Gender and Country of birth inequalities in occupational diseases compensation rate in Italy: INAIL data base analysis (2010-2013). / Ineguaglianze per genere e per Paese di nascita nel riconscimento delle malattie professionali in Italia: analisi dalla ganca dati statistica INAIL (2010-2013).

BACKGROUND: In Italy and in Europe occupational diseases (OD) claims are growing among women, and international studies show women's lower compensation rate. OBJECTIVES: Analysis of occupational diseases compensation rate among "Italian" women (country of birth: Italy) and "immigrant" women (country of birth: not Italy) focusing on biomechanical overload of the upper limb, the most common OD in Italy. METHODS: INAIL (Italian National Institute for Insurance against Accidents at Work) statistical data (2010-2013) on ascertained OD in Industry-Services (I-S) were analyzed by gender and country of birth with particular attention to biomechanical overload of the upper limb and to occupational diseases not included in the official OD list. RESULTS: A significantly lower compensation rate was found among women (Italy: 39% females vs 43% males; not Italy: 32.5% females vs 36% males). Women's lower success rate was also found for biomechanical overload of the upper limb (Italy: 73% females vs 76% males; not Italy: 64% females vs 70% males), including carpal tunnel syndrome (Italy: 72% females vs 74% males; not Italy: 62% females vs 64% males) and supraspinatus muscle tendinitis (Italy: 71% females vs 79% males; not Italy: 62.5% females vs 72.5% males). Women's claims were more frequent for OD not in the official list (Italy: 53% females vs 51% males; not Italy: 54% females vs 53% males) and had a lower rate of recognition and compensation (Italy: 13% females vs 19% males; not Italy 10% females vs 14% males). Since 2010 women compensation rate has shown a reduction after the initial amelioration in 2008 when biomechanical overload of the upper limb was included in the official list of OD. CONCLUSIONS: An overall lower compensation rate among "Italian" and "immigrant" women was found for biomechanical overload disorders of the upper limb and for not officially recognized occupational diseases. Good gender-oriented preventive practices should be promoted.

The Cost of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis in 5 European Countries: A Systematic Review. / Coste de la psoriasis y artritis psoriásica en cinco países de Europa: una revisión sistemática.

INTRODUCTION: While the introduction of biologics has improved the quality of life of patients with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis, it may have increased the economic burden of these diseases. OBJECTIVE: To perform a systematic review of studies on the costs associated with managing and treating psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis in 5 European countries: Germany, Spain, France, Italy, and the United Kingdom. METHODS: We undertook a systematic review of the literature (up to May 2015) using the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases. The methodological quality of the studies identified was evaluated using the Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards checklist. We considered both direct costs (medical and nonmedical) and indirect costs, adjusted for country-specific inflation and converted to international dollars using purchasing power parity exchange rates for 2015 ($US PPP). RESULTS: The search retrieved 775 studies; 68.3% analyzed psoriasis and 31.7% analyzed psoriatic arthritis. The total annual cost per patient ranged from US $2,077 to US $13,132 PPP for psoriasis and from US $10,924 to US $17,050 PPP for psoriatic arthritis. Direct costs were the largest component of total expenditure in both diseases. The severity of these diseases was associated with higher costs. The introduction of biologics led to a 3-fold to 5-fold increase in direct costs, and consequently to an increase in total costs. CONCLUSIONS: We have analyzed the economic burden of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis and shown that costs increase with the treatment and management of more severe disease and the use of biologics.

Relations between species rarity, vulnerability, and range contraction for a beetle group in a densely populated region in the Mediterranean biodiversity hotspot.

