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Evaluation of patients that may be infected is challenging. Imaging to identify or localize a site of infection is often limited because of the nonspecific nature of the findings on conventional imaging modalities. Available imaging methods lack the ability to determine if antibiotics are reaching the site of infection and are not optimized to follow response to therapy. Positron emission tomography (PET) is a method by which radiolabeled molecules can be used to detect metabolic perturbations or levels of expression of specific targets. The most common PET agent is the glucose analog 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose (18F-FDG). 18F-FDG has some applicability to localizing a site of infection, but its lack of specificity limits its usefulness. There is a need for the development of pathogen-specific PET radiotracers to address the imaging shortcomings noted above. Preclinical and clinical progress has been made, but significant challenges remain.
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Fiebre de Origen Desconocido , Fluorodesoxiglucosa F18 , Humanos , Radiofármacos , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X/efectos adversos , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X/métodos , Fiebre de Origen Desconocido/diagnóstico , Fiebre de Origen Desconocido/etiología , Tomografía de Emisión de Positrones/métodos , Imagen Molecular/efectos adversosRESUMEN
Chronic knee pain is a common condition. Causes of knee pain include trauma, inflammation, and degeneration, but in many patients the pathophysiology remains unknown. Recent developments in advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques and molecular imaging facilitate more in-depth research focused on the pathophysiology of chronic musculoskeletal pain and more specifically inflammation. The forthcoming new insights can help develop better targeted treatment, and some imaging techniques may even serve as imaging biomarkers for predicting and assessing treatment response in the future. This review highlights the latest developments in perfusion MRI, diffusion MRI, and molecular imaging with positron emission tomography/MRI and their application in the painful knee. The primary focus is synovial inflammation, also known as synovitis. Bone perfusion and bone metabolism are also addressed.
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Dolor Musculoesquelético , Sinovitis , Humanos , Articulación de la Rodilla/diagnóstico por imagen , Articulación de la Rodilla/patología , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Sinovitis/etiología , Sinovitis/patología , Inflamación/patología , Imagen Molecular/efectos adversosRESUMEN
Cardiovascular disease is one of the major contributors to global disease burden. Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory process that involves the accumulation of lipids and fibrous elements in the large arteries, forming an atherosclerotic plaque. Rupture of unstable plaques leads to thrombosis that triggers life-threatening complications such as myocardial infarction. Current diagnostic methods are invasive as they require insertion of a catheter into the coronary artery. Molecular imaging techniques, such as magnetic resonance imaging, have been developed to image atherosclerotic plaques and thrombosis due to its high spatial resolution and safety. The sensitivity of magnetic resonance imaging can be improved with contrast agents, such as iron oxide nanoparticles. This review presents the most recent advances in atherosclerosis, thrombosis, and myocardial infarction molecular imaging using iron oxide-based nanoparticles. While some studies have shown their effectiveness, many are yet to undertake comprehensive testing of biocompatibility. There are still potential hazards to address and complications to diagnosis, therefore strategies for overcoming these challenges are required.
