RESUMEN
Exhausted CD8 T (Tex) cells in chronic viral infection and cancer have sustained co-expression of inhibitory receptors (IRs). Tex cells can be reinvigorated by blocking IRs, such as PD-1, but synergistic reinvigoration and enhanced disease control can be achieved by co-targeting multiple IRs including PD-1 and LAG-3. To dissect the molecular changes intrinsic when these IR pathways are disrupted, we investigated the impact of loss of PD-1 and/or LAG-3 on Tex cells during chronic infection. These analyses revealed distinct roles of PD-1 and LAG-3 in regulating Tex cell proliferation and effector functions, respectively. Moreover, these studies identified an essential role for LAG-3 in sustaining TOX and Tex cell durability as well as a LAG-3-dependent circuit that generated a CD94/NKG2+ subset of Tex cells with enhanced cytotoxicity mediated by recognition of the stress ligand Qa-1b, with similar observations in humans. These analyses disentangle the non-redundant mechanisms of PD-1 and LAG-3 and their synergy in regulating Tex cells.
Asunto(s)
Antígenos CD , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidad Clase I , Proteína del Gen 3 de Activación de Linfocitos , Subfamília D de Receptores Similares a Lectina de las Células NK , Receptor de Muerte Celular Programada 1 , Animales , Antígenos CD/metabolismo , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/inmunología , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/metabolismo , Ratones , Receptor de Muerte Celular Programada 1/metabolismo , Subfamília D de Receptores Similares a Lectina de las Células NK/metabolismo , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidad Clase I/metabolismo , Humanos , Subfamília C de Receptores Similares a Lectina de Células NK/metabolismo , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Proteínas del Grupo de Alta Movilidad/metabolismo , Proteínas del Grupo de Alta Movilidad/genética , Citotoxicidad Inmunológica , Proliferación Celular , Células Asesinas Naturales/metabolismo , Células Asesinas Naturales/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Relatlimab (rela; anti-LAG-3) plus nivolumab (nivo; anti-PD-1) is safe and effective for treatment of advanced melanoma. We designed a trial (NCT03743766) where advanced melanoma patients received rela, nivo, or rela+nivo to interrogate the immunologic mechanisms of rela+nivo. Analysis of biospecimens from this ongoing trial demonstrated that rela+nivo led to enhanced capacity for CD8+ T cell receptor signaling and altered CD8+ T cell differentiation, leading to heightened cytotoxicity despite the retention of an exhaustion profile. Co-expression of cytotoxic and exhaustion signatures was driven by PRDM1, BATF, ETV7, and TOX. Effector function was upregulated in clonally expanded CD8+ T cells that emerged after rela+nivo. A rela+nivo intratumoral CD8+ T cell signature was associated with a favorable prognosis. This intratumoral rela+nivo signature was validated in peripheral blood as an elevated frequency of CD38+TIM3+CD8+ T cells. Overall, we demonstrated that cytotoxicity can be enhanced despite the retention of exhaustion signatures, which will inform future therapeutic strategies.
Asunto(s)
Linfocitos T CD8-positivos , Proteína del Gen 3 de Activación de Linfocitos , Melanoma , Receptor de Muerte Celular Programada 1 , Humanos , Antígenos CD/metabolismo , Antígenos CD/genética , Factores de Transcripción con Cremalleras de Leucina de Carácter Básico/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción con Cremalleras de Leucina de Carácter Básico/genética , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/inmunología , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/metabolismo , Diferenciación Celular , Citotoxicidad Inmunológica , Proteínas del Grupo de Alta Movilidad , Inhibidores de Puntos de Control Inmunológico/uso terapéutico , Inhibidores de Puntos de Control Inmunológico/farmacología , Proteína del Gen 3 de Activación de Linfocitos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Melanoma/inmunología , Melanoma/tratamiento farmacológico , Melanoma/genética , Nivolumab/uso terapéutico , Nivolumab/farmacología , Factor 1 de Unión al Dominio 1 de Regulación Positiva/metabolismo , Factor 1 de Unión al Dominio 1 de Regulación Positiva/genética , Receptor de Muerte Celular Programada 1/antagonistas & inhibidores , Transducción de SeñalRESUMEN
Overcoming immune-mediated resistance to PD-1 blockade remains a major clinical challenge. Enhanced efficacy has been demonstrated in melanoma patients with combined nivolumab (anti-PD-1) and relatlimab (anti-LAG-3) treatment, the first in its class to be FDA approved. However, how these two inhibitory receptors synergize to hinder anti-tumor immunity remains unknown. Here, we show that CD8+ T cells deficient in both PD-1 and LAG-3, in contrast to CD8+ T cells lacking either receptor, mediate enhanced tumor clearance and long-term survival in mouse models of melanoma. PD-1- and LAG-3-deficient CD8+ T cells were transcriptionally distinct, with broad TCR clonality and enrichment of effector-like and interferon-responsive genes, resulting in enhanced IFN-γ release indicative of functionality. LAG-3 and PD-1 combined to drive T cell exhaustion, playing a dominant role in modulating TOX expression. Mechanistically, autocrine, cell-intrinsic IFN-γ signaling was required for PD-1- and LAG-3-deficient CD8+ T cells to enhance anti-tumor immunity, providing insight into how combinatorial targeting of LAG-3 and PD-1 enhances efficacy.
