Sustainability evaluation based on the Three-dimensional Ecological Footprint and Human Development Index: A case study on the four island regions in China.

Sustainable development emphasizes the sustainability of natural resources and the environment as well as the development of social welfare. Under the background of resource scarcity and environmental constraints, maximizing social welfare is an inevitable choice to achieve sustainable development. Ecological Wellbeing Performance (EWP) can comprehensively reflect the efficiency of natural capital conversion into social welfare, and improving EWP is a feasible measure to achieve sustainable development. Moreover, island areas are the extremely complicated ecological-social-economic systems due to the traits that are geographical isolation, scarce resources, and frequent natural disasters, so that emphasizing the sustainability of island systems is a key step for achieving sustainable development goals. This study developed the EWP model based on the improved Three-dimensional Ecological Footprint (EF) and urban-scale Human Development Index (HDI), to synthetically evaluate and analyze the sustainable development of four major island regions in China with the data in 2017. Results found that: (1) The four regions are all in ecological deficits, being in exchange for overdraft natural capital for economic development. The EFdepth is greater than the original length 1 indicating the excessive consumption of the natural capital stock. The EFsize reflects the abundance and liquidity of regional natural capital, all the four regions are with the generally low level of flow capital utilization. Hainan with highest EFsize 0.428 is due to its comparatively sparse population density, abundant resources, and strong ecological capacity, while the relatively large population density and more restricted natural capital flows make Taiwan in the lowest value. (2) Judging from the evaluation results of the HDI, Chongming (0.796) and Hainan (0.773) high development level are relatively behind Taiwan (0.912) and Zhoushan (0.827) very high development level, for the impact of income is greater, that is, economic development in Hainan and Chongming is slightly weak. (3) Taiwan, with the highest EWP 3.646, shows the excellent natural resource utilization efficiency and sustainability, followed by Zhoushan, Chongming, and Hainan. In general, increasing HDI while reducing EF can be an ideal way to improve the efficiency of ecological resources and achieve sustainable urban development.

Increasing omega-3 levels in meat from ruminants under pasture-based systems.

This review discusses the importance of red meat from ruminants as a source of omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids (FAs) for human life in the context of the contribution of animals to human welfare. Red meat is a valuable food commodity for human life because it is naturally rich in key nutrients such as protein, trace elements, vitamins and essential FAs. In developed countries and high socio-economic groups from developing countries, red meat intake is greater than that of oily fish, owing to availability, preference and affordability. Omega-3 FA concentration is higher in red meat (beef, lamb and mutton) than in white meat (pork, poultry and turkey), due to the fibre types present in muscle tissues and the specialised digestive systems of ruminants. There is mounting evidence that regular consumption of n-3 FAs is beneficial for growth and development as well as the health and welfare of humans of all ages. The dietary background of ruminants significantly influences the concentration of n-3 FAs in red meat. Meat from forage- or grassfed ruminants has a greater concentration of n-3 FAs than that from their feedlot or grain-fed counterparts and can also offer a favourable n-6:n-3 ratio in the meat. Scientific literature shows that the advantages of consuming n-3 FAs enriched meat (foods) outweigh the disadvantages.

Dans le cadre de l'analyse de la contribution des animaux au bien-être de l'homme, les auteurs examinent l'importance pour l'alimentation humaine des acides gras oméga-3 présents dans la viande rouge provenant de ruminants. La viande rouge est une denrée alimentaire précieuse pour l'organisme humain, étant naturellement riche en plusieurs nutriments majeurs tels que protéines, oligo-éléments, vitamines et acides gras essentiels. Dans les pays développés et dans les classes aisées au plan socio-économique des pays en développement, la consommation de viande rouge dépasse celle de poissons gras pour des raisons de disponibilité, de préférence et de prix. La teneur en acides gras oméga-3 est plus élevée dans les viandes rouges (boeuf, agneau et mouton) que dans les viandes blanches (porc, volaille et dinde) du fait des caractéristiques des fibres des tissus musculaires des ruminants et de leur système digestif spécialisé. Il y a de plus en plus d'indices démontrant qu'une consommation régulière d'acides gras oméga-3 est bénéfique pour la croissance et le développement ainsi que pour la santé et le bien-être de l'être humain à tous les âges de sa vie. Le contexte de l'alimentation des ruminants influence de manière significative la teneur en acides gras oméga-3 de la viande rouge. La viande issue de ruminants nourris de fourrage ou à l'herbe présente une concentration plus élevée d'acides gras oméga-3 que celle de leurs homologues des parcs d'engraissement ou nourris au grain, ainsi qu'un ratio oméga 6/oméga-3 favorable. La littérature scientifique montre que la consommation de viandes (ou autres aliments) riches en acides gras oméga-3 apporte plus de bénéfices que d'inconvénients.