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Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/diagnóstico por imagen , Sistema Cardiovascular/diagnóstico por imagen , Medios de Contraste , Nanopartículas Magnéticas de Óxido de Hierro , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Imagen Molecular , Animales , Aterosclerosis/diagnóstico por imagen , Aterosclerosis/metabolismo , Aterosclerosis/terapia , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/metabolismo , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/terapia , Sistema Cardiovascular/metabolismo , Medios de Contraste/efectos adversos , Humanos , Nanopartículas Magnéticas de Óxido de Hierro/efectos adversos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/efectos adversos , Imagen Molecular/efectos adversos , Infarto del Miocardio/diagnóstico por imagen , Infarto del Miocardio/metabolismo , Infarto del Miocardio/terapia , Tomografía de Emisión de Positrones , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Pronóstico , Trombosis/diagnóstico por imagen , Trombosis/metabolismo , Trombosis/terapia , Tomografía Computarizada de Emisión de Fotón ÚnicoRESUMEN
PURPOSE: The adrenomedullin receptor is densely expressed in the pulmonary vascular endothelium. PulmoBind, an adrenomedullin receptor ligand, was developed for molecular diagnosis of pulmonary vascular disease. We evaluated the safety of PulmoBind SPECT imaging and its capacity to detect pulmonary vascular disease associated with pulmonary hypertension (PH) in a human phase II study. METHODS: Thirty patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH, n = 23) or chronic thromboembolic PH (CTEPH, n = 7) in WHO functional class II (n = 26) or III (n = 4) were compared to 15 healthy controls. Lung SPECT was performed after injection of 15 mCi 99mTc-PulmoBind in supine position. Qualitative and semi-quantitative analyses of lung uptake were performed. Reproducibility of repeated testing was evaluated in controls after 1 month. RESULTS: PulmoBind injection was well tolerated without any serious adverse event. Imaging was markedly abnormal in PH with â¼50% of subjects showing moderate to severe heterogeneity of moderate to severe extent. The abnormalities were unevenly distributed between the right and left lungs as well as within each lung. Segmental defects compatible with pulmonary embolism were present in 7/7 subjects with CTEPH and in 2/23 subjects with PAH. There were no segmental defects in controls. The PulmoBind activity distribution index, a parameter indicative of heterogeneity, was elevated in PH (65% ± 28%) vs. controls (41% ± 13%, p = 0.0003). In the only subject with vasodilator-responsive idiopathic PAH, PulmoBind lung SPECT was completely normal. Repeated testing 1 month later in healthy controls was well tolerated and showed no significant variability of PulmoBind distribution. CONCLUSIONS: In this phase II study, molecular SPECT imaging of the pulmonary vascular endothelium using 99mTc-PulmoBind was safe. PulmoBind showed potential to detect both pulmonary embolism and abnormalities indicative of pulmonary vascular disease in PAH. Phase III studies with this novel tracer and direct comparisons to lung perfusion agents such as labeled macro-aggregates of albumin are needed. CLINICAL TRIAL: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02216279.
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Endotelio Vascular/diagnóstico por imagen , Hipertensión Pulmonar/diagnóstico por imagen , Pulmón/irrigación sanguínea , Imagen Molecular/efectos adversos , Seguridad , Adulto , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Femenino , Humanos , Hipertensión Pulmonar/patología , Procesamiento de Imagen Asistido por Computador , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Reproducibilidad de los ResultadosRESUMEN
No discussion of challenges for chemistry in molecular imaging would be complete without addressing the elephant in the room-which is that the purest of chemical compounds needs to interact with a biological system in a manner that does not perturb normal biology while still providing efficacious feedback to assist in diagnosis of disease. In the past decade, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) agents long considered inert have produced adverse effects in certain patient populations under certain treatment regimens. More recently, inert blood pool agents have been found to deposit in the brain. Release of free metal is often suspected as the culprit but that hypothesis has yet to be validated. In addition, even innocuous agents can cause painful side effects during injection in some patients. In this brief review, we summarize known biological effects for gadolinium- and iron-based MRI contrast agents, and discuss some of the potential mechanisms for the observed biological effects, including the potential role of phosphorus imbalance, related to kidney disease or cancer, in destabilizing gadolinium-based chelates and precipitating free gadolinium.This article is part of the themed issue 'Challenges for chemistry in molecular imaging'.
