Siloxane Emissions and Exposures during the Use of Hair Care Products in Buildings.

Cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes (cVMS) are ubiquitous in hair care products (HCPs). cVMS emissions from HCPs are of concern, given the potential adverse impact of siloxanes on the environment and human health. To characterize cVMS emissions and exposures during the use of HCPs, realistic hair care experiments were conducted in a residential building. Siloxane-based HCPs were tested using common hair styling techniques, including straightening, curling, waving, and oiling. VOC concentrations were measured via proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry. HCP use drove rapid changes in the chemical composition of the indoor atmosphere. cVMS dominated VOC emissions from HCP use, and decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) contributed the most to cVMS emissions. cVMS emission factors (EFs) during hair care routines ranged from 110-1500 mg/person and were influenced by HCP type, styling tools, operation temperatures, and hair length. The high temperature of styling tools and the high surface area of hair enhanced VOC emissions. Increasing the hair straightener temperature from room temperature to 210 °C increased cVMS EFs by 50-310%. Elevated indoor cVMS concentrations can result in substantial indoor-to-outdoor transport of cVMS via ventilation (0.4-6 tons D5/year in the U.S.); thus, hair care routines may augment the abundance of cVMS in the outdoor atmosphere.

Measurement of endocrine disrupting and asthma-associated chemicals in hair products used by Black women.

BACKGROUND: Personal care products are a source of exposure to endocrine disrupting and asthma-associated chemicals. Because use of hair products differs by race/ethnicity, these products may contribute to exposure and disease disparities. OBJECTIVE: This preliminary study investigates the endocrine disrupting and asthma-associated chemical content of hair products used by U.S. Black women. METHODS: We used gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to test 18 hair products in 6 categories used by Black women: hot oil treatment, anti-frizz/polish, leave-in conditioner, root stimulator, hair lotion, and relaxer. We tested for 66 chemicals belonging to 10 chemical classes: ultraviolet (UV) filters, cyclosiloxanes, glycol ethers, fragrances, alkylphenols, ethanolamines, antimicrobials, bisphenol A, phthalates, and parabens. RESULTS: The hair products tested contained 45 endocrine disrupting or asthma-associated chemicals, including every targeted chemical class. We found cyclosiloxanes, parabens, and the fragrance marker diethyl phthalate (DEP) at the highest levels, and DEP most frequently. Root stimulators, hair lotions, and relaxers frequently contained nonylphenols, parabens, and fragrances; anti-frizz products contained cyclosiloxanes. Hair relaxers for children contained five chemicals regulated by California's Proposition 65 or prohibited by EU cosmetics regulation. Targeted chemicals were generally not listed on the product label. CONCLUSIONS: Hair products used by Black women and children contained multiple chemicals associated with endocrine disruption and asthma. The prevalence of parabens and DEP is consistent with higher levels of these compounds in biomonitoring samples from Black women compared with White women. These results indicate the need for more information about the contribution of consumer products to exposure disparities. A precautionary approach would reduce the use of endocrine disrupting chemicals in personal care products and improve labeling so women can select products consistent with their values.

Hair product use, age at menarche and mammographic breast density in multiethnic urban women.

BACKGROUND: Select hair products contain endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) that may affect breast cancer risk. We hypothesize that, if EDCs are related to breast cancer risk, then they may also affect two important breast cancer risk factors: age at menarche and mammographic breast density. METHODS: In two urban female cohorts (N = 248): 1) the New York site of the National Collaborative Perinatal Project and 2) the New York City Multiethnic Breast Cancer Project, we measured childhood and adult use of hair oils, lotions, leave-in conditioners, root stimulators, perms/relaxers, and hair dyes using the same validated questionnaire. We used multivariable relative risk regression models to examine the association between childhood hair product use and early age at menarche (defined as <11 years of age) and multivariable linear regression models to examine the association between childhood and adult hair product use and adult mammographic breast density. RESULTS: Early menarche was associated with ever use of childhood hair products (RR 2.3, 95% CI 1.1, 4.8) and hair oil use (RR 2.5, 95% CI 1.2, 5.2); however, additional adjustment for race/ethnicity, attenuated associations (hair products RR 1.8, 95% CI 0.8, 4.1; hair oil use RR 2.3, 95% CI 1.0, 5.5). Breast density was not associated with adult or childhood hair product or hair oil use. CONCLUSIONS: If confirmed in larger prospective studies, these data suggest that exposure to EDCs through hair products in early life may affect breast cancer risk by altering timing of menarche, and may operate through a mechanism distinct from breast density.