Asunto(s)
Antígenos CD , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos , Interferón gamma , Proteína del Gen 3 de Activación de Linfocitos , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Receptor de Muerte Celular Programada 1 , Receptor de Muerte Celular Programada 1/metabolismo , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/inmunología , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/metabolismo , Animales , Interferón gamma/metabolismo , Ratones , Antígenos CD/metabolismo , Comunicación Autocrina , Humanos , Melanoma/inmunología , Melanoma/tratamiento farmacológico , Femenino , Línea Celular Tumoral , Melanoma Experimental/inmunología , Agotamiento de Células TRESUMEN
Lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG-3) is an immune inhibitory receptor, with major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) as a canonical ligand. However, it remains controversial whether MHC-II is solely responsible for the inhibitory function of LAG-3. Here, we demonstrate that fibrinogen-like protein 1 (FGL1), a liver-secreted protein, is a major LAG-3 functional ligand independent from MHC-II. FGL1 inhibits antigen-specific T cell activation, and ablation of FGL1 in mice promotes T cell immunity. Blockade of the FGL1-LAG-3 interaction by monoclonal antibodies stimulates tumor immunity and is therapeutic against established mouse tumors in a receptor-ligand inter-dependent manner. FGL1 is highly produced by human cancer cells, and elevated FGL1 in the plasma of cancer patients is associated with a poor prognosis and resistance to anti-PD-1/B7-H1 therapy. Our findings reveal an immune evasion mechanism and have implications for the design of cancer immunotherapy.
Asunto(s)
Antígenos CD/metabolismo , Proteínas de Neoplasias/metabolismo , Proteínas de Neoplasias/fisiología , Animales , Antígenos CD/inmunología , Línea Celular , Fibrinógeno/inmunología , Fibrinógeno/metabolismo , Genes MHC Clase II/genética , Genes MHC Clase II/inmunología , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidad Clase II/genética , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidad Clase II/inmunología , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidad Clase II/metabolismo , Humanos , Inmunoterapia , Ligandos , Hígado/metabolismo , Activación de Linfocitos/inmunología , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Noqueados , Proteínas de Neoplasias/genética , Neoplasias/inmunología , Linfocitos T Citotóxicos/inmunología , Proteína del Gen 3 de Activación de LinfocitosRESUMEN
Lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3) is a potent inhibitory co-receptor; yet, its functional ligand remains elusive, with distinct potential ligands identified. Here, we investigated the relative contribution of potential ligands, stable peptide-MHC class II complexes (pMHCII) and fibrinogen-like protein 1 (FGL1), to LAG-3 activity in vitro and in vivo. Binding of LAG-3 to stable pMHCII but not to FGL1 induced T cell suppression in vitro. Consistently, LAG-3 mutants lacking FGL1-binding capacity but not those lacking stable pMHCII-binding capacity retained suppressive activity in vitro. Accordingly, targeted disruption of stable pMHCII- but not FGL1-binding capacity of LAG-3 in NOD mice recapitulated diabetes exacerbation by LAG-3 deficiency. Additionally, the loss of stable pMHCII-binding capacity of LAG-3 augmented anti-cancer immunity comparably with LAG-3 deficiency in C57BL/6 mice. These results identify stable pMHCII as a functional ligand of LAG-3 both in autoimmunity and anti-cancer immunity. Thus, stable pMHCII-LAG-3 interaction is a potential therapeutic target in human diseases.