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Medios de Contraste/efectos adversos , Gadolinio/efectos adversos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/efectos adversos , Animales , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagen , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Medios de Contraste/química , Medios de Contraste/farmacocinética , Gadolinio/química , Gadolinio/farmacocinética , Humanos , Modelos Biológicos , Imagen Molecular/efectos adversos , Dermopatía Fibrosante Nefrogénica/etiología , Fósforo/metabolismo , Insuficiencia Renal/diagnóstico por imagen , Insuficiencia Renal/metabolismoAsunto(s)
Imagen Molecular , Neoplasias de la Próstata/diagnóstico por imagen , Biomarcadores de Tumor , Toma de Decisiones Clínicas , Humanos , Cobertura del Seguro , Masculino , Imagen Molecular/efectos adversos , Imagen Molecular/métodos , Imagen Multimodal/métodos , Estadificación de Neoplasias , Neoplasias de la Próstata/metabolismo , Neoplasias de la Próstata/patología , Neoplasias de la Próstata/terapia , Recurrencia , Factores de Tiempo , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Two-dimensional (2D) materials have emerged as an important class of nanomaterials for technological innovation due to their remarkable physicochemical properties, including sheet-like morphology and minimal thickness, high surface area, tuneable chemical composition, and surface functionalization. These materials are being proposed for new applications in energy, health, and the environment; these are all strategic society sectors toward sustainable development. Specifically, 2D materials for nano-imaging have shown exciting opportunities in in vitro and in vivo models, providing novel molecular imaging techniques such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, fluorescence and luminescence optical imaging and others. Therefore, given the growing interest in 2D materials, it is mandatory to evaluate their impact on the immune system in a broader sense, because it is responsible for detecting and eliminating foreign agents in living organisms. This mini-review presents an overview on the frontier of research involving 2D materials applications, nano-imaging and their immunosafety aspects. Finally, we highlight the importance of nanoinformatics approaches and computational modeling for a deeper understanding of the links between nanomaterial physicochemical properties and biological responses (immunotoxicity/biocompatibility) towards enabling immunosafety-by-design 2D materials.
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Medios de Contraste/efectos adversos , Sistema Inmunológico/efectos de los fármacos , Inmunidad/efectos de los fármacos , Imagen Molecular/efectos adversos , Nanoestructuras/efectos adversos , Nanotecnología , Animales , Biología Computacional , Humanos , Sistema Inmunológico/inmunología , Sistema Inmunológico/metabolismo , Medición de Riesgo , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Recent studies have raised concerns about exposure to low-dose ionizing radiation from medical imaging procedures. Little has been published regarding the relative exposure and risks associated with breast imaging techniques such as breast specific gamma imaging (BSGI), molecular breast imaging (MBI), or positron emission mammography (PEM). The purpose of this article was to estimate and compare the risks of radiation-induced cancer from mammography and techniques such as PEM, BSGI, and MBI in a screening environment. METHODS: The authors used a common scheme for all estimates of cancer incidence and mortality based on the excess absolute risk model from the BEIR VII report. The lifetime attributable risk model was used to estimate the lifetime risk of radiation-induced breast cancer incidence and mortality. All estimates of cancer incidence and mortality were based on a population of 100 000 females followed from birth to age 80 and adjusted for the fraction that survives to various ages between 0 and 80. Assuming annual screening from ages 40 to 80 and from ages 50 to 80, the cumulative cancer incidence and mortality attributed to digital mammography, screen-film mammography, MBI, BSGI, and PEM was calculated. The corresponding cancer incidence and mortality from natural background radiation was calculated as a useful reference. Assuming a 15%-32% reduction in mortality from screening, the benefit/risk ratio for the different imaging modalities was evaluated. RESULTS: Using conventional doses of 925 MBq Tc-99m sestamibi for MBI and BSGI and 370 MBq F-18 FDG for PEM, the cumulative cancer incidence and mortality were found to be 15-30 times higher than digital mammography. The benefit/risk ratio for annual digital mammography was >50:1 for both the 40-80 and 50-80 screening groups, but dropped to 3:1 for the 40-49 age group. If the primary use of MBI, BSGI, and PEM is in women with dense breast tissue, then the administered doses need to be in the range 75-150 MBq for Tc-99m sestamibi and 35 MBq-70 MBq for F-18 FDG in order to obtain benefit/risk ratios comparable to those of mammography in these age groups. These dose ranges should be achievable with enhancements to current technology while maintaining a reasonable examination time. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the dose estimates in this study clearly indicate that if molecular imaging techniques are to be of value in screening for breast cancer, then the administered doses need to be substantially reduced to better match the effective doses of mammography.
