[Estimation of gammaaminobutyric acid intake from the human diet].

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an endogenous bioactive compound with essential properties for the normal functioning of the human nervous system. As a potent neurotransmitter, it plays an important role in modulating synaptic transmission by exerting phasic inhibition of neurons. This and other effects of GABA provide the phenomenon of neural tissue plasticity underlying learning, memory, maturation and repair of neural tissue after damage. It also has a wide range of biological actions, including antihypertensive, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory. In this regard, GABA is increasingly used in the composition of food for special dietary uses and dietary supplements. However, its adequate intake levels have not yet been assessed and its dietary intake has not been characterized. The aim of the review was to estimate the level of GABA intake under balanced consumption of foods, corresponding to rational norms that meet modern requirements of a healthy diet. Material and methods. The existing literature on the problem in recent years was reviewed using the databases RISC, CyberLeninka, Pubmed, and ResearchGate. Results. Based on the analysis of scientific literature, we evaluated the content of GABA in the average daily diet, compiled on the basis of the rational norms of food consumption that meet modern requirements for healthy nutrition (Order of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation dated August 19, 2016. No. 614). The balanced diet can provide about 740 mg of GABA per day, mainly due to vegetables (potatoes - 419 mg/day, beet - 49 mg/day, pumpkin - 41 mg/day), fruits (apple - 15 mg/day, grapes - 3.8 mg/day), as well as low-fat dairy products (92 mg/day). Conclusion. The presented data may be useful in assessing the adequacy of enrichment of foods for special dietary uses and dietary supplements with GABA.

[Key challenges in the dietary intake structure and cutting edge technologies for optimizing nutrition to protect the health of the Russian рopulation].

This article presents an analysis of some of the results of the work of the Federal Research Center for Nutrition and Biotechnology (Center) in recent years, highlighting the most important, promising areas of Nutrition Science and Food Hygiene that need further development. The priority area of Center functioning is scientific support for the implementation of the Doctrine of Food Security of the Russian Federation (Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated January 21, 2020 No. 20), Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated July 21, 2020 No. 474 «On the national development goals of the Russian Federation for the period until 2030 «in terms of ensuring an increase in life expectancy and improving the life quality of the population, the Strategy for Improving the Quality of Food Products in the Russian Federation until 2030 (Order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated June 29, 2016 No. 1364-r). The Center coordinates all research on medical nutrition problems in the Russian Federation within the framework of the work of the Problem Commission on Nutrition Hygiene of the Scientific Council of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare, the Scientific Council of the Russian Academy of Sciences on Medical Nutrition Problems, the Scientific and Technical Committee of the Comprehensive Scientific Program «Priority Research in the Field of Nutrition of the Population¼, Profile Commission on Dietetics of the Expert Council in the Field of Health of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, ensuring the implementation of their results with the participation of members of the Consortium "Healthcare, Nutrition, Demography". The most important area of the Center's work is scientific and expert support in the field of international and national technical regulation of the production and turnover of foods and raw materials, in particular, the work of the Russian national contact point of the Codex Alimentarius Commission (established by FAO and WHO), as well as the work of the Russian side in the Eurasian Economic Commission regarding the preparation of proposals for technical regulations of the Customs Union in the field of food safety, evaluation of draft technical regulations and amendments and additions to them.

[Innovative methods for extracting biolactive сompounds from plant materials].