Considerando la cuestión desde el ángulo de la contribución de los animales al bienestar humano, los autores examinan la importancia que reviste para la vida humana la carne roja de rumiante como fuente de ácidos grasos omega-3 (n-3). Por su elevado contenido natural en nutrientes fundamentales como proteínas, oligoelementos, vitaminas y ácidos grasos esenciales, la carne roja es un artículo alimentario de gran valor para la vida humana. En los países desarrollados, al igual que entre las élites socioeconómicas de los países en desarrollo, la ingesta de carne roja es superior a la de pescado azul, por razones de disponibilidad, preferencia y asequibilidad. Por los tipos de fibra presentes en el tejido muscular de los rumiantes y por el carácter especializado de su sistema digestivo, la concentración de ácidos grasos omega-3 es mayor en la carne roja (bovinos y ovinos) que en la carne blanca (cerdo, pollo y pavo). Cada vez hay más datos demostrativos de que el consumo regular de ácidos grasos n-3 es beneficioso para el crecimiento, el desarrollo, la salud y el bienestar de las personas a cualquier edad. El tipo de alimentación de un rumiante influye sensiblemente en la concentración de ácidos grasos n-3 que presentará su carne: la carne de rumiantes que han forrajeado o pastado en campos de hierba tiene mayor concentración de esos ácidos grasos que la de sus homólogos procedentes de establos de engorde o alimentados con grano, además de presentar en ocasiones una proporción más favorable entre n-6 y n-3. Los estudios científicos publicados ponen de relieve que el consumo de carne (u otros alimentos) enriquecida en ácidos grasos n-3 tiene más ventajas que inconvenientes.

What Can Laboratory Animal Facility Managers Do to Improve the Welfare of Laboratory Animals and Laboratory Animal Facility Staff? A German Perspective.

Laboratory animal facility managers must ensure that animal experiments can be carried out under optimal scientific conditions, that all legal requirements are met, and that animal welfare is maximized. Animal experimentation is stressful not only for the animals involved but also for the people who maintain these animals or carry out the experiments. Many of those involved find themselves in a constant conflict between scientific necessity, care, and harm. Under the term Culture of Care, procedures have been developed to reduce the burden of animal experimentation on the animals and the staff involved. The focus here is on what laboratory animal facility managers can do to improve the welfare of laboratory animals and the people working with them. Exemplary measures are the improvement of the housing conditions of laboratory animals, the introduction of uniform handling measures, clear and transparent structures via a quality management system, implementation of a no-blame culture of error (e.g., via Critical Incident Reporting System in Laboratory Animal Science [CIRS-LAS]), and open and respectful communication with all parties involved in animal experimentation, including the public and representatives of the authorities (public webpage, open house policy). The 6 Rs must be considered at all times: replacement, reduction, refinement, respect, responsibility, and reproducibility. We are writing this article from the perspective of laboratory animal facility managers in Germany.

Developing and Planning a Protocol for Implementing Health Promoting Animal Assisted Interventions (AAI) in a Tertiary Health Setting.