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Mama/efectos de la radiación , Mamografía/efectos adversos , Imagen Molecular/efectos adversos , Neoplasias Inducidas por Radiación/epidemiología , Dosis de Radiación , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Mama/citología , Mama/patología , Neoplasias de la Mama/diagnóstico por imagen , Neoplasias de la Mama/patología , Niño , Preescolar , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/efectos adversos , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Persona de Mediana Edad , Neoplasias Inducidas por Radiación/mortalidad , Medición de Riesgo , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
CE credit: For CE credit, you can access the test for this article, as well as additional JNMT CE tests, online at https://www.snmmilearningcenter.org Complete the test online no later than September 2023. Your online test will be scored immediately. You may make 3 attempts to pass the test and must answer 80% of the questions correctly to receive 1.0 CEH (Continuing Education Hour) credit. SNMMI members will have their CEH credit added to their VOICE transcript automatically; nonmembers will be able to print out a CE certificate upon successfully completing the test. The online test is free to SNMMI members; nonmembers must pay $15.00 by credit card when logging onto the website to take the test.
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Divertículo Ileal/diagnóstico por imagen , Imagen Molecular/métodos , Artefactos , Humanos , Interpretación de Imagen Asistida por Computador , Imagen Molecular/efectos adversos , Educación del Paciente como AsuntoRESUMEN
Fluorescence molecular imaging (MI) is an important concept in preclinical research that focuses on the visualization of cellular and biological function in a non-invasive fashion to better understand in vivo disease processes and treatment effects. MI differs fundamentally from traditional preclinical imaging strategies in that it generally relies on reporter probes specific for particular targets or pathways that can be used to reveal biological changes in situ, at the site(s) of disease. In contrast, the more established imaging modalities, like magnetic resonance imaging, X-ray, micro X-ray computed tomography, and ultrasound, historically have relied primarily on late-stage anatomical or physiologic changes. The practical application of fluorescence MI, however, has drifted somewhat from the emphasis on quantifying biology, and based on the publication record, it now appears to include any imaging in which a probe or contrast agent is used to non-invasively acquire in vivo endpoint information. Unfortunately, the mere use of a defined biologically specific probe, in the absence of careful study design, does not guarantee that any useful biological information is actually gained, although often useful endpoint results still can be achieved. This review proposes to add subcategories of MI, termed MI biological assessment (or MIBA), that emphasize a focus on obtaining early and clear biological changes associated with disease development, therapeutic efficacy, and drug-induced tissue changes. Proper selection of probes and careful study design are critical for maximizing the non-invasive assessment of in vivo biological changes, and applications of these critical elements are described.
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Enfermedad , Imagen Molecular/efectos adversos , Animales , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Fluorescencia , Humanos , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Current clinical guidelines recommend mammography as the only imaging method for surveillance in asymptomatic survivors of early breast cancer (EBC). However, non-recommended tests are commonly used. We estimated the imaging radiation-induced malignancies (IRIM) risks in survivors of EBC undergoing different imaging surveillance models. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We built 5 theoretical models of imaging surveillance, from annual mammography only (model 1) to increasingly imaging-intensive approaches, including computed tomography (CT) scan, positron emission tomography-CT, bone scan, and multigated acquisition scan (models 2 through 5). Using the National Cancer Institute's Radiation Risk Assessment Tool, we compared the excess lifetime attributable cancer risk (LAR) for hypothetical survivors of EBC starting surveillance at the ages of 30, 60, or 75 years and ending at 81 years. RESULTS: For all age groups analyzed, there is a statistically significant increase in LAR when comparing model 1 with more intensive models. As an example, in a patient beginning surveillance at the age of 60 years, there is a 28.5-fold increase in the IRIM risk when comparing mammography only versus a schedule with mammography plus CT scan of chest-abdomen and bone scan. We found no differences when comparing models 2 through 5. LAR is higher when surveillance starts at a younger age, although the age effect was only statistically significant in model 1. CONCLUSION: Non-recommended imaging during EBC surveillance can be associated with a significant increase in LAR. In addition to the lack of survival benefit, additional tests may have significant IRIM risks and should be avoided.
