Genetic, sociodemographic and lifestyle factors associated with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in Brazilian adults: the Pró-Saúde Study.

ABSTRACT

This study aims to investigate factors associated with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration in Brazilian adults considering sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, as well as vitamin D-related single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). This is a cross-sectional study (n = 491; 34-79y; 251 women), nested within a prospective cohort (Pró-Saúde Study). Associations between serum 25(OH)D and sociodemographic characteristics, diet, use of supplement, physical activity, season of blood collection, body fat, skin type, sun exposure index, and SNPs CYP2R1-rs10741657 and GC-rs2282679 were explored by multiple linear regression. The prevalence of serum 25(OH)D < 50nmol/L was 55%. Serum 25(OH)D was lower among women (ß = -4.38; 95%CI -8.02; -0.74), those with higher visceral fat (ß = -4.02; 95%CI -5.92; -2.12), and those with AC and CC genotypes for GC-rs2282679 (ß = -6.84; 95%CI -10.09; -3.59; ß = -10.63; 95%CI -17.52; -3.74, respectively). Factors directly associated with serum 25(OH)D included summer (ß = 20.14; 95%CI 14.38; 25.90), intermediate skin type (ß = 6.16; 95%CI 2.52; 9.80), higher sun exposure (ß = 0.49; 95%CI 0.22; 0.75), vitamin D intake (ß = 0.48; 95%CI 0.03; 0.93), and physical activity (ß = 4.65; 95%CI 1.54; 7.76). Besides physical activity, diet, and sun exposure, non-modifiable factors, such as GC genotypes must be considered when evaluating vitamin D insufficiency in mixed-race populations. Moreover, high visceral fat in association with poorer vitamin D status deserve attention given that both conditions are unfavorably related with chronic and acute health outcomes.