Asunto(s)
Antígenos CD , Autoinmunidad , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidad Clase II , Neoplasias , Linfocitos T , Animales , Antígenos CD/metabolismo , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidad Clase II/metabolismo , Ligandos , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Endogámicos NOD , Neoplasias/inmunología , Péptidos/metabolismo , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Proteína del Gen 3 de Activación de LinfocitosRESUMEN
B lymphocytes can suppress immunity through interleukin (IL)-10 production in infectious, autoimmune, and malignant diseases. Here, we have identified a natural plasma cell subset that distinctively expresses the inhibitory receptor LAG-3 and mediates this function in vivo. These plasma cells also express the inhibitory receptors CD200, PD-L1, and PD-L2. They develop from various B cell subsets in a B cell receptor (BCR)-dependent manner independently of microbiota in naive mice. After challenge they upregulate IL-10 expression via a Toll-like receptor-driven mechanism within hours and without proliferating. This function is associated with a unique transcriptome and epigenome, including the lowest amount of DNA methylation at the Il10 locus compared to other B cell subsets. Their augmented accumulation in naive mutant mice with increased BCR signaling correlates with the inhibition of memory T cell formation and vaccine efficacy after challenge. These natural regulatory plasma cells may be of broad relevance for disease intervention.
Asunto(s)
Antígenos CD/genética , Expresión Génica , Interleucina-10/biosíntesis , Células Plasmáticas/inmunología , Animales , Antígenos CD/inmunología , Subgrupos de Linfocitos B/inmunología , Epigénesis Genética , Femenino , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Interleucina-10/genética , Activación de Linfocitos , Masculino , Ratones , Células Plasmáticas/fisiología , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos B/metabolismo , Salmonelosis Animal/inmunología , Transducción de Señal , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Receptores Toll-Like/metabolismo , Regulación hacia Arriba/genética , Vacunas/inmunología , Proteína del Gen 3 de Activación de LinfocitosRESUMEN
Lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3) is an inhibitory receptor expressed on activated T cells and an emerging immunotherapy target. Domain 1 (D1) of LAG-3, which has been purported to directly interact with major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) and fibrinogen-like protein 1 (FGL1), has been the major focus for the development of therapeutic antibodies that inhibit LAG-3 receptor-ligand interactions and restore T cell function. Here, we present a high-resolution structure of glycosylated mouse LAG-3 ectodomain, identifying that cis-homodimerization, mediated through a network of hydrophobic residues within domain 2 (D2), is critically required for LAG-3 function. Additionally, we found a previously unidentified key protein-glycan interaction in the dimer interface that affects the spatial orientation of the neighboring D1 domain. Mutation of LAG-3 D2 residues reduced dimer formation, dramatically abolished LAG-3 binding to both MHCII and FGL1 ligands, and consequentially inhibited the role of LAG-3 in suppressing T cell responses. Intriguingly, we showed that antibodies directed against D1, D2, and D3 domains are all capable of blocking LAG-3 dimer formation and MHCII and FGL-1 ligand binding, suggesting a potential allosteric model of LAG-3 function tightly regulated by dimerization. Furthermore, our work reveals unique epitopes, in addition to D1, that can be targeted for immunotherapy of cancer and other human diseases.
Asunto(s)
Antígenos de Histocompatibilidad Clase II , Linfocitos T , Animales , Humanos , Ratones , Dimerización , Fibrinógeno/metabolismo , Ligandos , MutaciónRESUMEN
Successful pregnancy is a unique situation requires the maternal immune system to recognize and tolerate a semi-identical fetus and allow normal invasion of trophoblast cells. Although efforts have been made, the deep mechanisms of the maternal-fetal crosstalk have not yet been fully deciphered. Immune checkpoint molecules (ICMs) are a group of negative modulators of the immune response that avoid immune damage. They have been extensively studied in the fields of oncology and transplantation, while the latest evidence suggests that they are closely associated with pregnancy outcomes via multiple inhibitory mechanisms. Although studies have mostly demonstrated the regulatory role of the well-known PD-1, CTLA-4 at the maternal-fetal interface, what is unique about the newly discovered multiple ICMs remains a mystery. Here, we review the latest knowledge on ICMs, focusing on the first generation of checkpoints (PD-1, CTLA-4) and the next generation (Tim-3, Tigit, Lag-3, VISTA) highlighting their immunoregulatory roles in maternal-fetal tolerance and decidual vascular remodeling, and their involvement in pathological pregnancies. The content covers three aspects: the characteristics they possess, the dynamic expression profile of their expression at the maternal-fetal interface, and their involvement in pathological pregnancy. In immunotherapy strategies for pregnancy complications, upregulation of immune checkpoints may play a role. Meanwhile, the impact on pregnancy outcomes when using ICMs in clinical cancer treatment during pregnancy is a topic worth exploring. These may serve as a guide for future basic research and clinical applications of maternal-fetal immunity.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas de Punto de Control Inmunitario , Receptor de Muerte Celular Programada 1 , Antígeno CTLA-4 , Femenino , Humanos , Proteínas de Punto de Control Inmunitario/genética , Tolerancia Inmunológica , Inmunidad , Embarazo , Receptor de Muerte Celular Programada 1/metabolismoRESUMEN