Rarity is often considered an indication of species extinction risk, and it is frequently used to obtain measures of species vulnerability. However, there is no strong evidence of a correlation between species vulnerability and threat. Moreover, there is no consensus about how rarity should be measured. I used a multidimensional characterization of species rarity to calculate a vulnerability index for tenebrionid beetles inhabiting an Italian region in the Mediterranean biodiversity hotspot. I used different metrics to examine 3 dimensions of rarity: species range, ecology, and population. Species with rarity values below the median were scored as rare for each dimension. I combined rarity scores into a vulnerability index. I then correlated species vulnerability with range trends (expanded vs. contracted). Different measures of the same rarity dimension were strongly correlated and produced similar vulnerability scores. This result indicates rarity-based vulnerability estimates are slightly affected by the way a certain rarity dimension is measured. Vulnerability was correlated with range trends; species with the highest vulnerability had the strongest range contraction. However, a large number of common species also underwent range contraction in the last 50 years, and there was no clear relation between range contraction and their ecology. This indicates that in general human-induced environmental changes affected species irrespective of their assumed vulnerability and that focusing only on rare species may severely bias perceptions of the extent of species decline.

From real to virtual prism adaptation therapy: a systematic review on benefits and challenges of a new potential rehabilitation approach.

Prism adaptation (PA) is a sensorimotor technique that has been shown to alleviate neglect symptoms. Due to its demonstrated functional effectiveness, PA has recently been implemented in virtual reality environments. However, research on virtual prism adaptation (VPA) is limited and it lacks a standardized methodological approach. It is crucial to investigate whether VPA can be effective in inducing traditional effect of PA and to have potential utility in a rehabilitation context. Clarifying this aspect would allow the use of VPA in a wider range of contexts and neurological disorders, with the additional opportunity to overcome PA traditional limits. The aim of the present study is to revise current literature on VPA in both healthy individuals and patients highlighting also its advantages and limitations. Studies performed between 2013 and 2023 and fulfilling the inclusion criteria were searched on three electronic databases, by combining the terms "Virtual prism adaptation" and "Virtual prism adaptation therapy. Out of 123 articles, only 16 met the inclusion criteria. The current literature review suggests that VPA may serve as a potentially useful tool for inducing visuomotor adaptation, with most studies conducted in healthy individuals. The high variability in the methodologies observed among studies suggests that more standardized approaches are needed to gain a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying adaptation and aftereffects when PA is administered in a virtual environment. Future studies should also address practical applications and clinical efficacy of VPA, particularly in patients with spatial neglect.

Morphological Characterization of Two Light Italian Turkey Breeds.

We aimed to investigate the variability within turkeys' phenotypical traits in two Italian heritage breeds: Brianzolo (BRZ) and Nero d'Italia (NIT), as analyzed through morphometry, morphometrical indexes, linear scoring, and colorimetric indexes. A total of 92 birds were measured, weighed, and scored (46 NIT: M/F = 19/27; 46 BRZ: M/F = 19/27). Live weight (LW), total body length (BL, excluding feathers), keel length (KL), chest circumference (BC), wingspan (WS), shank length (SL), shank diameter (SD), and shank circumference (SC). Massiveness (MASS), stockiness (STOCK), and long-leggedness (LLEG) indexes were also calculated. The body condition score (BCS) applied a linear evaluation to nutritional status and muscular development. Colorimetric indexes (L*, a*, b*) were recorded, sampling skin and shank. Data were analyzed using GLM procedures and PCA. NIT was the heaviest breed (4.89 vs. 4.07 kg; p ≤ 0.05). In both breeds, sexual dimorphism was visible in the LW trait with males (M) weighing significantly heavier than females (F) (p ≤ 0.05). NIT birds recorded the highest BL values: 58.44 vs. 57.15 cm (p ≤ 0.05). MASS was higher in NIT (8.26 vs. 7.0; p ≤ 0.05), and STOCK was higher in BRZ (82.62 vs. 85.37; p ≤ 0.05). Colorimetric indexes revealed significant differences in skin lightness (L*) and redness (a*). For shank color, the breed significantly affected differences in the indexes. This study characterizes these breeds at high risk of genetic erosion and extinction, which will help the morphological standardization of birds and the enhancement of genetic variability.

Cover cropped and tilled table grape vineyard: Data on leaves and stems.