The Ottawa Charter identifies that multiple levels of government, non-government, community, and other organizations should work together to facilitate health promotion, including in acute settings such as hospitals. We outline a method and protocol to achieve this, namely an Action Research (AR) framework for an Animal Assisted Intervention (AAI) in a tertiary health setting. Dogs Offering Support after Stroke (DOgSS) is an AR study at a major tertiary referral hospital. AAI has been reported to improve mood and quality of life for patients in hospitals. Our project objectives included applying for funding, developing a hospital dog visiting Action Research project, and, subsequent to ethics and governance approvals and finance, undertaking and reporting on the Action Research findings. The Action Research project aimed to investigate whether AAI (dog-visiting) makes a difference to the expressed mood of stroke patients and their informal supports (visiting carers/family/friends), and also the impact these visits have on hospital staff and volunteers, as well as the dog handler and dog involved. We provide our protocol for project management and operations, setting out how the project is conducted from conception to assess human and animal wellbeing and assist subsequent decision-making about introducing dog-visiting to the Stroke Unit. The protocol can be used or adapted by other organizations to try to avoid pitfalls and support health promotion in one of the five important action areas of the Ottawa Charter, namely that of reorienting health services.

A blessing for the Yangtze River: optimization of Chinese regional policy planning for water yield and purification in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area.

Land use/land cover (LULC) changes impact the structure and functioning of ecosystems, which consequently influences the provisioning of a range of ecosystem services (ES). There is a growing consensus regarding the merit of integrating the evaluation of ES into regional policy planning. The Yangtze River is the world's third longest and supports more than 6% of its population. However, assessing the potential impacts of different resource management policies upon ES is complicated in the Yangtze basin. To remedy this, here we designed a scenario analysis-based approach that used remotely sensed data and GIS (geographic information system) to analyze the relationships between ES (i.e., water flow regulation, water purification) and policies envisioned to improve human welfare in the Chongqing municipality, in the upper reaches of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area (TGRA) in the Yangtze basin. This watershed area has high population density and suffers from severe flood hazard and critical pollution issues. The GEOMOD modeling technique was used to predict LULC changes according to policy planning alternatives, producing scenarios by 2050 for the TGRA watershed. The GIS-based ES model (InVEST model) was developed as a tool to inform the decision-making process with the intention of aligning conservation measures with economic development. We examine policy effectiveness by comparing three scenarios for 2050: scenario-1 maintains the current policy, with no considerations of ES; scenario-2 integrates ES into policy planning; and scenario-3 integrates ES into policy planning considering the needs of local people. Our scenario-based LULC change analysis showed that the land with large increases in water flow regulation (i.e., values ≤-3000 × 103 m3 km-2) were scattered over the entire study area, while phosphorus reduction (i.e., values ≤ -30 kg km-2) were located mainly along rivers in all scenarios. Scenario-2 and scenario-3 are based on policies aiming at enhancing ES provisioning; for these, the projected ecological risks of water pollution are significantly reduced (39.97% and 37.58%, respectively). Total net changes of the investigated ES under scenario-2 or scenario-3 were almost double that occurring under scenario-1. Although scenario-2 and scenario-3 showed a near-equal total net change, water purification under scenario-2 was the greatest relative to forest expansion. However, scenario-3 offered the best future environmental development scenario, as it accounted for the demand and supply characteristics of water yield and purification in different regions. The water purification service made the greatest contribution to positive and negative effects (26%-47% and -7%, respectively) on ES provisioning. Linking water purification service to policy planning would effectively improve the overall ES. These scenario forecasting results will help the Three Gorges Dam to gain more ecological benefits via improvements to water flow regulation and the effective alleviation of degraded water quality in heavily populated regions in the Yangtze basin.

Next-Generation Sequencing: An Emerging Tool for Drug Designing.

BACKGROUND: With the outbreak of high throughput next-generation sequencing (NGS), the biological research of drug discovery has been directed towards the oncology and infectious disease therapeutic areas, with extensive use in biopharmaceutical development and vaccine production. METHOD: In this review, an effort was made to address the basic background of NGS technologies, potential applications of NGS in drug designing. Our purpose is also to provide a brief introduction of various Nextgeneration sequencing techniques. DISCUSSIONS: The high-throughput methods execute Large-scale Unbiased Sequencing (LUS) which comprises of Massively Parallel Sequencing (MPS) or NGS technologies. The Next geneinvolved necessarily executes Largescale Unbiased Sequencing (LUS) which comprises of MPS or NGS technologies. These are related terms that describe a DNA sequencing technology which has revolutionized genomic research. Using NGS, an entire human genome can be sequenced within a single day. CONCLUSION: Analysis of NGS data unravels important clues in the quest for the treatment of various lifethreatening diseases and other related scientific problems related to human welfare.

