The state-of-the-art application of functional bacterial cellulose-based materials in biomedical fields.

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a significant polysaccharide that bacteria create under specific growth conditions that exhibits high purity, high water-holding capacity, high crystallinity, strong mechanical capabilities, and high biocompatibility. Pure BC has been studied, marketed, and frequently combined with other materials to provide additional potential effects. Additionally, because of the abundance of hydroxyl groups in BC, it can be readily changed to yield derivatives or composites with improved physicochemical and functional characteristics for a variety of applications such as artificial blood vessel manufacturing, soft tissue engineering, and bone tissue engineering. In this review, state-of-the-art manufacturing, structural traits, and applications of BC are summarized, along with in situ and ex situ modification techniques and their biomedical applications. Finally, the future growth opportunities and obstacles for BC and its composites in the biological sector are anticipated.