Data presented are on mass, length, SPAD and some physiological parameters of leaves and stems in a table grape vineyard of Italia variety grafted onto 1103 Paulsen, covered with a plastic sheet to advance ripening and managed with two soil systems in the Puglia region, South-eastern Italy in 2015 and 2016. The two systems differed for the soil management since in one area of the vineyard a cover crop was used (Trifolium repens L.), whereas in the other area only soil tillage was adopted. The data of the two seasons include: (a) mass of leaves of primary shoot, secondary shoot and opposite the cluster; (b) length of secondary shoots; (c) number of both secondary shoots and leaves of secondary shoots; (d) SPAD values and area of leaves opposite both first and second cluster on the primary shoot; (e) mass of stems of both primary and secondary shoots; and (f) some physiological parameters (Ψstem, temperature, Fv/Fm). The data in this article support and augment information presented in the research article 'Cover crops in the inter-row of a table grape vineyard managed with irrigation sensors: effects on yield, quality and glutamine synthetase activity in leaves' (Sci. Hortic. 281, 2021 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2021.109963).

Potent In Vitro Activity of Citrus aurantium Essential Oil and Vitis vinifera Hydrolate Against Gut Yeast Isolates from Irritable Bowel Syndrome Patients-The Right Mix for Potential Therapeutic Use.

BACKGROUND: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional disorder without any pathological alteration, in which the alterations of the Candida/Saccharomyces ratio of the gut microbiota, the balance of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines and the brain-gut-microbiome axis are important for the development and progression of IBS. The aim of the study was to identify natural products, including essential oils or hydrolates, which were contextually harmless for the gut beneficial strains (e.g. Saccharomyces spp.) but inhibitory for the pathogenic ones (Candida spp.). METHODS: The effectiveness of 6 essential oils and 2 hydrolates was evaluated using microbiological tests, carried out on 50 clinical isolates (Candida, Saccharomyces and Galattomyces species) and 9 probiotic strains (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Lactobacillus species, Akkermansia muciniphila and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii) and immunological and antioxidant assays. RESULTS: The study led to a mixture based on a 1/100 ratio of Citrus aurantium var. amara essential oil / Vitis vinifera cv Italia hydrolate able to contextually reduce, in a concentration-dependent manner, the ability of Candida species to form hyphal filaments and have an interesting immunomodulatory and anti-oxidant action. This mixture can potentially be useful in the IBS treatment promoting the restoration of the intestinal microbial and immunological balance.

Moving for Cures: Breast Cancer and Mobility in Italy.

I combine the theoretical tools of medical anthropology and the framework of mobility studies to explore the intranational movements of women with breast cancer from Southern and Northern Italy. Differences include patients' technical and moral evaluations of doctors, that influence the patients' definitions of cure and illness experiences through their mobility and immobility. These (im)mobilities are, in turn, linked to the material and symbolic inequalities between Southern and Northern Italy and to the stigma attached to the south. These (im)mobilities suggest the need to further articulate the concept of cure.

Jesus is in Favor: Catholicism and Assisted Reproduction in Italy.

While religion is part of the modernities of assisted reproductive technologies (ART), this has mainly been investigated in non-Western or non-Christian contexts. In this article, I argue that in contemporary Italy, Catholicism affects not only law- and policymaking processes but also (prospective) parents' experiences of ART and donor conception in contradictory and unexpected ways. Officially, the Roman Church strongly opposes ART, but Catholic principles, affiliations, and rituals are mobilized in ways that contribute to legitimizing and making sense of ART as a means to create kinship and reproduce Italian national identity.

Hand Anthropometry of Italian Elite Male Swimmers / Antropometría de la Mano en Nadadores Italianos Masculinos de Élite

SUMMARY: Hand size is part of the anthropometric parameters that are assessed in swimmers to select elite athletes, as certain anthropometric relationships involving hand measurements are significantly correlated with sports performance in various swimming disciplines. The authors present the results of the anthropometric study carried out on the hands of 15 elite male Italian swimmers from to the Italian national open water swimming team. All swimmers participated at least once in World Cup and Absolute Italian Championships, winning at least one medal in their sporting career. In particular, the sample includes a medallist at the World Championships, a winner of the World Cup ultra swim marathon circuit and medallists at the European Championships. The sample consisted of 15 elite male swimmers with a mean age of 28.93 years. The following anthropometric measurements were taken on each athlete: Stature; weight; seven dimensions on each hand: hand length; hand breadth metacarpal; palm length; middle finger length; index finger length; thumb distance; and the distance from the thumb root to first flexure line of the index finger - trigger length. The size of the hands is an important factor in the swimmer's propulsion and push as a larger hand allows for greater support in the water and consequently generates more resistance. The anthropometric characteristics of the hands of Italian swimmers are missing from the anthropometric data already reported in the literature and can be used to make comparisons with elite athletes from other nations. Furthermore, anthropometric measurements could be used as predictors to estimate the swimmers' chance of success.

