High-dose chemotherapy and peripheral blood stem cell transplantation as salvage therapy in primary mediastinal nonseminomatous germ cell tumors: The Indiana University experience.

BACKGROUND: Patients with relapsed primary mediastinal nonseminomatous germ cell tumor have low cure rates with salvage chemotherapy or surgery. The authors report survival outcomes of patients who received high-dose chemotherapy (HDCT) and peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT) at Indiana University. METHODS: The prospectively maintained Indiana University germ cell tumor database identified 32 patients with primary mediastinal nonseminomatous germ cell tumor who progressed after first-line cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy and received HDCT and PBSCT between 2006 and 2021. Therapy included two consecutive courses of HDCT consisting of 700 mg/m2 carboplatin and 750 mg/m2 etoposide, each for 3 consecutive days, and each followed by PBSCT. A second course was not given if the patient experienced progressive disease or prohibitive toxicity. Progression-free survival and overall survival were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Medians with 95% confidence intervals were also calculated along with 2-year probabilities. RESULTS: The median age at HDCT was 30 years (range, 18-61 years). With a median follow-up of 4.7 years (range, 1-14 years), the 2-year progression-free survival rate was 31% (95% confidence interval, 16%-47%), and the 2-year overall survival rate was 35% (95% confidence interval, 19%-52%). At last follow-up, nine patients (28%) remained without evidence of disease, including two platinum-refractory patients and two patients who were receiving HDCT as third-line therapy. There were three treatment-related deaths. CONCLUSIONS: Salvage HDCT and PBSCT is an active combination in patients who have relapsed primary mediastinal nonseminomatous germ cell tumor with curative potential and prolonged survival, including in platinum-refractory and third-line settings. The authors recommend this approach for initial salvage chemotherapy in this patient population.

Sequencing of therapy for patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in the era of novel drugs.

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common aggressive lymphoma, accounting for ~40% of all cases in adults. Whilst approximately two-thirds of DLBCL patients can be cured by first-line therapy, one-third of patients are primary refractory or relapse after an initial response (r/r DLBCL). Recent advances in the treatment of DLBCL have been achieved by a plethora of novel drugs, such as monoclonal antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates (ADC), bi-specific T-cell engagers (BITEs), and CD-19 directed chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T-cell therapies. The increasing number of therapeutic options significantly improved the outcome of patients; however, the therapeutic algorithm has become increasingly complex. In this review, we provide an overview of novel therapies for DLBCL patients and potential treatment sequencing from first to second, third, and later lines.

Immune reconstitution after transplantation of autologous peripheral stem cells in children: a comparison between CD34+ selected and nonmanipulated grafts.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: High-dose chemotherapy (HDC) followed by autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) improves the prognosis in pediatric patients with several solid tumors and lymphomas. Little is known about the reconstitution of the immune system after ASCT and the influence of CD34+ cell selection on the reconstitution in pediatric patients. METHODS: Between 1990 and 2001, 94 pediatric patients with solid tumors and lymphomas received autologous CD34+ selected or unmanipulated peripheral stem cells after HDC. CD34+ selection was carried out with magnetic microbeads. The absolute numbers of T cells, B cells and natural killer (NK) cells were measured and compared in both groups at various time points post-transplant. RESULTS: Recovery of T cells was significantly faster in the unmanipulated group at day 30, with no significant difference later on. Reconstitution of B and NK cells was similar in both groups without significant differences at any time. The CD34+-selected group was divided into patients receiving less or more than 5.385 × 106/kg CD34+ cells. Patients in the CD34+ high-dose group displayed significantly faster reconstitutions of neutrophiles and lymphocyte subsets than the CD34+ low-dose group. CONCLUSIONS: Engraftment and reconstitution of leukocytes, B cells and NK cells after transplantation of CD34+ selected stem cells were comparable to that in patients receiving unmanipulated grafts. T-cell recovery was faster in the unmanipulated group only within the first month. However, this delay could be compensated by transplantation of >5.385 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg. Especially for patients receiving immunotherapy after HDC large numbers of immune effector cells such as NK and T cells are necessary to mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Therefore, in patients receiving autologous CD34+-selected grafts, our data emphasize the need to administer high stem cell counts.