Cosmetic preservative labelling on the Thai market.

BACKGROUND: Preservatives are added to cosmetics and other consumer products to prevent microbial growth and product degradation. Many cosmetic preservatives are skin sensitizers and frequent causes of contact dermatitis. The use of preservatives may vary by country and/or region, according to legislation, and may be reflected in differences in the prevalence rates of preservative allergy worldwide. OBJECTIVE: To examine the type and frequency of preservative use in cosmetics sold in Thai markets in metropolitan Bangkok, Thailand. METHODS: Preservatives contained in 1000 different cosmetics sold in Thai markets were documented and analysed, based on the labelling of ingredients. RESULTS: Most of the cosmetic and skincare products sold in Thai markets were international brands, with only a small proportion of cosmetic products being produced in Thailand. International brand cosmetics were more likely to contain non-formaldehyde-releasing preservatives than domestically produced brands. Isothiazolinone-based preservatives, which are responsible for the current increase in the prevalence of contact allergy, were found at a significant frequency in domestically produced, leave-on cosmetic products. CONCLUSION: Preservatives in cosmetics were significantly different according to source of production and type of cosmetics.

OPTIMIZATION AND VALIDATION OF HPLC METHOD FOR TETRAMETHRIN DETERMINATION IN HUMAN SHAMPOO FORMULATION.

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with diode array detection (DAD) were optimized and validated for separation and determination of tetramethrin in an antiparasitic human shampoo. In order to optimize separation conditions, two different columns, different column oven temperatures, as well as mobile phase composition and ratio, were tested. Best separation was achieved on the Supelcosil TM LC-18- DB column (4.6 x 250 mm), particle size 5 jim, with mobile phase methanol : water (78 : 22, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min and at temperature of 30°C. The detection wavelength of the detector was set at 220 nm. Under the optimum chromatographic conditions, standard calibration curve was measured with good linearity [r2 = 0.9997]. Accuracy of the method defined as a mean recovery of tetramethrin from shampoo matrix was 100.09%. The advantages of this method are that it can easily be used for the routine analysis of drug tetramethrin in pharmaceutical formulas and in all pharmaceutical researches involving tetramethrin.

Use of statistical modeling to predict the effect of formulation composition on conditioning shampoo performance.

Formulation composition has a dramatic influence on the performance of conditioning shampoos. The purpose of this study is to determine the factors affecting the performance of various cationic polymers in those systems. An experiment was conducted by varying the levels of three surfactants (sodium lauryl ether sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate, and cocamidopropyl betaine) in formulations containing various cationic polymers such as cationic cassia derivatives of different cationic charge densities (1.9, 2.3, and 3.0 mEq/g), cationic guar (0.98 mEq/g), and cationic hydroxyethyl cellulose (1.03 mEq/g). The results show the formulation composition dramatically affects silicone and cationic polymer deposition. In particular, three parameters are of importance in determining deposition efficiency: ionic strength, surfactant (micelle) charge, and total amount of surfactant. The cationic polymer composition, molecular weight, and charge density are also important in determining which of the previous three parameters influence the performance most.

Chemical/straightening and other hair product usage during childhood, adolescence, and adulthood among African-American women: potential implications for health.