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Neoplasias de la Mama/diagnóstico por imagen , Supervivientes de Cáncer/estadística & datos numéricos , Mamografía/efectos adversos , Tamizaje Masivo/métodos , Neoplasias Inducidas por Radiación/etiología , Tomografía de Emisión de Positrones/efectos adversos , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X/efectos adversos , Adulto , Anciano , Neoplasias de la Mama/terapia , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Imagen Molecular/efectos adversos , Neoplasias Inducidas por Radiación/diagnóstico , Vigilancia de la Población , Pronóstico , Dosis de Radiación , Exposición a la Radiación/efectos adversos , Cintigrafía/efectos adversos , Medición de Riesgo/métodos , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
Optical molecular imaging holds the potential to improve cancer diagnosis. Fluorescent nanoparticles such as quantum dots (QD) offer superior optical characteristics compared to organic dyes, but their in vivo application is limited by potential toxicity from systemic administration. Topical administration provides an attractive route for targeted nanoparticles with the possibility of minimizing exposure and reduced dose. Previously, we demonstrated successful ex vivo endoscopic imaging of human bladder cancer by topical (i.e. intravesical) administration of QD-conjugated anti-CD47. Herein we investigate in vivo biodistribution and toxicity of intravesically instilled free QD and anti-CD47-QD in mice. In vivo biodistribution of anti-CD47-QD was assessed with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Local and systemic toxicity was assessed using blood tests, organ weights, and histology. On average, there was no significant accumulation of QD outside of the bladder, although in some mice we detected extravesical biodistribution of QD suggesting a route for systemic exposure under some conditions. There were no indications of acute toxicity up to 7 days after instillation. Intravesical administration of targeted nanoparticles can reduce systemic exposure, but for clinical use, nanoparticles with established biosafety profiles should be used to decrease long-term toxicity in cases where systemic exposure occurs.
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Imagen Molecular/métodos , Imagen Óptica/métodos , Puntos Cuánticos/administración & dosificación , Puntos Cuánticos/efectos adversos , Distribución Tisular , Neoplasias de la Vejiga Urinaria/diagnóstico por imagen , Administración Intravesical , Estructuras Animales/efectos de los fármacos , Estructuras Animales/patología , Animales , Efectos Colaterales y Reacciones Adversas Relacionados con Medicamentos/patología , Histocitoquímica , Espectrometría de Masas , Ratones , Imagen Molecular/efectos adversos , Imagen Óptica/efectos adversos , Plasma/químicaRESUMEN
Integrin αvß3 is a molecular marker for the estimation of tumor angiogenesis and is an imaging target for radiolabeled Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptides. In this study, the authors investigated the clinical efficacy and safety of a novel radiolabeled RGD peptide, 99mTc-IDA-D-[c(RGDfK)]2, for the imaging of integrin αvß3 expression, as a measure of tumor angiogenesis in lung cancers and brain tumors. Five patients with lung cancers and seven with brain tumors underwent 99mTc-IDA-D-[c(RGDfK)]2 single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging. Tumors were also assessed using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography. Uptake of the radiotracer was expressed as the tumor-to-normal uptake ratio (TNR). All the lung cancers and brain tumors were well visualized on 99mTc-IDA-D-[c(RGDfK)]2 SPECT. TNR for 99mTc-IDA-D-[c(RGDfK)]2 was significantly higher than that for 18F-FDG in brain tumors (6.4 ± 4.1 vs. 0.9 ± 0.4). Proliferation index of brain tumors showed a significant positive correlation with TNR for 99mTc-IDA-D-[c(RGDfK)]2 and 18F-FDG. No laboratory and clinical adverse events were reported after 99mTc-IDA-D-[c(RGDfK)]2 injection. Their results suggest that 99mTc-IDA-D-[c(RGDfK)]2 is an efficacious and safe radiotracer for imaging integrin αvß3 expression with potential application to monitoring the clinical efficacy of antiangiogenic agents in malignant tumors. In addition, this is the first clinical application of radiolabeled RGD peptides for SPECT imaging of brain tumors.