A phase II trial of netupitant/palonosetron for prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea/vomiting in patients receiving BEAM prior to hematopoietic cell transplantation.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of netupitant/palonosetron (NEPA) for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) for hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) patients receiving BEAM therapy. Study Design: This phase II, prospective, intention-to-treat, single-center, single-arm study involved 43 adult patients who received NEPA and dexamethasone for the prevention of CINV due to BEAM conditioning chemotherapy. An interim analysis, performed after 13 patients, determined utility versus futility, and supported continuation to full enrollment. Descriptive statistics were used to report complete response (CR), complete protection, incidence of emesis, and administration of rescue agents. A Kaplan-Meier curve depicted time to first emesis and first rescue medication. Patients self-reported levels of daily nausea descriptively via a CINV Questionnaire. Results: By study end, 13 of 43 patients achieved a CR with an average of 10.6 emesis-free days (SD 0.95) over the 11-day observation period, with no emetic events in any patient during the acute/chemotherapy phase. Nausea was well-controlled throughout the acute therapy phase (Day 1-6) and increased during the delayed phase (Day 7-11) with a peak mean level of 2.79/10 at Day 10. Aside from lower grade (≤2), headaches, constipation, and diarrhea were the most widely reported adverse effects. Conclusion: The combination of NEPA and dexamethasone is safe and effective for the prevention of CINV in patients receiving BEAM conditioning therapy prior to HCT. The regimen demonstrated greater effectiveness in the acute phase versus the delayed phase, with low levels of nausea throughout the study period and complete emesis prevention during chemotherapy.

Determinants of Interpatient Variability in Treosulfan Pharmacokinetics in AML Patients Undergoing Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation.

Limited data on treosulfan pharmacokinetics in adults, particularly regarding autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), is available to date. Furthermore, correlations between treosulfan exposure, toxicity, and clinical outcome remain understudied. In this single-center retrospective study, we analyzed data from 55 AML patients who underwent HDCT with treosulfan (14 g/m2) and melphalan (140 mg/m2 or 200 mg/m2) (TreoMel) between August 2019 and November 2023 at the University Hospital of Bern. We assessed treosulfan pharmacokinetics and correlations with several physiological parameters with potential impact on its interpatient variability. We further analyzed how treosulfan exposure correlates with toxicity and clinical outcomes. Women above 55 years showed higher area under the curve (AUC) levels (median: 946 mg*h/L, range: 776-1370 mg*h/L), as compared to women under 55 (median: 758 mg*h/L, range: 459-1214 mg*h/L, p = 0.0487). Additionally, women above 55 showed higher peak levels (median: 387 mg/L, range: 308-468 mg/L), as compared to men of the same age range (median: 326 mg/L, range: 264-395 mg/L, p = 0.0159). Treosulfan levels varied significantly with body temperature, liver enzymes, hemoglobin/hematocrit., and treosulfan exposure correlated with diarrhea severity in women over 55 (p = 0.0076). Our study revealed age- and gender-related variability in treosulfan pharmacokinetics, with higher plasma levels observed in female patients above 55. Moreover, our data suggest that treosulfan plasma levels may vary with several physiological parameters and that higher treosulfan exposure may impact toxicity. Our study underlines the need for further research on treosulfan pharmacokinetics, especially in older patients undergoing HDCT in the ASCT setting.

Age-adjusted high-dose chemotherapy followed by autologous stem cell transplantation or conventional chemotherapy with R-MP as first-line treatment in elderly primary CNS lymphoma patients - the randomized phase III PRIMA-CNS trial.

