Mais Complicações em Mulheres após Revascularização do Miocárdio Mesmo com Tempos Cirúrgicos Reduzidos: Atenção por Equidade e Melhoria da Qualidade / More Hospital Complications in Women after Cabg Even for Reduced Surgical Times: Call to Action for Equity in Quality Improvement

Resumo Fundamento Análises em grandes registros apontam desfechos desfavoráveis para mulheres submetidas à cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio (CRM), enquanto estudos randomizados sofrem com a falta de representatividade. Objetivo Comparar os resultados hospitalares ajustados entre homens e mulheres submetidos à CRM. Métodos Entre julho de 2017 e junho de 2019, 3991 pacientes foram submetidos à CRM primária isolada, tanto de forma eletiva como de urgência, em 5 hospitais de estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Para equilibrar as diferenças entre homens e mulheres, as populações foram ajustadas utilizando o Propensity Score Matching. Os desfechos considerados para análise foram os utilizados pelo STS Adult Database. As análises foram conduzidas no software R, considerando significância valores de p < 0,05. Resultados Após o Propensity Score Matching (1:1), cada grupo incluiu 1089 pacientes. Em relação às variáveis intraoperatórias os homens apresentaram maior tempo de CEC (p<0,001), tempo cirúrgico (p<0,001), número de anastomoses distais (p<0,001) e uso de enxertos arteriais. Em relação aos desfechos as mulheres apresentaram maior incidência de infecção de ferida profunda (p=0,006), tempo prolongado na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (p=0,002), maior necessidade do uso de balão intraórtico (p=0,04), maior taxa de transfusão sanguínea (p<0,001), maior readmissão hospitalar em até 30 dias após a cirurgia (p=0,002) e maior taxa de óbitos (p=0,03). Conclusões Apesar dos homens terem apresentado um maior tempo de CEC, maior número de enxertos arteriais e maior número de anastomoses distais, os resultados imediatos após CRM foram piores em mulheres.

Abstract Background Analyses of extensive registries indicate adverse outcomes for women undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery, while randomized studies often lack representativeness. Objective To compare adjusted hospital outcomes between men and women undergoing CABG. Methods From July 2017 to June 2019, 3991 patients underwent primary isolated CABG, both electively and urgently, in 5 hospitals in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. To mitigate demographic differences between men and women, populations were adjusted using propensity score matching (PSM). The outcomes considered for analysis were those used by the STS Adult Database. The analyses were performed using R software, with a significance set at p<0.05. Results After PSM (1:1), each group included 1089 patients. Regarding intraoperative variables, men exhibited longer cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) time (p<0.001), surgical time (p<0.001), a higher number of distal anastomoses (p<0.001), and increased use of arterial grafts. Regarding outcomes, women had a higher incidence of deep sternal wound infection (p=0.006), prolonged Intensive Care Unit stay (p=0.002), increased need for an intra-aortic balloon pump (p=0.04), higher blood transfusion rates (p<0.001), higher 30-day hospital readmission rates after surgery (p=0.002) and higher mortality rate (p=0.03). Conclusions Although men had longer CPB times, a greater number of arterial grafts, and a greater number of distal anastomoses, immediate results after CABG were poorer in women.

Reemplazo valvular cardíaco en Colombia: un análisis de los registros oficiales / Heart valve replacement in Colombia: an analysis of official records

Resumen Introducción: Colombia está entre los países líderes en cardiología y medicina cardiovascular en Latinoamérica. La transición demográfica actual ha generado mayor demanda de procedimientos de cirugía cardiovascular; sin embargo, con la situación de pandemia por la COVID-19, esta se vio afectada. Objetivo: describir las características demográficas de los pacientes sometidos a reemplazos valvulares cardíacos en Colombia. Materiales y método: estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, en el que se tomaron datos del Sistema Integrado de Información de la Protección Social (SISPRO) teniendo en cuenta la Clasificación Única de Procedimientos en Salud (CUPS) de la categoría «Reemplazos valvulares cardíacos¼ durante el período 2017 a 2021. Resultados: se realizaron 10.023 reemplazos valvulares cardíacos, con una relación hombres y mujeres de 3:2; el 55% correspondió al grupo etario entre 60 y 79 años. Se presentó una disminución del 23% durante el aislamiento obligatorio por la pandemia. No hay diferencia significativa entre el régimen contributivo y el subsidiado. Las entidades territoriales con más procedimientos fueron Bogotá, Valle del Cauca, Antioquia y Cundinamarca. La institución que más procedimientos realizó fue la Fundación Cardioinfantil de Bogotá. Conclusiones: se reportó información demográfica y epidemiológica de reemplazos valvulares cardíacos desde 2017 a 2021 del SISPRO.