Few studies have characterized life course hair product usage beyond ever/never. We investigated hair product use from childhood to adulthood, usage patterns in adulthood, and socioeconomic status (SES) correlates among African-American (AA) women. Using self-reported data from 1555 AA women enrolled in the Study of Environment, Lifestyle, and Fibroids (2010-2018), we estimated the usage frequency of chemical relaxer/straightener (≥twice/year, once/year, and rarely/never) and leave-in/leave-on conditioner (≥once/week, 1-3 times/month, and rarely/never) during childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Latent class analysis was used to identify patterns of adulthood usage of multiple hair products. SES was compared across latent classes. With a mean age of 33 ± 3.4 years, most women reported ever using chemical relaxers/straighteners (89%), and use ≥twice/year increased from childhood (9%) to adolescence (73%) but decreased in adulthood (29%). Leave-in/leave-on conditioner use followed the same pattern. Each of three identified latent classes reported frequent styling product use and infrequent relaxer/straightener use. Class One was unlikely to use any other products, Class Two moderately used shampoo and conditioner, and Class Three frequently used multiple product types (e.g., moisturizers and conditioners). Participants in the latter two classes reported higher SES. Ever/never characterization may miss important and distinctive patterns of hair product use, which may vary by SES.

The use of multizone models to estimate an airborne chemical contaminant generation and decay profile: occupational exposures of hairdressers to vinyl chloride in hairspray during the 1960s and 1970s.

Vinyl chloride (VC) was used as a propellant in a limited percentage of aerosol hairspray products in the United States from approximately 1967 to 1973. The question has arisen whether occupational exposures of hairdressers to VC-containing hairsprays in hair salons were sufficient to increase the risk for developing hepatic angiosarcoma (HAS). Transient two-zone and steady-state three-zone models were used to estimate the historical airborne concentration of VC for individual hairdressers using hairspray as well as estimated contributions from other hairdressers in the same salon. Concentrations of VC were modeled for small, medium, and large salons, as well as a representative home salon. Model inputs were determined using published literature, and variability in these inputs was also considered using Monte Carlo techniques. The 95th percentile for the daily time-weighted average exposure for small, medium, and large salons, assuming a market-share fraction of VC-containing hairspray use from the Monte Carlo analysis, was about 0.3 ppm, and for the home salon scenario was 0.1 ppm. The 95th percentile value for the cumulative lifetime exposure of the hairdressers was 2.8 ppm-years for the home salon scenario and 2.0 ppm-years for the small, medium, and large salon scenarios. If using the assumption that all hairsprays used in a salon contained VC, the 95th percentile of the theoretical lifetime cumulative dose was estimated to be 52-79 ppm-years. Estimated lifetime doses were all below the threshold dose for HAS of about 300 to 500 ppm-years reported in the published epidemiology literature.

Determination of thioglycolic acid in hair-waving products by disposable electrochemical sensor coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography.

A disposable electrochemical sensor coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed for the determination of thioglycolic acid (TGA) in commercial hair-waving products. The quantitative determination of TGA was first investigated by using a preanodized (*) screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE*). Because of the electrocatalytic effect of the SPCE*, the peak potential (Epa) was shifted less positively as the current magnitude increased. HPLC was used in this study to eliminate interference from the matrix of real samples. The effects of various parameters, such as preanodization potential, preanodization time, solution pH, detection potential, and mobile phase, were studied in detail. Under optimized conditions, the linear range for TGA is up to 20 ppm, correlation coefficient (r2) = 0.998, with a detection limit of 0.042 ppm (signal-to-noise ratio = 3). The practical application of the proposed method was demonstrated by the determination of TGA concentration in commercial hair-waving products.

Fragrance Allergens in Hair Removal Cosmetic Products.

BACKGROUND: Fragrances are the most common cause of contact allergy in cosmetics. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to identify fragrance allergens in hair removal products based on the list of ingredients. METHODS: Hair removal products found in the French market were checked for the 26 allergens classified in accordance with Directive 2003/15/EC through information on the packages using the Web site of the manufacturer, vendor, or supermarket. CONCLUSIONS: A total of 662 hair removal products were checked. Fragrance allergens were present in 318 (48%) of the products, with an average of 4 allergens per product. Linalool and limonene were the most common fragrances present in 67% and 50.3%, respectively. Strip and spray formulations contained significantly more allergens than cream/lotion or wax products. To prevent allergic contact dermatitis, the formulation of hair removal products should be considered, because fragrance allergens are more often present in strip and spray formulations.

