Estimated Proximal Tubule Fluid Phosphate Concentration and Renal Tubular Damage Biomarkers in Early Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: An increase in proximal tubule fluid phosphate concentration is caused by increased serum fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) levels, which resulted in renal tubular damage in a mouse model of chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, few human studies have supported this concept. This study aimed to explore the association among estimated proximal tubule fluid phosphate concentration (ePTFp), serum FGF23 levels, and renal tubular damage biomarkers in middle-aged and older populations with mild decline in renal function. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 218 participants aged ≥45 with CKD stages G2-G4. Anthropometric measurements, blood tests, spot urine biomarkers, renal ultrasonography, cardiovascular assessment, smoking status, and medication usage were obtained in the morning in fasted states. The ePTFp was calculated using serum creatinine, urine phosphate, and creatinine concentrations. Urinary ß2-microglobulin (ß2-MG) and liver-type fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP) levels were evaluated to assess renal tubular damage. RESULTS: PTFp, serum FGF23, urinary ß2-MG, and urinary L-FABP levels increased with CKD stage progression (stages G2, G3, and G4). However, serum and urine phosphate concentrations were comparable across the CKD stages. Univariate analysis revealed a stronger correlation of ePTFp with serum FGF23, urinary ß2-MG, and urinary L-FABP levels than with the corresponding serum and urine phosphate concentrations. Multivariate analyses demonstrated that increased ePTFp was independently associated with elevated serum FGF23 and urinary ß2-MG levels, even after adjusting for potential covariates, including the estimated glomerular filtration rate and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio. CONCLUSIONS: Our results are consistent with the concept in mouse model and suggest that increased ePTFp are associated with increased serum FGF23 levels and renal tubular damage during the early stages of CKD.