El tamaño de la mano es uno de los parámetros antropométricos que se evalúan en los nadadores para seleccionar a los deportistas de élite. Los autores presentan los resultados de un estudio antropométrico realizado en las manos de 15 nadadores italianos masculinos de élite pertenecientes al equipo nacional de natación en aguas abiertas. Todos los nadadores participaron al menos una vez en Copas del Mundo y Campeonatos de Italia, ganando al menos una medalla en su carrera deportiva. En concreto, la muestra incluye un medallista en los Campeonatos del Mundo, un ganador de la Copa del Mundo del circuito de ultra maratón de natación y medallistas en los Campeonatos de Europa. La muestra consta de 15 nadadores masculinos de élite con una edad media de 28,93 años. Se tomaron las siguientes medidas antropométricas a cada atleta: estatura; peso; siete dimensiones en cada mano: longitud de la mano, anchura de la mano en el metacarpiano, longitud de la palma, longitud del primer, segundo y tercer dedo, distancia entre la raíz del primer dedo y la primera línea de flexión del segundo dedo. El tamaño de las manos es un factor importante para la propulsión y el empuje del nadador, ya que una mano más grande permite un mayor apoyo en el agua y, en consecuencia, genera más resistencia. Las características antropométricas de las manos de los nadadores italianos faltan en los datos antropométricos recolectados en la literatura y pueden utilizarse para hacer comparaciones con los atletas de élite de otras naciones. Además, las medidas antropométricas podrían utilizarse como predictores para estimar las posibilidades de éxito de los nadadores.

[Primary care in Italy]. / La atención primaria en Italia.

Italy is not a country where Spanish doctors emigrate, as there is an over-supply of health care professionals. The Italian Servizio Sanitario Nazionale has some differences compared to the Spanish National Health System. The Servizio Sanitario Nazionale is financed by national and regional taxes and co-payments. There are taxes earmarked for health, and Primary Care receives 50% of the total funds. Italian citizens and residents in Italy have the right to free health cover. However, there are co-payments for laboratory and imaging tests, pharmaceuticals, specialist ambulatory services, and emergencies. Co-payments vary in the different regions. The provision of services is regional, and thus fragmentation and major inequities are the norm. Doctors in Primary Care are self-employed and from 2000 onwards, there are incentives to work in multidisciplinary teams. Salary is regulated by a national contract and it is the sum of per-capita payments and extra resources for specific activities. Responsibilities are similar to those of Spanish professionals. However, medical care is more personal. Relationships between Primary Care and specialised care depend on the doctors' relationships. Primary Care doctors are gatekeepers for specialised care, except for gynaecology, obstetrics and paediatrics. Specialised training is compulsory in order to work as general practitioner. The Italian Health Care System is a national health system like the Spanish one. However, health care professionals are self-employed, and there are co-payments. In spite of co-payments, Italians have one of the highest average life expectancy, and they support a universal and publicly funded health-care system.

Nitrogen Distribution in Annual Growth of 'Italia' Table Grape Vines.

