Phylogenomic and morphological data reveal hidden patterns of diversity in the national tree of Brazil, Paubrasilia echinata.

PREMISE: Paubrasilia echinata (common names, pau brasil, brazilwood) is the national tree of Brazil and an endangered species endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Over its wide distribution of 2000 km, its leaflets morphology exhibits extensive plasticity. Three morphotypes are commonly identified based on leaf size, but it is unclear if they represent distinct taxa or a single polymorphic species. This study aims to clarify the taxonomic position of the three morphotypes to inform conservation decisions. METHODS: A morphometric study of leaf characters of herbarium specimens was coupled with genetic analyses using genotype-by-sequencing data. We used maximum-likelihood and coalescent methods to evaluate the phylogenetic and population structure of the species. We compared these with a morphological dendrogram built from hierarchical clustering. RESULTS: Two of the three morphotypes formed separately evolving lineages, the third morphotype formed two geographically separate lineages, and northern trees with intermediate leaf morphology formed a separate fifth lineage. Leaflet size varied by over 35-fold, and although morphological clustering generally matched the genetic patterns, there were some overlaps, highlighting the cryptic diversity within this group. CONCLUSIONS: Our genetic and morphological results provide some evidence that cultivated trees from different states in Brazil seem to have a limited genetic origin and do not reflect the broader genetic and geographical diversity of the species. As a result, more care is likely needed to preserve the overall genomic diversity of this endangered and iconic species.