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Inhibidores de la Angiogénesis/uso terapéutico , Neoplasias Encefálicas/diagnóstico por imagen , Neoplasias Pulmonares/diagnóstico por imagen , Imagen Molecular/métodos , Compuestos de Organotecnecio/farmacología , Péptidos Cíclicos/farmacología , Radiofármacos/farmacología , Tomografía Computarizada de Emisión de Fotón Único/métodos , Anciano , Biomarcadores de Tumor/metabolismo , Neoplasias Encefálicas/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Encefálicas/mortalidad , Neoplasias Encefálicas/patología , Supervivencia sin Enfermedad , Femenino , Fluorodesoxiglucosa F18/farmacología , Estudios de Seguimiento , Glucosa/metabolismo , Humanos , Procesamiento de Imagen Asistido por Computador , Integrina alfaVbeta3/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/mortalidad , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Imagen Molecular/efectos adversos , Neovascularización Patológica/diagnóstico por imagen , Neovascularización Patológica/tratamiento farmacológico , Neovascularización Patológica/patología , Compuestos de Organotecnecio/síntesis química , Péptidos Cíclicos/síntesis química , Radiofármacos/síntesis química , Distribución Tisular , Tomografía Computarizada de Emisión de Fotón Único/efectos adversos , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), which are generated by doping with rare earth (RE) metals, are increasingly used for bioimaging because of the advantages they hold over conventional fluorophores. However, because pristine RE nanoparticles (NPs) are unstable in acidic physiological fluids (e.g., lysosomes), leading to intracellular phosphate complexation with the possibility of lysosomal injury, it is important to ensure that UCNPs are safely designed. In this study, we used commercially available NaYF4:Er/Yb UCNPs to study their stability in lysosomes and simulated lysosomal fluid. We demonstrate that phosphate complexation leads to REPO4 deposition on the particle surfaces and morphological transformation. This leads to a decline in upconversion fluorescence efficiency as well as inducing pro-inflammatory effects at the cellular level and in the intact lung. In order to preserve the imaging properties of the UCNPs as well as improve their safety, we experimented with a series of phosphonate chemical moieties to passivate particle surfaces through the strong coordination of the organophosphates with RE atoms. Particle screening and physicochemical characterization revealed that ethylenediamine tetra(methylenephosphonic acid) (EDTMP) surface coating provides the most stable UCNPs, which maintain their imaging intensity and do not induce pro-inflammatory effects in vitro and in vivo. In summary, phosphonate coating presents a safer design method that preserves and improves the bioimaging properties of UCNPs, thereby enhancing their biological use.
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Imagen Molecular/efectos adversos , Imagen Molecular/métodos , Nanopartículas/química , Compuestos Organofosforados/química , Seguridad , Animales , Línea Celular , Erbio/química , Fluoruros/química , Humanos , Masculino , Ratones , Modelos Moleculares , Conformación Molecular , Propiedades de Superficie , Iterbio/química , Itrio/químicaRESUMEN
We investigated the potential of DTPA-bis(Methionine), a target specific amino acid based probe for detection of L-type amino acid transporters (LAT1) known to over express in proliferating tumours using multimodality imaging. The ligand, DTPA-bis(Met) was readily converted to lanthanide complexes and was found capable of targeting cancer cells using multimodality imaging. DTPA-bis(Met) complexes were synthesized and characterized by mass spectroscopy. MR longitudinal relaxivity, r1 = 4.067 ± 0.31 mM⻹s⻹ and transverse relaxivity, r2 = 8.61 ± 0.07 mM⻹s⻹ of Gd(III)-DTPA-bis(Met) were observed at pH 7.4 at 7 T. Bright, localized fluorescence of Eu(III)-DTPA-bis(Met) was observed with standard microscopy and displacement studies indicated ligand functionality. K(D) value determined for Eu(III)-DTPA-bis(Met) on U-87 MG cells was found to be 17.3 pM and showed appreciable fluorescence within the cells. Radio HPLC showed a radiochemical purity more than 95% (specific activity = 400-500 MBq/µmol, labelling efficiency 78 %) for 68Ga(III)-DTPA-bis(Met). Pre-treatment of xenografted U-87 MG athymic mice with 68Ga(III)-DTPA-bis(Met) following unlabelled L-methionine administration reduced tumour uptake by 10-folds in Micro PET. These data support the specific binding of 68Ga(III)-DTPA-bis(Met) to the LAT1 transporter. To summarize, this agent possesses high stability in biological environment and exhibits effective interaction with its LAT1 transporters giving high accumulation in tumour area, excellent tumour/non-tumour ratio and low non-specific retention in vivo.