Little information is available about nitrogen (N) content and its concentration in table grape vines. Knowledge of the quantity of N accumulated by the vine organs during the season could support sustainable fertilization programs for table grape vineyards. The aim of the present study was to determine the N content and its concentration in different annual organs, including summer and winter pruning materials, clusters at harvest, and fallen leaves at post-harvest. Specifically, biomass and N were analyzed at six phenological growth stages (flowering, berry-set, berry growth, veraison, ripening, and harvest) from 2012 to 2015. Nitrogen concentration was highest (>40 g/kg d.w.) in the leaves of the secondary shoots at flowering, whereas values >30 g/kg were measured in the leaves of the primary shoots. Nitrogen concentration in the clusters at harvest was 5.3-7.6 g/kg with an accumulation of 18.6-25.4 g/vine in the seasons. The decrease of N content in the primary leaves after flowering indicated a remobilization toward the clusters, which acted as a stronger sink. Later in the season (veraison-ripening), leaves translocated N to permanent organs and primary stems. Pruned wood and fallen leaves accounted for the largest N removal from the vine after clusters, 6.0-7.9 and 9.2-10.2 g/vine, respectively. With regard of the vine annual biomass, the growth followed a sigmoidal model reaching 7300-7500 g of d.w./vine at harvest. Vine leaf area, including both primary and secondary leaves, peaked at veraison (17-21 m2). Vines accumulated ≅35 g/vine of N at harvest, not considering the N removed with the intense summer pruning practices (≅7 g/vine) and the fraction mobilized toward the storage organs (10-15 g/vine). The overall N required by the vine was around 50-55 g/vine, which corresponded to ≅80 kg of N/ha in a vineyard with 1500 vines and a yield of 40 t/ha. Summer and winter pruning practices removed 29-31 g/vine of N which will be partly available (to be considered in the fertilization schedule) for the vine in the successive years if pruned residues were incorporated and mineralized in the soil.

Um diálogo com andrea canevaro / A conversation with andrea canevaro

RESUMO Esta entrevista tem como objetivo compartilhar as reflexões de Andrea Canevaro, um estudioso considerado o principal acadêmico que se dedicou à Educação Especial e à inclusão escolar na Itália, nos últimos 40 anos, com trabalho que se desdobra em muitos outros países, o qual contempla atividades de formação de profissionais, coordenação de projetos e assessoria a órgãos públicos no campo educacional. Por meio de um diálogo, procurou-se dar destaque às dimensões históricas e aos desafios atuais concernentes às políticas de inclusão escolar, às mudanças na organização dos serviços e ao avanço de novas perspectivas na compreensão de fenômenos como a deficiência. A análise procura colocar em evidência dinâmicas que favoreceram as transformações na organização dos serviços e a criação de novas alternativas no campo pedagógico.

ABSTRACT This interview aims to share Andrea Canevaro's reflections, a scholar considered the main academic who has dedicated himself to Special Education and school inclusion in Italy, in the last 40 years, with work that unfolds in many other countries, which includes training activities for professionals, project coordination and consulting services for public institutions in the educational field. Through a dialog, it was sought to shed light on the historical dimensions and current challenges related to school inclusion policies, changes in the organization of services and the promotion of new perspectives in the understanding of phenomena such as disability. This analysis aims to highlight dynamics that have favored changes in the organization of services and the creation of new alternatives in the pedagogical field.

História oral e ética: um olhar comparativo entre Brasil, Canadá e Itália / Oral history and ethics: a comparative gaze on Brazil, Canada, and Italy

Resumo O artigo apresenta um diálogo entre as experiências brasileiras, canadenses e italianas quanto aos desafios colocados por avaliações éticas "externas" (feitas por comitês de ética e órgãos correlatos) e "internas" (resultante dos debates dos/as próprios/as pesquisadores/as) à história oral. Pretende demonstrar as diferentes maneiras de lidar com as imposições estranhas à área, revelar as estratégias de ação colocadas em prática e destacar questões centrais para o trabalho responsável com história oral. O espírito que anima a escrita é o de repensar as próprias experiências e de aprender com as alheias.

Abstract This article presents a dialogue between the experiences of Brazil, Canada, and Italy in addressing the challenges posed by ethical evaluations, both "external" (by ethics committees and related bodies) and "internal" (in debates among researchers themselves), of oral history. It attempts to demonstrate the different ways impositions from outside the area have been handled, the action strategies adopted, and issues central to responsible work in the sphere of oral history. It is written with the spirit of rethinking one's own experiences and learning from those of others.