Micronucleus Assay of Buccal Mucosal Cells in Hairdressers: The Importance of Occupational Exposure

Background and objective: Today, the chemical materials available in hair dyes are considered risk factors for many cancers, particularly oral cancer. This study was performed to study the effect of occupational exposure on micronucleus (MN) frequency of buccal mucosa cells in hairdressers. Materials and methods: This historical cohort study was performed on 28 hairdressers and 28 control samples. To eliminate the gender variable, all the samples were women and they were matched by age. Buccal mucosa cells were removed using a wet spatula and after fixation, Papanicolaou staining method was applied. The percentage of the cells containing MN was registered. T-test was used to compare the results between the two groups. Results: The mean percentages of MN in buccal mucosa cells of hairdresser's and control sample were 16.61±4.95 and 8.84±4.74, respectively, with a significant difference (P<0.001). In addition, higher MN mean percentage was reported in subjects working more than 60 hours weekly compared with those working 60 hours and less; however, the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.14). Conclusion: In the present study, hairdressers demonstrate significantly higher average of MN in buccal mucosa cells. Also, it seems increment in their working time can increase MN frequency in these studied samples.

Contact allergy to hairdressing allergens in female hairdressers and clients--current data from the IVDK, 2003-2006.

BACKGROUND: Hair cosmetics, in particular hair dyes, bleaches, and permanent wave solutions, contain a number of potential contact allergens. The pattern of exposure to these in hairdressers, clients and home-users may change over time. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data on female patients who consulted centers of the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK, http://www.ivdk.org) between 01/2003 and 12/2006 was analyzed. Patients were divided into a) hair-dressers, given they worked in this occupation and suffered from occupational skin disease (n = 480),and b) "clients",who never worked as hairdressers, but in whom hair cosmetics were considered a potential cause of contact dermatitis (n = 780). RESULTS: In hairdressers, the most important allergens were ammonium persulfate (21.7% positive),p-toluenediamine (PTD,19.6% positive),p-phenylenedi-amine (PPD,18.1% positive) and, with decreasing time trend, glyceryl monothioglycolate (2005/2006 still 7.5% positive). Biocides must be regarded as important allergens in hairdressers, namely,(chloro) methylisothiazolinone and methyldibromoglutaronitrile. Clients, who were considerably older on average, had possibly been tested in a more aimed fashion, yielding (strikingly) higher sensitization prevalences to a number of allergens of oxidative hair dyes such as PPD or PTD. CONCLUSIONS: The continual analysis of sensitization prevalences in patients patch tested can identify areas needing in-depth research and preventive intervention, such as avoiding the use of certain biocides in shampoo intended for professional use by hairdressers or further reducing the concentrations in oxidative hair dyes.

Probabilistic assessment of exposure to hair cosmetic products by the French population.

Cosmetic exposure data are limited in Europe and especially in France. The aim of this study was to assess the exposure to hair cosmetics using recent consumption data (percentage of users, frequency of use and amount per use) generated for the French population (Ficheux et al., 2015, 2016). Exposure was assessed using a probabilistic method for eleven hair products: liquid shampoo, dry shampoo, conditioner, hair mask, hair serum, hair oil, styling lacquer, styling gel, styling foam, styling wax and styling spray. Exposure was assessed by sex and by age classes in adults and children. Pregnant women were also studied. For liquid shampoo, conditioner and some styling products (gel, lacquer and foam), the levels of exposure were higher than the values currently used by the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS). Exposure values found for styling wax and styling spray were lower than SCCS values. Exposure was assessed for the first time for dry shampoo, hair mask, hair serum and hair oil products. These new French exposure values will be useful for safety assessors and for safety agencies in order to protect the general population and these at-risk populations.

