonómica de la frecuencia cardíaca en pacientes pediátricos.

Recuperación aguda de la frecuencia cardíaca en una sesión de functional fitness y su relación con el consumo máximo de oxígeno

Fundamento: la frecuencia cardiaca de recuperación en esfuerzos físicos es un indicador relevante para los profesionales de la salud y el deporte. Objetivo: relacionar la recuperación aguda de la frecuencia cardíaca en una sesión submáxima de functional fitness con el consumo máximo de oxígeno en sujetos físicamente activos. Mètodos: estudio descriptivo de enfoque cuantitativo con una muestra a conveniencia conformada por 14 hombres (edad 21,32±4,36 años; masa corporal 71,42±14,68 kg; talla 1,75±0,17 m; IMC 23,01±3,61 kg/m2) y 5 mujeres (edad 22,81±3,48 años; masa corporal 65,82±8,45 kg; talla 1,56±0,21 m; IMC 21,54±1,35 kg/m2), estos realizaron en dos días separados por 48 horas una prueba maximal e incremental cardiorrespiratoria (Course-Navette) y el WOD Pukie (150 burpees en el menor tiempo posible). Se registró la frecuencia cardiaca máxima, frecuencia cardiaca de la sesión, frecuencia cardiaca de recuperación (1, 2 y 3 minutos). Se aplicaron la prueba de normalidad de Shapiro-Wilk y el coeficiente correlacional de Pearson (95 % de confianza y un p-valor de 0,05). Resultados: el consumo máximo de oxígeno no se relacionó significativamente en hombres (p>0,05), en el caso de las mujeres fue positivo con la frecuencia cardiaca de recuperación en todos los lapsos, pero con significación en 1 minuto (r = 0,81; p<0,05) y 3 minutos (r = 0,93; p<0,01). Conclusiones: el consumo máximo de oxígeno se relacionó positiva y significativamente con la frecuencia cardiaca de recuperación en una sesión de functional fitness en mujeres físicamente activas.

Foundation: the recovery heart rate in physical efforts is a relevant indicator for health and sports professionals. Objective: to relate the acute recovery of the heart rate in a submaximal functional fitness session with the maximum oxygen consumption in physically active subjects. Methods: descriptive study with a quantitative approach with a convenience sample made up of 14 men (age 21.32±4.36 years; body mass 71.42±14.68 kg; height 1.75±0.17 m; BMI 23 01±3.61 kg/m2) and 5 women (age 22.81±3.48 years; body mass 65.82±8.45 kg; height 1.56±0.21 m; BMI 21.54± 1.35 kg/m2), they performed a maximal and incremental cardiorespiratory test (Course-Navette) and the WOD Pukie (150 burpees in the shortest possible time) on two days separated by 48 hours. Maximum heart rate, session heart rate, and recovery heart rate (1, 2, and 3 minutes) were recorded. The Shapiro-Wilk normality test and the Pearson correlation coefficient (95% confidence and a p-value of 0.05) were applied. Results: the maximum oxygen consumption was not significantly related in men (p>0.05), in the case of women it was positive with the recovery heart rate in all periods, but with significance in 1 minute (r = 0 .81; p<0.05) and 3 minutes (r = 0.93; p<0.01). Conclusions: maximal oxygen consumption was positively and significantly related to recovery heart rate in a functional fitness session in physically active women.

Biochemical and Physiological Responses in Sedentary Subjects During the Evaluation of Maximum Oxygen Uptake / Respuestas funcionales durante una prueba de consumo máximo de oxígeno en sujetos sedentarios / Respostas funcionais durante um teste de absorção máxima de oxigênio em indivíduos sedentários

Abstract: Introduction: The use of incremental exercise tests (IET) to evaluate the individual's acute responses is an essential tool in Physical Activity Science. Objective: This paper aims to analyze the behavior between biochemical and physiological variables as aerobic-anaerobic transition indicators during two incremental exercise tests, which measure the maximum oxygen uptake in healthy subjects. Methodology: The sample consisted of two individuals, who were thirty-three and twenty-five years old, respectively. During the execution of the tests, the following materials and tools were used: a portable glucometer, a portable lactometer, reactive tapes, a treadmill, a stationary Cycle Ergometer Monark®, a heart rate monitor Polar®, a gas analyzer, software Breeze®, a computer, tools for recording data, and a pencil. Results: the high inverse correlation between the Glycemic index and VO2 (r: -0,853) and the Glycemic and CO2 (r: -0,851) are notable. Moreover, the detection of thresholds for each subject through blood lactate invasive and non-invasive methods, such as heart rate (HR), is also shown. Conclusion: A clear explanation of Respiratory Quotient (RQ) behavior is given during the Cycle-ergometer test, concluding that this type of protocol is safe for the group under study and that the validity of the results is in accordance with theoretical expectations.