Understanding patterns of land-cover change in the Brazilian Cerrado from 2000 to 2015.

Clearing tropical vegetation impacts biodiversity, the provision of ecosystem services, and thus ultimately human welfare. We quantified changes in land cover from 2000 to 2015 across the Cerrado biome of northern Minas Gerais state, Brazil. We assessed the potential biophysical and socio-economic drivers of the loss of Cerrado, natural regeneration and net cover change at the municipality level. Further, we evaluated correlations between these land change variables and indicators of human welfare. We detected extensive land-cover changes in the study area, with the conversion of 23 446 km(2) and the natural regeneration of 13 926 km(2), resulting in a net loss of 9520 km(2) The annual net loss (-1.2% per year) of the cover of Cerrado is higher than that reported for the whole biome in similar periods. We argue that environmental and economic variables interact to underpin rates of conversion of Cerrado, most severely affecting more humid Cerrado lowlands. While rates of Cerrado regeneration are important for conservation strategies of the remaining biome, their integrity must be investigated given the likelihood of encroachment. Given the high frequency of land abandonment in tropical regions, secondary vegetation is fundamental to maintain biodiversity and ecosystem services. Finally, the impacts of Cerrado conversion on human welfare likely vary from local to regional scales, making it difficult to elaborate land-use policies based solely on socio-economic indicators.This article is part of the themed issue 'Tropical grassy biomes: linking ecology, human use and conservation'.

Meat morals: relationship between meat consumption consumer attitudes towards human and animal welfare and moral behavior.

The aim of this work is to explore the relation between morality and diet choice by investigating how animal and human welfare attitudes and donation behaviors can predict a meat eating versus flexitarian versus vegetarian diet. The results of a survey study (N=299) show that animal health concerns (measured by the Animal Attitude Scale) can predict diet choice. Vegetarians are most concerned, while full-time meat eaters are least concerned, and the contrast between flexitarians and vegetarians is greater than the contrast between flexitarians and full-time meat eaters. With regards to human welfare (measured by the Moral Foundations Questionnaire), results show that attitudes towards human suffering set flexitarians apart from vegetarians and attitudes towards authority and respect distinguish between flexitarians and meat eaters. To conclude, results show that vegetarians donate more often to animal oriented charities than flexitarians and meat eaters, while no differences between the three diet groups occur for donations to human oriented charities.

From ecosystems to human welfare: the role and conservation of biodiversity / Dos ecossistemas ao bem estar humano: o papel e a conservação da biodiversidade

ABSTRACT: Biodiversity plays a key role in human welfare by providing agricultural, economic, and health benefits. However, following the industrial revolution, the rapid expansion of the human population and subsequent economic activities have caused a dramatic loss in global biodiversity, resulting in significant disturbances to ecosystems and our own living conditions. Accordingly, the conservation of biodiversity has become one of the most important challenges for humanity. The vast numbers of plants, animals, and microorganisms, the enormous genetic diversity of these species and the different ecosystems to which these organisms belong are all part of a biologically diverse planet. A substantial proportion of the world's biodiversity has been destroyed, this loss is a catastrophe for all living species, including humans. Fortunately, we are working to remedy the destruction of our ecosystems. Herein, we summarized the discovery and development of biodiversity as a field of study and discuss the importance of the genetic and metabolite diversity. We proposed potential solutions to the loss of biodiversity with the aim of facilitating further exploration and identification of biodiversity, contributing for human welfare through the conservation of human habitats.