BACKGROUND: Older primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) patients have an inferior prognosis compared to younger patients because available evidence on best treatment is scarce and treatment delivery is challenging due to comorbidities and reduced performance status. High-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation (HCT-ASCT) after high-dose methotrexate (MTX)-based immuno-chemotherapy has become an increasingly used treatment approach in eligible elderly PCNSL patients with promising feasibility and efficacy, but has not been compared with conventional chemotherapy approaches. In addition, eligibility for HCT-ASCT in elderly PCNSL is not well defined. Geriatric assessment (GA) may be helpful in selecting patients for the best individual treatment choice, but no standardized GA exists to date. A randomized controlled trial, incorporating a GA and comparing age-adapted HCT-ASCT treatment with conventional chemotherapy is needed. METHODS: This open-label, multicenter, randomized phase III trial with two parallel arms will recruit 310 patients with newly diagnosed PCNSL > 65 years of age in 40 centers in Germany and Austria. The primary objective is to demonstrate that intensified chemotherapy followed by consolidating HCT-ASCT is superior to conventional chemotherapy with rituximab, MTX, procarbazine (R-MP) followed by maintenance with procarbazine in terms of progression free survival (PFS). Secondary endpoints include overall survival (OS), event free survival (EFS), (neuro-)toxicity and quality of life (QoL). GA will be conducted at specific time points during the course of the study. All patients will be treated with a pre-phase rituximab-MTX (R-MTX) cycle followed by re-assessment of transplant eligibility. Patients judged transplant eligible will be randomized (1:1). Patients in arm A will be treated with 3 cycles of R-MP followed by maintenance therapy with procarbazine for 6 months. Patients in arm B will be treated with 2 cycles of MARTA (R-MTX/AraC) followed by busulfan- and thiotepa-based HCT-ASCT. DISCUSSION: The best treatment strategy for elderly PCNSL patients remains unknown. Treatments range from palliative to curative but more toxic therapies, and there is no standardized measure to select patients for the right treatment. This randomized controlled trial will create evidence for the best treatment strategy with the focus on developing a standardized GA to help define eligibility for an intensive treatment approach. TRIAL REGISTRATION: German clinical trials registry DRKS00024085 registered March 29, 2023.

High-dose chemotherapy followed by autologous stem cell transplantation in pediatric patients with relapsed osteosarcoma.

BACKGROUND: Patients with relapsed osteosarcoma have poor treatment outcomes. High-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplantation (HDCT/ASCT) has been used in several high-risk malignant solid tumors; however, few studies have evaluated their role in treating osteosarcoma. We evaluated the effectiveness of HDCT/ASCT in relapsed pediatric osteosarcoma cases. PROCEDURE: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 40 patients diagnosed with and treated for relapsed osteosarcoma at Asan Medical Center and Samsung Medical Center from January 1996 to July 2019. RESULTS: The median age of this cohort was 13.4 years (range: 6.1-18.2). The cohort's 5-year overall survival (OS) was 51.0% ± 0.1% during a median follow-up period of 67.5 months. Twenty-five patients (62.5%) achieved complete remission (CR) with salvage treatment, and the 5-year OS was 82.4% ± 0.1%, whereas none of the remaining 15 patients who did not achieve CR survived (p < .0001). Of the 25 CR cases, 15 underwent subsequent HDCT/ASCT. We compared the effect of HDCT/ASCT among patients who achieved CR. There were no significant differences in the 5-year OS outcomes between patients who did and did not receive HDCT/ASCT (83.9% ± 0.1%, 13/15 vs. 80.0% ± 0.1%, 8/10, respectively; p = .923). CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, we report the first comparative cohort study that proved HDCT/ASCT does not significantly improve survival outcomes in relapsed osteosarcoma. Achievement of CR remains the most crucial factor for good survival outcomes.

2023 updated MASCC/ESMO consensus recommendations: prevention of nausea and vomiting following multiple-day chemotherapy, high-dose chemotherapy, and breakthrough nausea and vomiting.

