RESUMO
Abstract Background Unlike cigarette smoking, environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) has not been as well described as an environmental risk for Multiple sclerosis (MS) nor as a risk factor for disease progression. Objective We systematically reviewed the association between ETS and the risk of onset and/or progression of MS. Methods We systematically screened MedLine/PubMed, Science Direct, LILACs, and SciELO searching for publications between January 1st, 2010, and July 5, 2021, with the following keywords: "multiple sclerosis and smoking"; "multiple sclerosis and passive smoking"; "multiple sclerosis and secondhand smoking". Results Fifteen articles were included in this review, which consisted of systematic reviews with meta-analysis (N = 2), systematic reviews (N = 2), and observational studies (N = 11). Both meta-analyses reported an impact of ETS on MS onset among secondhand smokers. One of the systematic reviews selected two observational studies showing the association between ETS and MS development, and one study that did not find a significant association between ETS and the risk of MS development. The other systematic review identified selected eight articles showing a relationship between ETS and MS. Seven observational studies reported higher odds of MS onset when associated with ETS. Four observational studies did not show a relationship between ETS and MS onset or progression. Conclusion Most articles showed a positive association between ETS exposure and the risk of developing MS. On the other hand, an association between ETS and a higher risk for MS progression could not be established.
Resumo Antecedentes Ao contrário do tabagismo ativo, o fumo passivo (FP) não é tão bem estabelecido como risco para o desenvolvimento de esclerose múltipla (EM) nem como um fator de risco para a progressão da doença. Objetivo Revisamos sistematicamente a associação entre FP e o risco de aparecimento e/ou progressão da EM. Métodos Fizemos uma triagem sistemática nas bases de dados MedLine/PubMed, Science Direct, LILACs e SciELO em busca de publicações entre 1° de janeiro de 2010 e 5 de julho de 2021 com as seguintes palavras-chave: "multiple sclerosis and smoking"; "multiple sclerosis and passive smoking"; "multiple sclerosis and secondhand smoking". Resultados Quinze artigos foram incluídos nesta revisão, que consistiu em revisões sistemáticas com metanálise (N = 2), revisões sistemáticas (N = 2) e estudos observacionais (N = 11). As metanálises relataram um impacto do FP no surgimento da EM entre fumantes passivos. Um revisão sistemática selecionou dois estudos observacionais mostrando a associação entre FP e desenvolvimento de EM, e um estudo que não encontrou associação significativa entre FP e o risco de desenvolvimento de EM. Outra revisão sistemática identificou oito artigos selecionados mostrando uma relação entre FP e EM. Sete estudos observacionais relataram maiores chances de aparecimento de EM quando associados a FP. Quatro estudos observacionais não mostraram uma relação entre FP e o desenvolvimento ou progressão da EM. Conclusão A maioria dos artigos mostrou uma associação positiva entre a exposição ao FP e o risco de desenvolver EM. Por outro lado, não foi possível estabelecer uma associação entre FP e maior risco de progressão da EM.
RESUMO
Abstract The coronavirus disease (COVID-19), that assumed pandemic proportions in March 2020, mainly affects the respiratory tract, causing severe interstitial pneumonia in adults. Worldwide data indicate that COVID-19 tends to be more benign in children, which is evidenced by a high incidence of asymptomatic or mild upper airways' infection cases in this population. However, recent studies have been associating Kawasaki-like symptoms as a nonclassical presentation of coronavirus disease in pediatrics. It is suggested that the intense cytokine cascade, promoted by the SARS-CoV-2 infection, can trigger a multisystem inflammatory response as an atypical Kawasaki form in genetically predisposed individuals. In this context, patients may develop more severe clinical features with a greater predisposition to myocardial involvement, Macrophage Activation Syndrome, and Kawasaki Disease Shock Syndrome. Despite critical conditions, patients usually respond to conventional treatment of Kawasaki Disease with intravenous immunoglobulin. This article intends to provide an approach to the association between Kawasaki-Like Syndrome and COVID-19.