RESUMO: A biodiversidade desempenha um papel fundamental no bem-estar humano, proporcionando benefícios agrícolas, econômicos e de saúde. No entanto, após a revolução industrial, a rápida expansão da população humana e as subsequentes atividades econômicas provocaram uma perda drástica na biodiversidade global, resultando em perturbações significativas para os ecossistemas e nossas próprias condições de vida. Consequentemente, a conservação da biodiversidade tornou-se um dos desafios mais para a humanidade. O grande número de plantas, animais e microrganismos; a enorme diversidade genética destas espécies; e os diferentes ecossistemas aos quais pertencem esses organismos fazem parte de um planeta biologicamente diversificado. Uma proporção substancial da biodiversidade mundial foi destruída. Essa perda é uma catástrofe para todas as espécies vivas, incluindo os humanos. Felizmente, estamos trabalhando para remediar a destruição de nossos ecossistemas. Neste artigo resumimos a descoberta e o desenvolvimento da biodiversidade como área de estudo e discutimos a importância da análise funcional e metabólica. Propomos soluções potenciais para a perda de biodiversidade com o objetivo de facilitar a exploração e identificação da biodiversidade, contribuindo para o bem-estar da humanidade através da conservação dos habitats da nossa espécie.

Software para la categorización semiautomática de asociaciones libres sobre el bienestar de trabajadores habaneros / Software for semi-automatic categorization of free associations to promote the welfare of workers of Havana

RESUMEN Introducción: Especialistas de la Facultad de Psicología de la Universidad de La Habana propusieron el cuestionario sobre Bienestar Humano Personal, Laboral y Social (BHPLS), que se aplicó a 135 trabajadores cubanos de tres grupos sociolaborales. Dada la variedad de respuestas, se impuso un análisis de contenido (AC) para la Pregunta 1 del cuestionario. Objetivo: Proponer e implementar un software que permita la categorización semiautomática en un AC para dicha pregunta. Material y Métodos: Se utilizó el índice de concordancia Kappa para evaluar el acuerdo entre expertos respecto al esquema de categorías. Se implementó un software en el lenguaje de programación Python para cumplir el objetivo, considerando las funcionalidades de softwares similares. Resultados: Se implementó, validó y registró un software "BHPLS data processing-UH®" que permite establecer las categorías, cargar los datos, categorizarlos semiautomáticamente y guardar el resultado, entre otras funcionalidades. La categorización manual con estudiantes de Psicología obtuvo un índice de concordancia Kappa negativo (bajo acuerdo entre expertos), mientras que usando el software propuesto, se alcanzó un Kappa global 0.7871 con p=0.00 (alta concordancia y alta significación estadística). Además, se propuso un algoritmo para la unificación de las categorizaciones de expertos y se ejecutó un Análisis de Correspondencias (ANACOR) sobre la combinación de categorizaciones obtenidas. Conclusiones: Dada la alta concordancia alcanzada, se recomienda el uso del software por su adaptabilidad, facilidad de uso y la "humanización" del AC. El ANACOR permitió observar similitudes entre los grupos sociolaborales. Las funcionalidades del software pueden aplicarse para el procesamiento de asociaciones libres en otros escenarios.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Experts of the Faculty of Psychology of the University of Havana proposed the Personal, Labor and Social Human Well-being questionnaire (BHPLS, in Spanish), that was applied to 135 Cuban workers of three social and occupational groups. Given the variety of responses, a content analysis (CA) was used for Question 1 of the mentioned questionnaire. Objective: To present and implement a software that allows a semi-automatic categorization in a CA used for this question. Material and Methods: The Kappa index test was used to evaluate experts´ agreement with respect to category schemes. We implemented a software with the Python programming language to achieve our objective, considering other similar software functionalities. Results: We implemented, validated and registered the software BHPLS data processing-UH® that allows to set up a categories system, load the collected data, categorize associations in a semi-automatic way, and save the results, among other functionalities. This software was validated by Psychology students and, when they performed the manual categorization, a negative Kappa agreement index (low categorization agreement between experts) was obtained whereas using the proposed software, a global Kappa index of 0.7871 with p=0.00 (high and statistically significant categorization agreement between experts) was obtained. Besides, we proposed a unified algorithm for expert's categorizations, and carried out a Correspondence Analysis (ANACOR) on the basis of the categorizations achieved. Conclusions: According to the high concordance attained, we recommend the software due to its adaptability, ease of use, and "humanization'' of the process. The CA allowed us to observe similarities in social and occupational groups. The software functionalities can be applied for processing free associations in other scenarios.