Lymphocyte activation gene 3 protein (LAG3) is an immune checkpoint receptor that is highly upregulated on exhausted T cells in the tumor microenvironment. LAG3 transmits inhibitory signals to T cells upon binding to MHC class II and other ligands, rendering T cells dysfunctional. Consequently, LAG3 is a major target for cancer immunotherapy with many anti-LAG3 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that block LAG3 inhibitory activity in clinical trials. In this review, we examine the molecular basis for LAG3 function in light of recently determined crystal and cryoEM structures of this inhibitory receptor. We review what is known about LAG3 interactions with MHC class II, its canonical ligand, and the newly discovered ligands FGL1 and the T cell receptor (TCR)-CD3 complex, including current controversies over the relative importance of these ligands. We then address the development and mechanisms of action of anti-LAG3 mAbs in clinical trials for cancer immunotherapy. We discuss new strategies to therapeutically target LAG3 using mAbs that not only block the LAG3-MHC class II interaction, but also LAG3 interactions with FGL1 or TCR-CD3, or that disrupt LAG3 dimerization. Finally, we assess the possibility of developing mAbs that enhance, rather than block, LAG3 inhibitory activity as treatments for autoimmune diseases.
Asunto(s)
Antígenos CD , Inmunoterapia , Proteína del Gen 3 de Activación de Linfocitos , Neoplasias , Animales , Humanos , Antígenos CD/inmunología , Antígenos CD/metabolismo , Antígenos CD/química , Inmunoterapia/métodos , Proteína del Gen 3 de Activación de Linfocitos/inmunología , Neoplasias/terapia , Neoplasias/inmunología , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T/inmunología , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T/metabolismo , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T/químicaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to study the frequency of circulating LAG-3+ and PD-1+ T cells in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients and their correlation with cytokines and patient prognosis. METHODS: A total of 83 patients with CKD between June 2020 and June 2022 were enrolled. We measured serum levels of IL-6, CRP, IL-1ß, and TNF-α by ELISA. The frequency of PD-1+ and LAG-3+ T cells was measured using flow cytometry. All patients were followed up for 1 year, and the occurrence of any of the following conditions during the follow-up period was considered as major adverse cardiac events (MACE) indicating poor prognosis. RESULTS: The frequencies of LAG-3+PD-1+, LAG-3+ and PD-1+ cells were significantly increased in CKD group compared to healthy volunteers. Additionally, CKD patients had remarkably enhanced levels of cytokines. Compared to the non-MACE group, MACE group had significantly higher frequencies of LAG-3PD-1, LAG-3 and PD-1 expression on CD8 and CD4. Positive correlations were observed between IL-1ß, IL-6 and frequencies of PD-1+LAG-3+. CD4+LAG-3+PD-1+ frequency displayed the highest diagnostic value for CKD patients with MACE. Moreover, CD8+LAG-3+, CD4+LAG-3+PD-1+, CD4+PD-1+, IL-1ß and IL-6 were identified as risk factors for the occurrence of MACE in patients with CKD. CONCLUSION: In summary, the present research showed that the frequencies of LAG-3+ and PD-1+ T cells were remarkably enhanced in CKD patients. These findings offer novel insights and potential therapeutic targets for the management of CKD.
Asunto(s)
Antígenos CD , Proteína del Gen 3 de Activación de Linfocitos , Receptor de Muerte Celular Programada 1 , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica , Linfocitos T , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Antígenos CD/sangre , Antígenos CD/metabolismo , Citocinas/sangre , Citocinas/metabolismo , Proteína del Gen 3 de Activación de Linfocitos/sangre , Proteína del Gen 3 de Activación de Linfocitos/metabolismo , Pronóstico , Receptor de Muerte Celular Programada 1/metabolismo , Receptor de Muerte Celular Programada 1/sangre , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica/sangre , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica/diagnóstico , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica/inmunología , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Linfocitos T/metabolismoRESUMEN
The study of anticancer immune responses and in particular the action of immune checkpoint inhibitors that overcome T cell inhibition has revolutionized metastatic patients' care. Unfortunately, many patients are resistant to these innovative immunotherapies. Over the last decade, several immune checkpoint inhibitors, currently available in the clinic, have been developed, such as anti-PD-1/PD-L1 or anti-CTLA-4. More recently, other immune checkpoints have been characterized, among them lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG-3). LAG-3 has been the subject of numerous therapeutic studies and may be involved in cancer-associated immune resistance phenomena. This review summarizes the latest knowledge on LAG-3 as an immunotherapeutic target, particularly in combination with standard or innovative therapies. Indeed, many studies are looking at combining LAG-3 inhibitors with chemotherapeutic, immunotherapeutic, radiotherapeutic treatments, or adoptive cell therapies to potentiate their antitumor effects and/or to overcome patients' resistance. We will particularly focus on the association therapies that are currently in phase III clinical trials and innovative combinations in preclinical phase. These new discoveries highlight the possibility of developing other types of therapeutic combinations currently unavailable in the clinic, which could broaden the therapeutic spectrum of personalized medicine.
