Long-term effects of childhood difficulties on depressive symptoms among older adults: Role of adulthood income and income satisfaction.

ABSTRACT

AIM: This study examines how childhood difficulties are associated with late-life depression. Using the concept of agency within the structure of the life course perspective, this study investigates how subjective income satisfaction in adulthood plays a role in the relationship between adulthood objective income and late-life depressive symptoms among older adults who have experienced childhood difficulties. METHODS: Using data from two waves (2006, 2021) of the Korean Welfare Panel Study (N = 1822), we identified respondents with and without childhood difficulties, and performed a series of hierarchical zero-inflated Poisson regression models. RESULTS: Childhood difficulties (ß, 0.07; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.04-0.11), adulthood low income (ß, 0.17; 95% CI, 0.13-0.21), and low income satisfaction (ß, 0.16; 95% CI, 0.12-0.21) are associated with an increased level of depressive symptoms in late life. In the context of the association between objective income level and late-life depressive symptoms, the buffering effect of income satisfaction in adulthood was found among the respondents who had experienced childhood difficulties (ß, 0.22; 95% CI, 0.09-0.34). CONCLUSIONS: Childhood difficulties are a critical risk factor impacting late-life psychological well-being. How an individual subjectively evaluates his or her economic status in adulthood plays a major role in mitigating the negative impact of childhood difficulties on late-life health inequality. Interventions to reduce the risk of childhood difficulties and their negative long-lasting impact may alleviate individuals' exposure to depression in late life. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2024; 24 246-252.