Modern methods for extracting bioactive сompounds (BAC) from various raw materials are focused on efficacy and environmental awareness, involve the use of mathematical and statistical optimization methods, the choice of green solvents, and the use of additive extraction technology. The aim of this review was to present and briefly discuss up-to-date information on modern technological approaches to the production of plant BAС extracts for applying in food ingredients and foods for special dietary uses. Material and methods. For the main search of sources, the PubMed bibliographic database, Scopus and Web of Science databases, and the Google Scholar search engine were used. The search depth was 15 years. Results. The article presents a brief review of modern approaches to the extraction, concentration and purification of polyphenolic compounds from various plant materials. As an additive extraction technology aimed at destroying/increasing the permeability of the plant cell wall, a wide range of physical methods has been successfully used: ultrasound, microwave radiation, homogenization, application of a pulsed electric field, high hydrostatic pressure, cryo-crushing. A brief description of each method, its advantages and disadvantages are presented. Improving food safety and compliance with environmental regulations requires the choice of a safe, environmentally friendly and yet efficient extraction process. For these purposes enzymatic extraction, environmentally friendly solvents, such as deep eutectic solvents, supercritical fluid extraction and membrane technology are successfully used. The use of mathematical and statistical methods can reduce the total number of experimental trials and reduce the cost and time of experiments. The use of these methods together makes it possible to vary deliberately the process parameters in relation to a specific plant material and the final product, which provides the opportunity to isolate BAS concentrates from plant raw materials with a high yield. Conclusion. The introduction of innovative technological approaches for obtaining extracts of BAC of plant origin determines the prospects for the production of a wide range of foods for special dietary uses that meet high safety and efficiency requirements.

[Adequate and clinically effective levels of curcumin consumption].

Despite the existence of sufficiently effective drug therapy, interest in additional dietary interventions that improve the clinical condition of patients with the most common alimentary diseases is constantly growing; as well as the inclusion of biologically active compounds (BAC) of plant origin as functional ingredients in foods for special dietary uses (FSDU) and dietary supplements is intensively developing. The purpose of the review is comparison of curcumin doses allowed for use in dietary supplements and FSDU with doses that provide a clinical effect, as well as an analysis of ways to increase curcumin bioavailability. Material and methods. A review of the existing literature on the problem in recent years was carried out using the databases of the Russian Science Citation Index, PubMed, ResearchGate. Results. The amount of BAC added to the FSDU in the daily portion has been established by domestic regulatory documents. The allowed maximum level in FSDU for curcumin is 150 mg per day. Literature analysis has shown that effective doses of turmeric are 320- 1670 mg per day when consumed for 10-12 weeks. The main barriers for using curcumin at lower doses are its low water solubility, rapid metabolism and elimination from the body, and therefore poor bioavailability. Curcumin bioavailability can be increased by including it in liposomes, phospholipid complexes, emulsions, oleogels, hydrogels, etc. Conclusion. Curcumin content in FSDU in an amount that does not reach doses with efficacy proven in a certain pathology, and the inclusion of such FSDU in the diet for a short period does not allow to achieve the expected result. A promising approach to achieve a clinical effect at lower doses of curcumin is the use of new technological methods to increase bioavailability.

Development of functional agricultural products utilizing the new health claim labeling system in Japan.

In April 2015, Consumer Affairs Agency of Japan launched a new food labeling system known as "Foods with Function Claims (FFC)." Under this system, the food industry independently evaluates scientific evidence on foods and describes their functional properties. As of May 23, 2017, 1023 FFC containing 8 fresh foods have been launched. Meanwhile, to clarify the health-promoting effects of agricultural products, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO) implemented the "Research Project on Development of Agricultural Products" and demonstrated the risk reduction of osteoporosis of ß-cryptoxanthin rich Satsuma mandarins and the anti-allergic effect of the O-methylated catechin rich tea cultivar Benifuuki. These foods were subsequently released as FFC. Moreover, NARO elucidated the health-promoting effects of various functional agricultural products (ß-glucan rich barley, ß-conglycinin rich soybean, quercetin rich onion, etc.) and a healthy boxed lunch. This review focuses on new food labeling system or research examining functional aspects of agricultural products.

[Analysis of regulatory and methodical base in the industry of food for special dietary uses in the Russian Federation].

The analysis of the regulatory and methodical basis in the Russian industry of food for special dietary uses is presented in this article. The modern problems in the industry of production, sale, and consumption of food for special dietary uses are mentioned. The tasks and ways to improve the national and supranational regulation of the quality indicators of food for special dietary uses are described. It is shown that evaluation of the efficacy plays an important role in the technology of production of foods for dietary prophylactic nutrition and foods for special dietary uses. With the aim of optimization of the regulatory basis, it is necessary to implement the methods of determination of biologically active substances, as well as evaluation of their efficacy and norms of consumption.