Asunto(s)
Antígenos CD , Inhibidores de Puntos de Control Inmunológico , Proteína del Gen 3 de Activación de Linfocitos , Neoplasias , Humanos , Neoplasias/terapia , Neoplasias/inmunología , Neoplasias/tratamiento farmacológico , Inhibidores de Puntos de Control Inmunológico/uso terapéutico , Antígenos CD/inmunología , Inmunoterapia/métodos , Terapia Combinada , Animales , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant diffuse glioma of the brain. Although immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), such as programmed cell death protein (PD)-1/PD ligand-1 inhibitors, has revolutionized the treatment of several cancers, the clinical benefit in GBM patients has been limited. Lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG-3) binding to human leukocyte antigen-II (HLA-II) plays an essential role in triggering CD4+ T cell exhaustion and could interfere with the efficiency of anti-PD-1 treatment; however, the value of LAG-3-HLA-II interactions in ICI immunotherapy for GBM patients has not yet been analyzed. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the expression and regulation of HLA-II in human GBM samples and the correlation with LAG-3+CD4+ T cell infiltration. Human leukocyte antigen-II was highly expressed in GBM and correlated with increased LAG-3+CD4+ T cell infiltration in the stroma. Additionally, HLA-IIHighLAG-3High was associated with worse patient survival. Increased interleukin-10 (IL-10) expression was observed in GBM, which was correlated with high levels of HLA-II and LAG-3+ T cell infiltration in stroma. HLA-IIHighIL-10High GBM associated with LAG-3+ T cells infiltration synergistically showed shorter overall survival in patients. Combined anti-LAG-3 and anti-IL-10 treatment inhibited tumor growth in a mouse brain GL261 tumor model. In vitro, CD68+ macrophages upregulated HLA-II expression in GBM cells through tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Blocking TNF-α-dependent inflammation inhibited tumor growth in a mouse GBM model. In summary, T cell-tumor cell interactions, such as LAG-3-HLA-II, could confer an immunosuppressive environment in human GBM, leading to poor prognosis in patients. Therefore, targeting the LAG-3-HLA-II interaction could be beneficial in ICI immunotherapy to improve the clinical outcome of GBM patients.
Asunto(s)
Antígenos CD , Neoplasias Encefálicas , Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos , Glioblastoma , Proteína del Gen 3 de Activación de Linfocitos , Regulación hacia Arriba , Glioblastoma/inmunología , Glioblastoma/patología , Glioblastoma/metabolismo , Humanos , Animales , Ratones , Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/inmunología , Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/metabolismo , Neoplasias Encefálicas/inmunología , Neoplasias Encefálicas/patología , Neoplasias Encefálicas/metabolismo , Antígenos CD/metabolismo , Linfocitos Infiltrantes de Tumor/inmunología , Linfocitos Infiltrantes de Tumor/metabolismo , Masculino , Femenino , Línea Celular Tumoral , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidad Clase II/metabolismo , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidad Clase II/inmunología , Interleucina-10/metabolismo , Microambiente Tumoral/inmunología , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Immune checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionized the treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), but many patients do not respond to therapy and the majority develop resistant disease over time. Thus, there is increasing need for alternative immunomodulating agents. The co-inhibitory molecule T-cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain (TIGIT) may play a role in resistance to approved immune checkpoint inhibitors and is being investigated as a potential therapeutic target. The purpose of this study was to quantify TIGIT positivity in tumor-infiltrating T cells in RCC. METHODS: We employed tissue microarrays containing specimens from primary RCC tumors, adjacent normal renal tissue, and RCC metastases to quantify TIGIT within tumor-infiltrating CD3+ T cells using quantitative immunofluorescent analysis. We also compared these results to TIGIT+ CD3+ levels in four other tumor types (melanoma, non-small cell lung, cervical, and head and neck cancers). RESULTS: We did not observe significant differences in TIGIT positivity between primary RCC tumors and patient-matched metastatic samples. We found that the degree of TIGIT positivity in RCC is comparable to that in lung cancer but lower than that in melanoma, cervical, and head and neck cancers. Correlation analysis comparing TIGIT positivity to previously published, patient-matched spatial proteomic data by our group revealed a negative association between TIGIT and the checkpoint proteins PD-1 and LAG3. CONCLUSION: Our findings support careful evaluation of TIGIT expression on T cells in primary or metastatic RCC specimens for patients who may be treated with TIGIT-targeting antibodies, as increased TIGIT positivity might be associated with a greater likelihood of response to therapy.