Resumen: Introducción: La ejecución de pruebas físicas incrementales para evaluar las respuestas agudas del individuo, representa una herramienta fundamental en el área de las ciencias de la actividad física. Objetivo: En este sentido, el presente trabajo tiene como objetivo el análisis del comportamiento entre variables bioquímicas y fisiológicas como indicadores de la transición aerobio-anaeróbica en la ejecución de dos test incrementales que miden el consumo máximo de oxígeno, en sujetos sedentarios. Metodología: La muestra se conformó por dos individuos, los cuales presentan edades de treinta y tres y veinticinco años, respectivamente. En el desarrollo de la prueba se utilizaron los siguientes materiales e instrumentos: un glucómetro portátil, un lactómetro portátil, cintas reactivas, treadmill, cicloergomertro Monark ®, pulsometro marca polar ®, analizador de gases, software Breeze ®, computador, instrumentos de registro de datos y lápiz. Resultados: destacan la alta correlación inversa presente entre los valores de glicemia y VO2 (r: -0,853), así como Glicemia y CO2 (r: -0,851) del mismo modo se muestra la detección de los Umbrales para cada sujeto mediante métodos invasivos del lactacidemia y no invasivos como la frecuencia cardíaca. Conclusión: También se ejecuta una explicación clara del comportamiento del cociente respiratorio en la prueba ejecutada con el cicloergómetro, concluyendo que este tipo de protocolos son seguros para el grupo en estudio y la validez de los resultados es acorde con las expectativas teóricas.

Resumo: Introdução: A execução de testes físicos incrementais para avaliar as respostas agudas do indivíduo representa uma ferramenta fundamental na área das ciências da atividade física. Objetivo: Neste sentido, o presente trabalho visa analisar o comportamento entre as variáveis bioquímicas e fisiológicas como indicadores da transição aeróbico-anaeróbica na execução de dois testes incrementais que medem o consumo máximo de oxigênio em sujeitos sedentários. Metodologia: A amostra consistiu de dois indivíduos, com trinta e três e vinte e cinco anos de idade, respectivamente. Os seguintes materiais e instrumentos foram utilizados no desenvolvimento do teste: um glicosímetro portátil, um lactômetro portátil, tiras de teste, esteira, cicloergômetro Monark®, pulsômetro polar®, analisador de gás, software Breeze®, computador, instrumentos de registro de dados e lápis. Resultados: A alta correlação inversa entre glicemia e VO2 (r: -0,853), assim como glicemia e CO2 (r: #0,851) e a detecção dos limiares para cada sujeito usando métodos invasivos como lactacidemia e métodos não-invasivos como a frequência cardíaca. Conclusão: Uma explicação clara do comportamento do quociente respiratório no teste executado com o cicloergômetro também é executada, concluindo que este tipo de protocolos são seguros para o grupo em estudo e a validade dos resultados está de acordo com as expectativas teóricas.

Intervención Psicofisiológica basada en la Teoría Polivagal para Manejo del Dolor Lumbar Crónico / Psychophysiological Intervention based on the Polyvagal Theory for the Management of Chronic Low Back Pain

Resumen El dolor lumbar crónico es un padecimiento común asociado a problemas físicos y afectivos. Recientemente, Dana (2019) sugirió un conjunto de estrategias psicológicas breves, basadas en los principios de la Teoría Polivagal, para el manejo del estrés, sin embargo, su uso no se ha aplicado en el campo del dolor. El presente estudio evaluó la eficacia de un plan de tratamiento en regulación autonómica del complejo vagal ventral para la disminución de la intensidad e interferencia del dolor, así como el efecto sobre la ansiedad, la depresión y catastrofización. Mediante un estudio pre experimental, con un muestreo no probabilístico, se utilizó un diseño de medidas repetidas para evaluar los efectos de un programa breve en pacientes con lumbalgia, sobre medidas psicométricas de dolor, ansiedad, depresión y catastrofización, así como la regulación fisiológica autonómica de la Frecuencia Cardiaca y la Temperatura Periférica. Los resultados revelaron una disminución significativa (p < .05) de la interferencia del dolor del estado anímico, el trabajo, la ansiedad, depresión y la catastrofización; así como un incremento en la temperatura periférica. Esto sugiere que el tratamiento fue eficaz para el manejo de problemas afectivos de estos pacientes, y consistente con los niveles de activación fisiológica propuestos por la Teoría Polivagal.

Abstract Chronic low back pain is a common chronic pain condition, associated with physical and emotional problems. Recently, Dana (2019) suggested a set of brief psychological strategies, based on the principles of the Polyvagal Theory, for stress management in people with chronic affective problems; however, no use has not been applied in the field of pain. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a treatment plan based on the autonomic regulation of the ventral vagal complex for the reduction of pain intensity, mood, behavioral and social interference, as well as the effect on anxiety, depression, and catastrophizing associated with pain. Through a pre-experimental study, with a non-probabilistic demonstration, a repeated measures design was obtained to evaluate the effects of a brief program in patients with low back pain, on validated psychometric measures of pain, anxiety, depression, and catastrophizing, as well as autonomic physiological regulation. Heart rate and peripheral temperature. Results revealed a significant (p < .05) decrease in pain interference from mood, work, anxiety, depression, and catastrophizing, as well as an increase in peripheral temperature. This suggests that the treatment was effective in managing the affective problems of these patients, and consistent with the levels of physiological activation proposed by the Polyvagal Theory on the affective state.