PURPOSE: This review is an update of the MASCC/ESMO 2015 recommendations for the prophylaxis of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting induced by multiple-day chemotherapy, high-dose chemotherapy, and breakthrough nausea and vomiting. METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed from June 1, 2015, through February 1, 2023. RESULTS: We identified 56 references (16 were duplications or invalid), leaving 40 manuscripts for this search. The panel classified level I evidence (three manuscripts) and level II evidence (14 manuscripts). High-dose chemotherapy and stem cell transplant were discussed in four of these manuscripts, and multiple-day chemotherapy treatment in 15. Some manuscripts covered both topics. Additionally, a search for breakthrough nausea and vomiting resulted in 12 "hits." No new relevant studies were identified. CONCLUSIONS: The recommendations for patients receiving high-dose chemotherapy with stem cell transplants and patients undergoing multiple-day cisplatin were updated. For patients receiving high-dose chemotherapy for stem cell transplant, a combination of a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist with dexamethasone and aprepitant is recommended. Olanzapine could be considered part of the antiemetic regimen. Patients receiving multiple-day cisplatin should receive a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist plus dexamethasone plus aprepitant plus olanzapine. For patients experiencing breakthrough nausea and vomiting, the available evidence suggests using a single dose of olanzapine daily for 3 days.

Novel Strategy Involving High-Dose Chemotherapy with Stem Cell Rescue Followed by Intrathecal Topotecan Maintenance Therapy without Whole-Brain Irradiation for Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumors.

Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT) is a rare aggressive central nervous system tumor that typically affects children under three years old and has poor survival with a high risk for neurologic deficits. The primary purpose of this study was to successfully treat the disease and delay or avoid whole-brain radiotherapy for children with AT/RT. A retrospective analysis was performed for six children diagnosed with AT/RT and treated with multimodal treatment at a single institute between 2014 and 2020. Furthermore, germline SMARCB1 aberrations and MGMT methylation status of the tumors were analyzed. One patient who did not receive a modified IRS-III regimen replaced with ifosphamide, carboplatin, and etoposide (ICE) in induction chemotherapy was excluded from this analysis. Five patients who received ICE therapy were under three years old. After a surgical approach, they received intensive chemotherapy and high-dose chemotherapy with autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (HDCT/autoPBSCT) followed by intrathecal topotecan maintenance therapy. Three patients underwent single HDCT/autoPBSCT, and the other two received sequential treatment. Two patients with germline SMARCB1 aberrations and metastases died of progressive AT/RT or therapy-related malignancy, while 3 with localized tumors without germline SMARCB1 aberrations remained alive. One survivor received local radiotherapy only, while the other two did not undergo radiotherapy. All three surviving patients were able to avoid whole-brain radiotherapy. Our results suggest that AT/RT patients with localized tumors without germline SMARCB1 aberrations can be rescued with multimodal therapy, including induction therapy containing ICE followed by HDCT/autoPBSCT and intrathecal topotecan maintenance therapy without radiotherapy. Further large-scale studies are necessary to confirm this hypothesis.

Optimizing MATRix as remission induction in PCNSL: de-escalated induction treatment in newly diagnosed primary CNS lymphoma.

BACKGROUND: Primary diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) of the central nervous system (PCNSL) is a rare disorder with an increasing incidence over the past decades. High-level evidence has been reported for the MATRix regimen (high-dose methotrexate (HD-MTX), high-dose AraC (HD-AraC), thiotepa and rituximab) followed by high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation (HCT-ASCT) supporting this approach to be considered a standard therapy in newly diagnosed PCNSL patients ≤ 70 years. However, early treatment-related toxicities (predominantly infectious complications), occurring in up to 28% per MATRix cycle, diminish its therapeutic success. Furthermore, sensitivity to first-line treatment is an independent prognostic factor for improved overall survival (OS) in PCNSL. Thus, patients achieving early partial remission (PR) after 2 cycles of MATRix might be over-treated with 4 cycles, in the context of consolidation HCT-ASCT. METHODS: This is an open-label, multicentre, randomized phase III trial with two parallel arms. 326 immunocompetent patients with newly diagnosed PCNSL will be recruited from 37 German, 1 Austrian and 12 UK sites. Additional IELSG (International Extranodal Lymphoma Study Group) sites are planned. The objective is to demonstrate superiority of a de-escalated and optimised remission induction treatment strategy, followed by HCT-ASCT. Randomization (1:1) will be performed after completion of all screening procedures. Patients in Arm A (control treatment) will receive 4 cycles of MATRix. Patients in Arm B (experimental treatment) will receive a pre-phase (R/HD-MTX), followed by 2 cycles of MATRix. Patients in both arms achieving PR or better will proceed to HCT-ASCT (BCNU, thiotepa). The primary endpoint of the study is event-free-survival (EFS), defined as time from randomization to premature end of treatment due to any reason, lymphoma progression or death whichever occurs first. Secondary endpoints include OS, progression free survival (PFS), toxicity, neurocognitive impairment and quality of life. Minimal follow-up is 24 months. DISCUSSION: Current treatment options for PCNSL in patients ≤ 70 years have improved remarkably over recent years. However, the potential efficacy benefits are offset by an increased incidence of short-term toxicities which can impact on treatment delivery and hence on survival outcomes. In patients ≤ 70 years with newly diagnosed PCNSL addressing the need to reduce treatment-related toxicity by de-escalating and optimising the induction phase of treatment, is a potentially attractive treatment strategy. TRIAL REGISTRATION: German clinical trials registry DRKS00022768 registered June 10th, 2021.