Asunto(s)
Antígenos CD , Carcinoma de Células Renales , Neoplasias Renales , Proteína del Gen 3 de Activación de Linfocitos , Linfocitos Infiltrantes de Tumor , Receptor de Muerte Celular Programada 1 , Receptores Inmunológicos , Humanos , Carcinoma de Células Renales/inmunología , Carcinoma de Células Renales/patología , Carcinoma de Células Renales/metabolismo , Receptores Inmunológicos/metabolismo , Neoplasias Renales/inmunología , Neoplasias Renales/patología , Neoplasias Renales/metabolismo , Linfocitos Infiltrantes de Tumor/inmunología , Linfocitos Infiltrantes de Tumor/metabolismo , Receptor de Muerte Celular Programada 1/metabolismo , Antígenos CD/metabolismo , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Linfocitos T/metabolismo , Femenino , Masculino , Biomarcadores de Tumor/metabolismoRESUMEN
Immune checkpoint therapy (ICT) for cancer can yield dramatic clinical responses; however, these may only be observed in a minority of patients. These responses can be further limited by subsequent disease recurrence and resistance. Combination immunotherapy strategies are being developed to overcome these limitations. We have previously reported enhanced efficacy of combined intratumoral cowpea mosaic virus immunotherapy (CPMV IIT) and ICT approaches. Lymphocyte-activation gene-3 (LAG-3) is a next-generation inhibitory immune checkpoint with broad expression across multiple immune cell subsets. Its expression increases on activated T cells and contributes to T cell exhaustion. We observed heightened efficacy of a combined CPMV IIT and anti-LAG-3 treatment in a mouse model of melanoma. Further, LAG-3 expression was found to be increased within the TME following intratumoral CPMV administration. The integration of CPMV IIT with LAG-3 inhibition holds significant potential to improve treatment outcomes by concurrently inducing a comprehensive anti-tumor immune response, enhancing local immune activation, and mitigating T cell exhaustion.
Asunto(s)
Comovirus , Melanoma , Humanos , Animales , Ratones , Terapia Combinada , Inmunoterapia , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Melanoma/terapiaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Worse survival persists for African-Americans (AA) with breast cancer compared to other race/ethnic groups despite recent improvements for all. Unstudied in outcomes disparities to date is soluble LAG-3 (sLAG-3), cleaved from the LAG-3 immune checkpoint receptor which is a proposed target for deactivation in emerging immunotherapies due to its prominent immunosuppressive function in the tumoral microenvironment. A prior study has found that lower sLAG-3 baseline level was associated with poor outcomes. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study of 95 patients with primary breast cancer (n = 58 Caucasian, n = 37 AA), we measured sLAG-3 (ELISA pg/ml) in pre-treatment blood samples using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney u-Test for independent samples, and, calculated Pearson r correlation coefficients of sLAG-3 with circulating cytokines by race. RESULTS: Mean sLAG-3 level was lower in AA compared to Caucasian patients (1377.6 vs 3690.3, P = .002), and in patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) compared to those with non-TNBC malignancies (P = .02). When patients with TNBC tumors were excluded from analyses, the difference in sLAG-3 level between AA (n = 21) and Caucasian patients (n = 40) substantially remained (1937.4 vs 4182.4, P = .06). Among Caucasian patients, sLAG-3 was correlated with IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 (r = .69, P < .001; r = .70, P < .001; and, r = .46, P = .01; respectively). For AA patients, sLAG-3 was correlated only with IL-6 (r = .37, P = .03). CONCLUSIONS: We present the first report that African-American breast cancer patients might have comparatively low pre-treatment sLAG-3 levels, independent of TNBC status, along with reduced co-expression with circulating cytokines. The mechanistic and prognostic role of cleaved LAG-3, particularly in disparate outcomes, remains to be elucidated.