Microbiological assay of ketoconazole in shampoo.

Ketoconazole, an anti-fungal agent, is often incorporated in several pharmaceutical forms and in shampoo formulation it is known to be effective against fungal infection on the scalp. This paper describes a method to quantify ketoconazole in shampoo by comparing the cylinder plate assay and the HPLC method. The test organism used for the agar diffusion assay was Candida albicans ATCC 10231. Three different concentrations of ketoconazole were used for the diffusion assay. A mean zone diameter was obtained for each concentration. A standard curve was obtained by plotting the three values derived from the zone diameters. A prospective validation of the method showed that the method was linear (r = 0.9982), precise (R.S.D. = 2.57%) and accurate. The results obtained by the two methods were statistically evaluated by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the results obtained indicate that there is no significant difference between these two methods.

[Determination of antidangdruff agent salicylic acid, zinc pyrithione, octopirox, climbazole and ketoconazole in shampoo by high performance liquid chromatography].

A high performance liquid chromatography method was established for determination of antidangdruff agent salicylic acid,zinc pyrithione, octopirox, climbazole and ketoconazole in shampoo on a C18 column using acetonitrile-metholaqueous solution (10 mmol/L KH2 PO4 and 5 mmol/L EDTANa2, pH is adjusted to 4.0 with H3 PO4) (50:10:40) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min, with the column temperature 25 degrees C and detection wave 230nm. The precision was less than 3.8% and recovery varied from 92.7% to 104.9%. The experimental results showed that the method was simple, precise and accurate.

High-performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of hydrogen peroxide present or released in teeth bleaching kits and hair cosmetic products.

This manuscript presents an HPLC/UV method for the determination of hydrogen peroxide present or released in teeth bleaching products and hair products. The method is based on an oxidation of triphenylphosphine into triphenylphosphine oxide by hydrogen peroxide. Triphenylphosphine oxide formed is quantified by HPLC/UV. Validation data were obtained using the ISO 12787 standard approach, particularly adapted when it is not possible to make reconstituted sample matrices. For comparative purpose, hydrogen peroxide was also determined using ceric sulfate titrimetry for both types of products. For hair products, a cross validation of both ceric titrimetric method and HPLC/UV method using the cosmetic 82/434/EEC directive (official iodometric titration method) was performed. Results obtained for 6 commercialized teeth whitening products and 5 hair products point out similar hydrogen peroxide contain using either the HPLC/UV method or ceric sulfate titrimetric method. For hair products, results were similar to the hydrogen peroxide content using the cosmetic 82/434/EEC directive method and for the HPLC/UV method, mean recoveries obtained on spiked samples, using the ISO 12787 standard, ranges from 100% to 110% with a RSD<3.0%. To assess the analytical method proposed, the HPLC method was used to control 35 teeth bleaching products during a market survey and highlight for 5 products, hydrogen peroxide contents higher than the regulated limit.

N-nitroso-N-methyloctadecylamine in hair-care products.

Fifty-three cosmetic products containing one or more of the ingredients N,N-dimethyloctadecylamine oxide, N,N-dimethyloctadecylamine and N-benzyl-N,N-dimethyloctadecylammonium chloride were analysed for N-nitroso-N-methyloctadecylamine by gas chromatography with detection by a Thermal Energy Analyzer. [1-14C]N-Nitroso-N-methyloctadecylamine was used as an internal standard. Eight of 11 products containing N,N-dimethyloctadecylamine oxide and three of 38 products containing N-benzyl-N,N-dimethyloctadecylammonium chloride were found to contain N-nitroso-N-methyloctadecylamine at levels ranging from 28 to 969 ppb. In photolysis experiments, all of these products exhibited a loss of Thermal Energy Analyzer response for N-nitroso-N-methyloctadecylamine following irradiation by ultraviolet light. In two cases, the presence of N-nitroso-N-methyloctadecylamine was confirmed by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.