First-line high-dose therapy and autologous blood stem cell transplantation in patients with primary central nervous system non-Hodgkin lymphomas-a single-centre experience in 61 patients.

Primary central nervous system non-Hodgkin lymphomas (PCNS-NHLs) are extranodal B-cell lymphomas with poor prognosis. The role of high-dose therapy (HDT) followed by autologous blood stem cell transplantation (ASCT) as first-line therapy is still not clear. We retrospectively collected long-term follow up data of 61 consecutive patients with PCNS-NHL at the University Hospital Düsseldorf from January 2004 to December 2016. Thirty-six patients were treated with conventional chemoimmunotherapy (cCIT) only (CT-group). Seventeen patients received an induction cCIT followed by HDT and ASCT. In the CT-group, the overall response rate (ORR) was 61% (CR 47%, PR 14%), and there were 8% treatment-related deaths (TRD). Progression-free survival (PFS) was 31.8 months, and overall survival (OS) was 57.3 months. In the HDT-group, the ORR was 88% (59% CR, 29% PR), and there were 6% TRD. Median PFS and OS were not reached at 5 years. The 5-year PFS and OS were 64.7%. After a median follow up of 71 months, 10 patients (59%) were still alive in CR/PR following HDT and ASCT, one patient was treated for progressive disease (PD), and 7 had died (41%, 6 PD, 1 TRD). All patients achieving CR prior to HDT achieved durable CR. In the CT-group, 8 patients (22%) were alive in CR/PR after a median follow-up of 100 months. Twenty-eight patients died (78%, 24 PD, 2 TRD, 2 deaths in remission). In the univariate analysis, the HDT-group patients had significantly better PFS (not reached vs 31.8 months, p = 0.004) and OS (not reached vs 57.3 months, p = 0.021). The multivariate analysis showed HDT was not predictive for survival. Treatment with HDT + ASCT is feasible and offers the chance for long-term survival with low treatment-related mortality in younger patients. In this analysis, ORR, PFS and OS were better with HDT than with conventional cCIT alone. This result was not confirmed in the multivariate analysis, and further studies need to be done to examine the role of HDT in PCNSL.

First-line salvage treatment options for germ cell tumor patients failing stage-adapted primary treatment : A comprehensive review compiled by the German Testicular Cancer Study Group.

PURPOSE: In this review, we summarize and discuss contemporary treatment standards and possible selection criteria for decision making after failure of adjuvant or first-line cisplatin-based chemotherapy for primarily localized or metastatic germ cell tumors. METHODS: This work is based on a systematic literature search conducted for the elaboration of the first German clinical practice guideline to identify prospective clinical trials and retrospective comparative studies published between Jan 2010 and Feb 2021. Study end points of interest were progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS), relapse rate (RR), and/or safety. RESULTS: Relapses of clinical stage I (CS I) patients irrespective of prior adjuvant treatment after orchiectomy are treated stage adapted in accordance for primary metastatic patients. Surgical approaches for sole retroperitoneal relapses are investigated in ongoing clinical trials. The appropriate salvage chemotherapy for metastatic patients progressing or relapsing after first-line cisplatin-based chemotherapy is still a matter of controversy. Conventional cisplatin-based chemotherapy is the international guideline-endorsed standard of care, but based on retrospective data high-dose chemotherapy and subsequent autologous stem cell transplantation may offer a 10-15% survival benefit for all patients. Secondary complete surgical resection of all visible residual masses irrespective of size is paramount for treatment success. CONCLUSIONS: Patients relapsing after definite treatment of locoregional disease are to be treated by stage-adapted first-line standard therapy for metastatic disease. Patients with primary advanced/metastatic disease failing one line of cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy should be referred to GCT expert centers. Dose intensity is a matter of ongoing debate, but sequential high-dose chemotherapy seems to improve patients' survival.