Psychological reality and psychoanalysis at the Padua Laboratory of Psychology / Realidad psicológica y psicoanálisis en el Laboratorio de Psicología de Padua

Abstract As it spread across Italy, psychoanalysis captured the interest of Italian psychologists, namely Vittorio Benussi (1878-1927) and Cesare Musatti (1897-1989). Benussi, who was trained as an experimental psychologist according to the Gegenstandstheorie School of Graz in 1919, came to Italy and became a full professor of experimental psychology in Padua. He undertook a program of study called "psychological reality" that comprised hypnosuggestion and psychoanalysis. This article shows that Benussi's hypnosuggestion experiments and Musatti's theorization of the reality of fantasy were attempts to upgrade the study of psychological phenomena to the level of physical phenomena in a theoretical context in which psychoanalysis was considered part of a general psychology.

Resumen A medida que se extendía por Italia, el psicoanálisis captó el interés de los psicólogos italianos Vittorio Benussi (1878-1927) y Cesare Musatti (1897-1989). Benussi, se formó como psicólogo experimental según la Escuela Gegenstandstheorie de Graz en 1919, llegó a Italia y se convirtió en profesor titular de psicología experimental en Padua. Realizó un programa de estudio llamado "realidad psicológica" que comprendía hipnosugestión y psicoanálisis. Este artículo muestra que los experimentos de hipnosugestión de Benussi y la teorización de la realidad de la fantasía de Musatti fueron intentos de elevar el estudio de los fenómenos psicológicos al nivel de los fenómenos físicos en un contexto teórico en el que se consideraba el psicoanálisis parte de una psicología general.

Francesco Federico Falco, el médico italiano que luchó por la independencia de Cuba

RESUMEN La lucha por la independencia de Cuba contó con numerosos partidarios en Europa, pero la contribución más notable de sacrificio y sangre fue la ofrecida por Italia. Entre los italianos que apoyaron la libertad para Cuba, estuvo el doctor Francesco Federico Falco, graduado de médico en la Universidad de Roma y especializado en cirugía. Como secretario del Comité Italiano por la libertad de Cuba, realizó una intensa labor propagandística de solidaridad por la causa independentista de los cubanos. El objetivo de este trabajo es evocar la actitud revolucionaria del médico italiano que participó en la guerra de 1895, a favor de la causa cubana. El doctor Falco se unió al Ejército Libertador en 1898, para prestar servicios como médico en el cuerpo de sanidad militar. Se destacó por su valentía como combatiente y alcanzó el grado de comandante. Al instaurarse la República, el gobierno cubano lo nombró en cargos diplomáticos en países de Europa y finalmente en Italia, donde inició las relaciones diplomáticas entre las dos naciones. Se destacó como intelectual, con una fructífera obra literaria en la que patentizó que contribuyó a divulgar la historia de Cuba. La participación de médicos cubanos junto a colegas italianos en el enfrentamiento a la actual pandemia de la COVID-19, causada por el nuevo coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, recuerda al doctor italiano Francesco Federico Falco, que se incorporó como médico al Ejército Libertador, para luchar junto a los cubanos contra el colonialismo español en la postrimería del siglo XIX.

ABSTRACT The fight for Cuban independence had numerous supporters in Europe, but the most notable contribution of sacrifice and blood was that offered by Italy. Among the Italians who supported freedom for Cuba was Dr. Francesco Federico Falco, a medical graduate from the University of Rome and specialized in surgery. As secretary of the Italian Committee for the Freedom of Cuba, he carried out intense propaganda work of solidarity for the independence cause of Cubans. The objective of this work is to evoke the revolutionary attitude of the Italian doctor who participated in the war of 1895, in favor of the Cuban cause. Dr. Falco joined the Liberation Army in 1898, to serve as a doctor in the military health corps. He was noted for his bravery as a fighter and reached the rank of Commander. When the Republic was established, the Cuban government appointed him to diplomatic positions in European countries and finally in Italy, where he began diplomatic relations between the two nations. He stood out as an intellectual, with a fruitful literary work in which he demonstrated his commitment to Cuba and contributed to spreading its history. The participation of Cuban doctors along with Italian colleagues in the confrontation with the current pandemic caused by the new coronavirus, reminds the Italian Dr. Francesco Federico Falco, who joined the Liberation Army as a doctor, to fight together with the Cubans, against colonialism Spanish in the late nineteenth century.

