3-PG, 3-phosphoglyceric acid; ABC, ATP-binding cassette; AIF, apoptosis-inducing factor; AP-1, activator protein 1; ASCT2, alanine serine and cysteine transporter system 2; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; BCR, B cell receptor; BMDMs, bone marrow-derived macrophages; CD45R, a receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase; CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocytes; DC, dendritic cells; EAATs, excitatory amino acid transporters; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; ERRα, estrogen related receptor alpha; FFA, free fatty acids; G-6-P, glucose 6-phosphate; GLUT, glucose transporters; GSH, glutathione; Glucose; Glutamine; HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha; HIV-1, human immunodeficiency virus type 1; Hk1, hexokinase-1; IFNß, interferon beta; IFNγ, interferon gamma; IKK, IκB kinase; IKKß, IκB kinase beta subunit; IL, interleukin; LDHA, lactate dehydrogenase A; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; Lymphocytes; Lyn, tyrosine-protein kinase; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; MCT, monocarboxylate transporters; MS, multiple sclerosis; Metal ion; NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; NO, nitric oxide; NOD2, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2; PEG2, prostaglandin E2; PI-3K/AKT, phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase/serine­threonine kinase; PPP, pentose phosphate pathway; Pfk, phosphofructokinase; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; RLR, RIG-I-like receptor; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SLC, solute carrier; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; SNAT, sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporters; STAT, signal transducers and activators of transcription; Solute carrier; TAMs, tumor-associated macrophages; TCA, tricarboxylic acid; TCR, T cell receptor; TLR, toll-like receptor; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; TRPM7, transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 7; Teffs, effector T cells; Th1/2/17, type 1/2/17 helper T cells; Tregs, regulatory T cells; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; ZIP, zrt/irt-like proteins; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; iTregs, induced regulatory T cells; mTORC1, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1; α-KG, α-ketoglutaric acid