Clinical implication of residual MIBG-positive disease in the follow-up of high-risk neuroblastoma treated with tandem high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation.

BACKGROUND: The implication of residual metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG)-positive disease in the era of tandem high-dose chemotherapy (HDCT) with autologous stem cell transplantation (auto-SCT) has not yet been established in neuroblastoma. Moreover, most published studies have not evaluated the long-term prognosis of patients with residual MIBG-positive disease following treatment completion. Therefore, we investigated the prognostic significance of residual MIBG-positive disease at each treatment phase and after treatment completion. METHODS: We assessed MIBG scans labeled with either iodine-123 (123 I) or 131 I from 150 patients with MIBG-avid and high-risk neuroblastoma enrolled in the NB-2004, -2009, and -2014 trials at postinduction, posttandem HDCT/auto-SCT, and completion of treatment. RESULTS: The residual MIBG-positive disease at postinduction and posttandem HDCT/auto-SCT evaluation was highly correlated with the risk of progression. However, at treatment completion, there was no significant difference in survival and risk of progression between patients with residual MIBG-positive disease and MIBG-negative patients. Patients with persistent MIBG-positive disease at the end of treatment were more likely to have indolent tumor characteristics, such as favorable histology at diagnosis, lower incidence of MYCN amplification, and slow response to chemotherapy. CONCLUSION: Residual MIBG-positive disease during treatment predicted unfavorable outcomes for patients with high-risk neuroblastoma, even under tandem HDCT/auto-SCT. However, persistent MIBG uptake at the completion of all treatments may not always indicate an active disease.

High-dose chemotherapy followed by autologous stem cell rescue in Wilms tumors: French report on toxicity and efficacy.

BACKGROUND: Heterogeneous data have been reported on high-dose chemotherapy (HDCT) with autologous stem cell rescue (ASCR) in Wilms tumors (WTs). We aimed to define its safety and efficacy in the French cohort, and to compare this management to current international recommendations. METHODS: Data prospectively collected from children, adolescents, and young adults with WT treated with HDCT/ASCR between 2000 and 2016 in French centers were retrospectively analyzed. Toxicity was reported according to CTCAE v4.03. RESULTS: Fifty-four patients received HDCT/ASCR (first line, n = 13; recurrence, n = 41). Their median age at the time of ASCR was 5.3 years (range 2.2-21.6). Main nonhematological acute grades 3-4 toxicities were digestive and renal. No significant difference of toxicity rate was observed among HDCT regimens and schedules. Two patients died shortly after ASCR (renal and multiorgan failure), and one heavily pretreated patient died of late respiratory failure. The selection criteria applied to define those patients eligible for HDCT/ASCR retrospectively matched to those currently used in the International Society of Pediatric Oncology (SIOP) UMBRELLA protocol for 38 patients, with encouraging survival rates compared to published data. The objective response rate to HDCT was 21%, with a disease control rate after HDCT of 85%. After a median follow-up of 7 years, the 5-year event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) were 54% (95% CI: 32%-76%) and 62% (95% CI: 31%-82%) for frontline patients, and 57% (95% CI: 39%-71%) and 69% (95% CI: 52%-81%) at recurrence. CONCLUSION: HDCT was feasible and showed encouraging results in well-defined settings. Data from the current prospective protocol will help to better evaluate HDCT impact on survival.