National Health Systems and the pandemic by COVID-19: actions to cope with Brazil and Italy / Sistemas Nacionais de Saúde e a pandemia por COVID-19: ações de enfrentamento do Brasil e da Itália

Abstract The objective was to identify the actions developed by the health systems of Brazil and Italy to face the pandemic caused by COVID19. This is an integrative literature review in the Web of Science, Scopus, Pubmed and Virtual Health Library databases, with the addition of the snowball technique, in July 2020. After collection, 48 publications constituted the sample. The actions of the health systems of the two countries to face the pandemic were grouped into the categories: Adequacy of the legal norms of the health system; Expansion and strengthening of the health system; Use of Information and Communication Technologies; Encouraging individual and collective measures to face the pandemic; and Limitations and challenges in facing the pandemic. The measures adopted are influenced by the political, economic and social contexts. There was a reorganization of the hospital network in both countries, but weaknesses are identified in the preventive actions developed by Primary Health Care, with a predominance of the biomedical model. Telemedicine stood out in this scenario and could last in the post-pandemic. The summary of actions will subsidize the confrontation of other pandemics that, eventually, the health systems of these and other countries may encounter.

Resumo Objetivou-se identificar as ações desenvolvidas pelos sistemas de saúde do Brasil e da Itália para o enfrentamento da pandemia por COVID19. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura nas bases de dados Web of Science, Scopus, Pubmed e Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde, com adição da técnica snowball, em julho de 2020. Após a coleta, 48 publicações constituíram a amostra. As ações dos sistemas de saúde dos dois países para o enfrentamento da pandemia foram agrupadas nas categorias: Adequação do normativo legal do sistema de saúde; Ampliação e fortalecimento do sistema de saúde; Uso das Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação; Estímulo às medidas individuais e coletivas para enfrentamento da pandemia; e Limitações e desafios no enfrentamento da pandemia. As medidas adotadas são influenciadas pelos contextos político, econômico e social. Houve a reorganização da rede hospitalar nos dois países, mas identificam-se fragilidades nas ações preventivas desenvolvidas pela Atenção Primária à Saúde, predominando o modelo biomédico. A telemedicina destacou-se neste cenário e poderá perdurar no pós-pandemia. A sumarização das ações subsidiará o enfrentamento de outras pandemias com que, eventualmente, os sistemas de saúde destes e de outros países possam se deparar.

"Si hay un riesgo, quiero poder elegir": gestión y percepción del riesgo en los movimientos de reticencia a la vacunación italianos / "If there is a risk, I should have a choice": Risk management and risk perception in Italian vaccine hesitancy movements

RESUMEN En Italia, la aplicación de la obligatoriedad de las vacunas infantiles en 2017 ha sido una consecuencia de la consolidación de la reticencia a la vacunación, un fenómeno que se ha difundido en mayor medida a partir del despliegue de las redes sociales. Este artículo plantea la gestión y percepción del riesgo sobre las vacunaciones infantiles a través del análisis de los contenidos online compartidos por parte de los movimientos de reticencia italianos, realizado entre diciembre de 2019 y abril de 2020. Los resultados señalan que estos movimientos actúan una reinterpretación del riesgo, de la evidencia científica y de la responsabilidad parental sobre todo a través de una presupuesta correlación entre vacuna antisarampión y autismo. Las limitaciones de las decisiones políticas en tema de vacunas se deben a la aplicación de estrategias de carácter punitivo, como sanciones administrativas y exclusión del registro de médicos, que expresan ideas "no vax", factores que pueden aumentar la desconfianza en la clase política y la medicina.