RESUMEN
T cells are one of the main drivers of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Infliximab (IFX) is used in the treatment of IBD as an anti-inflammatory drug to induce remission by neutralizing TNFα. We determined the individual chemokine/homing receptor and cytokine profile in pediatric IBD patients before and during IFX therapy to identify predictive biomarkers for therapy success. Peripheral blood CD4+ cells from pediatric patients with IBD were immunomagnetically isolated and either directly analyzed by FACS for cell distribution and chemokine/homing receptor expression or evaluated for cytokine production after in-vitro-stimulation. 21 responders (RS) and 21 non-responders (NRS) were recruited. Before IFX therapy, flow cytometry revealed decreased percentages of naïve conventional T cells in pediatric IBD patients. The proportions of CD62-L+ T cells were decreased in both CD and UC therapy responders. The cytokine profile of T cells was highly altered in IBD patients compared to healthy controls (HC). During IFX therapy, the frequencies of conventional memory and regulatory memory T cells expanded in both cohorts. IFX response was marked by a decrease of α4ß7+ and IFNγ+ memory T cells in both CD and UC. In contrast, frequencies of Lag-3+ T cells proved to be significantly increased in NRS. These observations were irrespective of the underlying disease. T cells of pediatric IBD patients display an activated and rather Th1/Th17 shifted phenotype The increased expression of the checkpoint molecule Lag-3 on T cells of NRS resembles a more exhausted phenotype than in RS and HC which appeared to be a relevant predictive marker for therapy failure.
RESUMEN
Endometrial serous carcinoma (ESC) is an uncommon, aggressive type of endometrial cancer. While immune checkpoint blockade has emerged as a promising treatment option for endometrial carcinomas, research on the expression of immune checkpoints that could serve as prospective immunotherapy targets in ESC is limited. We examined the prevalence and prognostic value of lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG-3), T-cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain (TIGIT), V-domain immunoglobulin (Ig) suppressor of T-cell activation (VISTA), and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IOD1) in 94 cases of ESC and correlated their expression with CD8+ and FOXP3+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). We observed a positive correlation among LAG-3, TIGIT, and VISTA expressed on immune cells, and among these markers and CD8+ and FOXP3+ TIL densities. In Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, tumors with high levels of LAG-3 and TIGIT expression had better progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) than those with lower levels of expression (LAG-3: PFS, P = .03, OS, P = .04; TIGIT: PFS, P = .01, OS, P = .009). In multivariate analysis, only high TIGIT expression was of independent prognostic value for better OS. VISTA expression in immune or tumor cells, and IDO1 expression in tumor cells, did not show a significant association with survival. Our data indicate that LAG-3, TIGIT, and VISTA immune checkpoints have roles in the microenvironment of ESC, and their expression patterns highlight the complex interactions among the different components of this system. High levels of these markers, together with high CD8+ TIL, suggest the potential immunogenicity of a subset of these tumors. Further studies are needed to elucidate the roles of various immune components in the ESC microenvironment and their association with intrinsic tumor properties.
Asunto(s)
Antígenos CD , Antígenos B7 , Biomarcadores de Tumor , Neoplasias Endometriales , Indolamina-Pirrol 2,3,-Dioxigenasa , Proteína del Gen 3 de Activación de Linfocitos , Linfocitos Infiltrantes de Tumor , Receptores Inmunológicos , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Femenino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Antígenos CD/metabolismo , Antígenos B7/metabolismo , Biomarcadores de Tumor/análisis , Cistadenocarcinoma Seroso/patología , Cistadenocarcinoma Seroso/mortalidad , Cistadenocarcinoma Seroso/inmunología , Neoplasias Endometriales/patología , Neoplasias Endometriales/inmunología , Neoplasias Endometriales/mortalidad , Neoplasias Endometriales/genética , Indolamina-Pirrol 2,3,-Dioxigenasa/biosíntesis , Indolamina-Pirrol 2,3,-Dioxigenasa/metabolismo , Indolamina-Pirrol 2,3,-Dioxigenasa/análisis , Linfocitos Infiltrantes de Tumor/inmunología , Linfocitos Infiltrantes de Tumor/patología , Pronóstico , Receptores Inmunológicos/metabolismo , Microambiente Tumoral/inmunologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the impact of glucocorticoids (GCs) and anti-rheumatic drugs on the lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3) and on programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) expression on synovial and peripheral cells ex-vivo. METHODS: Synovial fluid mononuclear cells (SFMCs) from psoriatic arthritis (PsA, n = 26) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA, n = 13) patients, SFCs from osteoarthritis (OA, n = 5) patients and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of healthy donors (n = 14) were co-cultured with GCs, glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU486, methotrexate (MTX) and biologics. LAG-3 and PD-1 expressions on immune subsets were analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS: GCs in PsA inhibited SFMCs growth vs medium (2.3 ± 0.4X105 vs 5.3 ± 0.7X105, respectively, p < 0.01) and markedly upregulated CD14+LAG-3+ cells (11.7 ± 2.4% vs 0.8 ± 0.3%, p < 0.0001, respectively), but not CD3+LAG-3+ and CD14+PD-1+ cells. MTX had no effect on CD14+LAG-3+ cells (0.7 ± 0.3%). The TNFi inhibitors, infliximab (IFX) and etanercept, but not IL-12/23i, upregulated CD14+LAG-3+ cells vs medium (2.0 ± 0.6% and 1.6 ± 0.4% vs 0.5 ± 0.1%, p < 0.03, respectively). SFMCs growth inhibition in both PsA and RA correlated with CD14+LAG-3+ cell upregulation (r = 0.53, p = 0.03). RU486 inhibited GC-induced CD14+LAG-3+ cell up-regulation in a dose-dependent manner compared with GC alone (5µM 5.3 ± 1.2% and 50µM 1.3 ± 0.5% vs 7.0 ± 1.4%, p < 0.003), but had no significant effect on CD14+LAG-3+ cells co-cultured with IFX. GCs in healthy donors' PBMCs upregulated the immune subsets CD3+LAG-3+, CD14+LAG-3+ and CD14+PD-1+ cells. CONCLUSION: This study proposes a novel regulatory mechanism of GCs and of TNFi mediated by LAG-3 upregulation in synovial monocytes and PBMCs. LAG-3 modulation may be a promising target for development of novel therapies for inflammatory arthritis.
RESUMEN
We investigated expressions of PD-L1, LAG-3, TIM-3, and OX40L as immune checkpoint proteins, and MSI (repetitive short-DNA-sequences due to defective DNA-repair system) status were analyzed with immunohistochemistry from tissue blocks. Of 83 patients, PD-L1 expression was observed in 18.1% (n = 15) of the patients. None of the patients exhibited LAG-3 expression. TIM-3 expression was 4.9% (n = 4), OX40L was 22.9% (n = 19), and 8.4% (n = 7) of the patients had MSI tumor. A low-to-intermediate positive correlation was observed between PD-L1 and TIM-3 expressions (rho: 0.333, p < 0.01). Although PD-L1 expression was higher in grade 3 NET/NEC, MSI status was prominent in grade 1/2 NET.
Asunto(s)
Antígeno B7-H1 , Neoplasias Gastrointestinales , Receptor 2 Celular del Virus de la Hepatitis A , Proteínas de Punto de Control Inmunitario , Tumores Neuroendocrinos , Neoplasias Pancreáticas , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto Joven , Antígeno B7-H1/análisis , Antígeno B7-H1/metabolismo , Reparación del ADN , Neoplasias Gastrointestinales/química , Neoplasias Gastrointestinales/patología , Receptor 2 Celular del Virus de la Hepatitis A/análisis , Receptor 2 Celular del Virus de la Hepatitis A/metabolismo , Proteínas de Punto de Control Inmunitario/análisis , Proteínas de Punto de Control Inmunitario/metabolismo , Proteína del Gen 3 de Activación de Linfocitos/análisis , Proteína del Gen 3 de Activación de Linfocitos/metabolismo , Tumores Neuroendocrinos/química , Tumores Neuroendocrinos/patología , Ligando OX40/análisis , Ligando OX40/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/química , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patología , Estudios Retrospectivos , Inmunohistoquímica , Clasificación del TumorRESUMEN
Immune checkpoint inhibitors have effectively transformed the treatment of many cancers, particularly those highly devastating malignancies. With their widespread popularity, the drawbacks of immune checkpoint inhibitors are also recognized, such as drug resistance and immune-related systematic side effects. Thus, it never stops investigating novel immune checkpoint inhibitors. Lymphocyte Activation Gene-3 (LAG-3) is a well-established co-inhibitory receptor that performs negative regulation on immune responses. Recently, a novel FDA-approved LAG-3 blocking agent, together with nivolumab as a new combinational immunotherapy for metastatic melanoma, brought LAG-3 back into focus. Clinical data suggests that anti-LAG-3 agents can amplify the therapeutic response of other immune checkpoint inhibitors with manageable side effects. In this review, we elucidate the intercellular and intracellular mechanisms of LAG-3, clarify the current understanding of LAG-3 in the tumor microenvironment, identify present LAG-3-associated therapeutic agents, discuss current LAG-3-involving clinical trials, and eventually address future prospects for LAG-3 inhibitors.