Durable remission for four pediatric patients with high-risk relapsed classical Hodgkin lymphoma treated with brentuximab vedotin plus gemcitabine but without autologous stem cell transplantation: A report from the Children's Oncology Group.

Patients with therapy-refractory or high-risk relapsed classical Hodgkin lymphoma are typically treated with the high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation (HDC/ASCT) to consolidate the response to salvage therapy. The combination of brentuximab vedotin with gemcitabine has recently been shown to be an effective and safe salvage regimen. While the majority of patients with complete responses to this regimen ultimately underwent HDC/ASCT consolidation, four subjects, reported herein, achieved durable complete remissions lasting more than 4 years after the study treatment but without ASCT consolidation. Further investigation of treatment strategies incorporating targeted agents may allow omission of HDC/ASCT for select patients.

Current Status of Stem Cell Transplant in Treatment of Testicular Germ Cell Tumors.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: We aim to discuss the history of high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem-cell transplant in testicular germ cell tumors, prognostic factors to consider prior to transplant, and issues both during and after transplant while also touching on the use of conventional-dose vs. high-dose chemotherapy for initial salvage treatment in patients with relapsed disease. RECENT FINDINGS: The advancements in the treatment of testicular cancer have led to the majority of patients even with distant metastases being cured of their malignancy. Despite this, around 20% of patients with metastatic disease will relapse after first-line therapy, and the majority of these patients will go on to need further salvage chemotherapy, either with conventional-dose chemotherapy or high-dose chemotherapy. High-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem-cell transplant is an effective salvage therapy and will still remarkably result in cures for the majority of patients with relapsed disease. While patients receiving it as even third-line salvage therapy may achieve cures, earlier administration likely results in greater efficacy.

Impact of an allied health prehabilitation service for haematologic patients receiving high-dose chemotherapy in a large cancer centre.

PURPOSE: Evaluate the impact of a new multidisciplinary allied health prehabilitation service in haematologic cancer patients receiving high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplant (AuSCT). METHODS: In a tertiary cancer centre, 12 months of prospectively collected data was retrospectively analysed. Patients were referred to an allied health service for individualised exercise prescription, nutrition intervention and, if indicated through screening, psychological intervention. Impact and operational success were investigated using the RE-AIM framework: patient uptake of the service and sample representativeness (reach); effectiveness in terms of changes in outcomes from initial to pre-transplant assessment; adoption of the service by key stakeholders; fidelity of the prescribed exercise program (implementation); and the extent to which the new service had become routine practice (maintenance). RESULTS: One hundred and eighty-three patients were referred to the AuSCT service over 12 months, of whom 133 (73%) were referred into the prehabilitation service, 128 (96%) were eligible and 116 (91%) participated. Patients were representative of Australian AuSCT patients. Eighty-nine patients reached pre-transplant assessment by data censoring; 6-min walk distance (n = 45/89, 51%) improved a mean (95% CI) of 39.9 m (18.8 to 61.0, p = < 0.005) from baseline. Fidelity of exercise prescription was moderate with 72% of eligible patients receiving the intended exercise interventions. The referral trend over time (maintenance) was high after the initiation period. CONCLUSION: The prehabilitation service was well adopted by clinicians. Clinically relevant improvements in outcomes were demonstrated. Recommendations, including development of well-integrated discipline-specific assessment intervention and measurement protocols, are highlighted for service improvement. Prehabilitation should be routinely considered to support patients undergoing AuSCT.

Impact of periodontal status on the oral mucositis in patients receiving high-dose chemotherapy.