ABSTRACT In Italy, the passing of mandatory pediatric vaccinations in 2017 was a consequence of increasing vaccine hesitancy in the country, a phenomenon that has largely spread on social networks. This article examines risk management and risk perception regarding pediatric vaccinations through an analysis of online content shared by Italian vaccine hesitancy movements between December of 2019 and April of 2020. Results show that these movements carry out a reinterpretation of risk, scientific evidence, and parental responsibility, especially with regard to the alleged correlation between the measles vaccine and autism. The limitations of political decisions surrounding vaccines are due to the application of punitive measures such as administrative penalties and licensing bans for doctors who express "anti-vax" ideas, aspects which may increase distrust towards the political establishment and the medical profession.

O amor italiano com o esporte / The italian love affair with sport / El romance italiano con el deporte

A presente resenha compreende uma análise sobre o livro Sport Italia ­ The Italian Love Affair With Sport, obra que tematiza a trajetória do esporte no contexto italiano, explorando principalmente sua relação com a formação cultural do país. O livro apresenta a relação singular que a Itália apresenta com modalidades esportivas como futebol, automobilismo e ciclismo. O autor aponta que existe uma forte imbricação do fenômeno esportivo com as esferas política e religiosa. Nesse sentido, aponta-se que o livro justifica sua relevância acadêmica por conciliar o estudo da cultura esportiva italiana com análises amparadas por uma considerável quantidade de fontes primárias.

This review includes an analysis of the book Sport Italia - The Italian Love Affair With Sport, a work that thematizes the trajectory of the sport in the Italian context, exploring mainly its relation with the cultural formation of the country. The book presents the unique relationship that Italy presents with sports such as football, motor racing and cycling. The author points out that there is a strong imbrication of the sports phenomenon with the political and religious spheres. In this sense, it is pointed out that the book justifies its academic relevance by conciliating the study of the Italian sports culture with analyzes supported by a considerable amount of primary sources.

La presente reseña incluye un análisis sobre el libro Sport Italia - The Italian Love Affair With Sport, obra que tematiza la trayectoria del deporte en el contexto italiano, explorando principalmente su relación con la formación cultural del país. El libro presenta la relación singular que Italia presenta con modalidades deportivas como fútbol, automovilismo y ciclismo. El autor apunta que existe una fuerte imbricación del fenómeno deportivo con las esferas política y religiosa. En ese sentido, se apunta que el libro justifica su relevancia académica por conciliar el estudio de la cultura deportiva italiana con análisis amparados por una considerable cantidad de fuentes primarias.

Un laboratorio come il rizoma: conoscenza della salute e del fare in connessioni italo-brasiliane

La cooperazione internazionale è spesso presentata come un'area di conoscenza in cui alcuni approcci metodologici misurano i flussi e le relazioni di potere per classificarli in tipologie che li descrivono e generano modelli di analisi. Diventa così parte di un'istituzionalità dove la conoscenza e le pratiche delle relazioni internazionali sono predominanti e ad esse subordinate. Si lasciano attraversare da interessi che fissano i confini dei paesi e assegnano valori gerarchici ai cittadini, secondo il loro inserimento nei sistemi produttivi di ogni paese e nella gerarchia dei paesi. In questa pubblicazione e nell'esperienza che ne deriva, questo approccio non è efficace. Al centro della riflessione non vi è assolutamente la divergenza con le conoscenze accumulate nel campo delle relazioni internazionali. Il focus è piuttosto di tipo metodologico. Invece di flussi geografici ed emisferici (nord-sud, sud-sud), abbiamo qui flussi mossi dalla solidarietà, dal lavoro collaborativo e da un concetto di globalità dove le persone (il popolo, ci ha detto Paulo Freire) sono centraliii. I flussi di cooperazione, in questa modalità di esperienze, hanno molteplici direzioni e si muovono continuamente. Non c'è uno schema di direzione fisso. Quando parliamo di questo lavoro e della collaborazione stessa, parliamo del Laboratorio italo-brasiliano di formazione, ricerca e pratiche in materia di salute collettiva. Il nome inizia con "laboratorio" per evidenziare il modo di produrre, che è alchemico, mescolando i componenti di qui, di là e "tra". I nostri incontri devono essere inventati ogni anno, in quanto ciò che è stato fatto l'anno precedente non risponde più nello stesso modo e si perseguono altre modalità. Così, incorporiamo l'altro in noi.