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Complejos de Coordinación , Detección Precoz del Cáncer , Transportador de Aminoácidos Neutros Grandes 1/metabolismo , Metionina/análogos & derivados , Imagen Molecular , Imagen Multimodal , Proteínas de Neoplasias/metabolismo , Neoplasias/diagnóstico por imagen , Animales , Línea Celular Tumoral , Proliferación Celular , Complejos de Coordinación/efectos adversos , Complejos de Coordinación/metabolismo , Complejos de Coordinación/farmacocinética , Femenino , Radioisótopos de Galio , Humanos , Ligandos , Masculino , Metionina/efectos adversos , Metionina/metabolismo , Metionina/farmacocinética , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Ratones Desnudos , Imagen Molecular/efectos adversos , Trasplante de Neoplasias , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Neoplasias/patología , Ácido Pentético/efectos adversos , Ácido Pentético/análogos & derivados , Ácido Pentético/farmacocinética , Conejos , Cintigrafía , Ratas , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is a new imaging modality using oscillating magnetic fields in the frequency range of 10 kHz to 100 kHz. The duration of data acquisition becomes smaller, and signal-to-noise ratio improves if the amplitude of these fields is increased - technically amplitudes of up to 100 mT might be feasible for human-sized systems. On the other hand, with increasing field strength, adverse health effects must be expected: oscillating magnetic fields can stimulate nerves and muscle and heat up tissue. Thresholds for stimulation with magnetic fields in this frequency range are not precisely known, neither is the local temperature rise following exposure. The ICNIRP guidelines define reference levels for magnetic field exposure for the general public that contain large safety factors - for medical diagnostics, they might be exceeded for a short time. In this article, research and guidelines in this field are briefly reviewed, and new results are presented in order to contribute to a future definition of safety limits for oscillating magnetic fields in MPI.
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Campos Magnéticos/efectos adversos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/efectos adversos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/normas , Nanopartículas de Magnetita/efectos adversos , Imagen Molecular/efectos adversos , Imagen Molecular/normas , Traumatismos por Radiación/prevención & control , Medios de Contraste , Guías como Asunto , Humanos , Nanopartículas de Magnetita/normas , Concentración Máxima Admisible , Dosis de Radiación , Traumatismos por Radiación/etiologíaRESUMEN
Tumor-specific adenoviral vectors comprise a fruitful gene-based diagnostic imaging and therapy research area for advanced stage of cancer, including metastatic disease. However, clinical translation of viral vectors has encountered considerable obstacles, largely due to host immune responses against the virus. Here, we explored the utilization of an immunosuppressant, rapamycin, to circumvent the anti-adenovirus immunity in immunocompetent murine prostate cancer models. Rapamycin diminished adenoviral-induced acute immune response by inhibiting NF-κB activation; it also reduced the scale and delayed the onset of inflammatory cytokine secretion. Further, we found that rapamycin abrogated anti-adenovirus antibody production and retarded the function of myeloid cells and lymphocytes that were activated upon viral administration in pre-immunized hosts. Thus, the co-administration of rapamycin prolonged and enhanced adenovirus-delivered transgene expression in vivo, and thereby augmented the imaging capability of adenoviral vectors in both bioluminescent and positron emission tomography modalities. Furthermore, we showed that despite an excellent response of cancer cells to a cytotoxic gene therapeutic vector in vitro, only minimal therapeutic effects were observed in vivo in pre-immunized mice. However, when we combined gene therapy with transient immunosuppression, complete tumor growth arrest was achieved. Overall, transient immunosuppression by rapamycin was able to boost the diagnostic utility and therapeutic potentials of adenoviral vectors.