OBJECTIVES: Oral mucositis (OM) is a frequent complication of cancer treatments. Oral mucositis and periodontal disease have a common inflammatory pattern. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the OM and its association with periodontal status in patients with hematologic malignancies who undergo high-dose chemotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-five patients who received high-dose chemotherapy were included in the study. Full-mouth periodontal clinical measurements including plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), clinical attachment level (CAL), and probing depth (PD) values were recorded before the condition chemotherapy regime. OM monitoring was initiated 1 day after the chemotherapy and maintained for 20 days. RESULTS: Twenty-two of patients (40%) were observed oral mucositis after high-dose chemotherapy. Patients with mucositis had significantly higher GI scores than those who did not have mucositis (p < 0.05). There was a significantly moderate positive correlation between the grade of mucositis and GI scores (p < 0.05). In patients with periodontitis, the incidence of grade 1-2 mucositis was significantly higher than in the healthy group (p < 0.05). In individuals with periodontitis and gingivitis, the healing duration of mucositis was significantly longer than the healthy group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study showed that the severity grades of oral mucositis may increase in patients with gingival inflammation. The results also suggest that periodontal diseases may have a significant impact on the duration of oral mucositis. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The current study contributes to our understanding of the importance of oral health status in reducing the occurrence, severity, and duration of OM in hematological cancer patients treated with high-dose chemotherapy.

[Molecular pathogenesis and therapeutic development of primary central nervous system lymphoma: update and future perspectives].

Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare extra-nodal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma confined to the central nervous system with a diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) histology and is highly prevelant in elderly patients. Whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) does not provide considerable remission; rather it is highly involved in the development of leukoencephalopathy with delayed neurotoxicity, notably in elderly patients. Standard care for newly diagnosed patients with PCNSL comprised induction with high-dose methotrexate (HD-MTX)-based multi-agent immunochemotherapy, such as R-MPV (rituximab, MTX, procarbazine, vincristine) yielding 70-75% complete response rate, followed by HD-cytarabine consolidation. Consolidation high-dose chemotherapy with the key drug thiotepa supported by autologous stem cell transplant has recently been investigated to replace WBRT in multiple randomized trials, demonstrating non-inferiority to WBRT with less neurotoxicity. Comprehensive genetic analyses have revealed high rates of oncogenic mutations in CD79B and MYD88 genes, the hallmarks for MCD/C5 subtype of DLBCL, leading to constitutive activation of NF-κB signaling pathways in PCNSL. Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), an intermediate kinase downstream to CD79B/MYD88, has emerged as a promising therapeutic target. Furthermore, tirabrutinib, a second-generation BTK inhibitor, has shown substantial activity against relapsed/refractory PCNSL, resulting in its approval in 2020 in Japan. Additionally, other new agents against PI3-kinase and immunotherapies including immunomodulatory agents, immune checkpoint blockade, and CAR-T have been actively tested in clinical trials.

Survival outcomes and toxicity in patients 40 years old or older with relapsed metastatic germ cell tumors treated with high-dose chemotherapy and peripheral blood stem cell transplantation.

BACKGROUND: High-dose chemotherapy (HDCT) plus peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT) is effective salvage therapy for relapsed metastatic germ cell tumors (GCTs) but has potential toxicity. Historically, an age of ≥40 years has been associated with greater toxicity and worse outcomes. METHODS: This is a retrospective analysis of 445 consecutive patients with relapsed GCT treated with HDCT and PBSCT with tandem cycles at Indiana University from between 2004-2017 per our institutional regimen. Kaplan-Meier methods and log-rank tests were used for progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) analysis. RESULTS: A total of 329 patients were <40 years of age, whereas 116 patients were ≥40 years of age; HDCT was used as second-line therapy in 85% and 79%, respectively. Median follow-up time was 42.5 months (range, 0.3-173.4 months). Grade ≥3 toxicities were similar between either group, except for greater pulmonary (P = .02) and renal toxicity (P = .01) in the ≥40-years-of-age group. Treatment-related mortality was similar between both age groups: 10 patients (3%) in the <40-years-of-age group and 4 patients (3.5%) in ≥40-years-of-age group died from complications of HDCT. Two-year PFS for <40 years of age versus ≥40 years of age was 58.7% versus 59.6% (P = .76) and 2-year OS was 63.9% versus 61.5% (P = .93). Factors predicting worse PFS included Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status ≥1, platinum refractory disease, nonseminoma histology, and not completing 2 cycles of HDCT. Age was not an independent predictor of worse outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: HDCT plus PBSCT is effective salvage therapy in patients ≥40 years of age with relapsed metastatic GCT. Patients ≥40 years of age experience similar rates of toxicity and treatment-related mortality as those <40 years of age.