Abstract Introduction: Colombia is among the leading countries in cardiology and cardiovascular medicine in Latin America, the current demographic transition has generated greater demand for cardiovascular surgery procedures, however, with the COVID-19 pandemic situation, this has changed. Objective: to describe the demographic characteristics of patients undergoing heart valve replacements in Colombia. Materials and method: a descriptive cross-sectional study in which data from the Sistema Integrado de Información de la Protección Social (SISPRO) were taken, taking into account the Clasificación Única de Procedimientos en Salud (CUPS) of the category "Heart valve replacements" during the period 2017 - 2021. Results: 10,023 heart valve replacements were performed, with a 3:2 male to female ratio, with 55% corresponding to the age group between 60 and 79 years. There was a 23% decrease during the mandatory isolation due to the pandemic. There is no significant difference between the contributory and subsidized regime. The territorial entities with the most procedures were Bogotá, Valle del Cauca, Antioquia and Cundinamarca. The institution that performed the most procedures was the Fundación Cardio Infantil of Bogotá. Conclusions: Demographic and epidemiological information on heart valve replacements was reported from 2017 to 2021 from the SISPRO.

Lymphocyte Levels and Morbidity and Mortality in Cardiovascular Surgery With Cardiopulmonary Bypass

ABSTRACT Introduction: A year ago, in a sample of 113 patients, our research group found that a high number of lymphocytes in the immediate postoperative period was correlated to a poor prognosis in cardiovascular surgeries. This study is an expansion of the initial study in order to confirm this finding. Methods: We analyzed the data of 338 consecutive patients submitted to cardiovascular surgeries with cardiopulmonary bypass performed at Hospital Universitário Ciências Médicas (Belo Horizonte/Brazil) from 2015 to 2017. We analyzed 39 variables with the outcomes death, hospital stay, and intensive care unit stay. Results: The value of lymphocytes in the immediate postoperative period > 2175.0/mm³ was an indicator of poor prognosis in this sample (P<0.001). The variables female sex, age, high level of European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation II, increased stay in the intensive care unit and in the ward, elevation of creatinine in the preoperative period and at intensive care unit discharge, elevation of the percentage of immediate postoperative period segmented neutrophils, high immediate postoperative period neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, fasting hyperglycemia, preoperative critical condition, reintubation, mild or transient acute renal failure, surgical infection, cardiopulmonary bypass, and aortic cross-clamping and mechanical ventilation durations also had an impact on the mortality outcome. Conclusion: The value of lymphocytes in the immediate postoperative period > 2175.0/mm3 was an indicator of poor prognosis in cardiovascular surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass.

Delirium and pain in patients in the immediate postoperative period of cardiac surgery: prevalence and associated risk factors / Delirium e dor em pacientes no pós-operatório imediato de cirurgia cardíaca: prevalência e fatores de risco associados

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Delirium is an acute mental status change, with fluctuating course and high incidence in cardiac surgery (CS) post-operative (PO) period. Delirium can lead to short and long-term consequences. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of delirium and pain and their risk factors on the 1st PO day after CS. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional analytical research. To determine the presence of PO delirium, the Confusion Assessment Method modified for Intensive Care Unit setting (CAM-ICU) and the Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale (RASS) were used. PO pain was analyzed using the Visual Analogue Pain Scale (VAS) and the presence of neuropathic components was analyzed using the Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs (LANSS) scale. After bedside analysis, patients were divided into Delirium (D) and Without Delirium (WD) groups. RESULTS: The total number of patients was 79. The prevalence of delirium was 16.5% (95% CI = 9.06 - 26.49%) and the mean number of comorbidities in the preoperative period was a significant risk factor for the occurrence of delirium (D =4.15±2.37 versus WD=2.96±1.78, p: 0.04). Another significant risk factor was the group older than 65 years of age, with the occurrence of delirium 1.45 times higher (PR=1.12-1.88, p: 0.0014). Regarding pain evaluation, 72.15% (95% CI 60.93 - 81.65%) reported it in the 1st PO day. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of delirium was similar to previous studies. The number of previous comorbidities and advanced age were risk factors for delirium. Pain was present predominantly over the sternotomy incision region.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Delirium é uma alteração aguda do estado mental, com curso flutuante e alta incidência no pós-operatório (PO) de cirurgia cardíaca (CC). O delirium pode levar a consequências a curto e longo prazo. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a prevalência de delirium e dor e seus fatores de risco no 1º dia PO após CC. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo transversal analítico. Para determinar delirium no PO, foram utilizados o Confusion Assessment Method modificado para ambiente de Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (CAM-UTI) e a Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale (RASS). A dor PO foi analisada por meio da Escala Analógica Visual (EAV) e a presença de componentes neuropáticos foi analisada por meio da Escala de Avaliação de Sintomas e Sinais Neuropáticos de Leeds (LANSS). Após análise, os pacientes foram divididos nos grupos Delirium (D) e Sem Delirium (SD). RESULTADOS: Foram estudados 79 pacientes. A prevalência de delirium foi de 16,5% (IC 95%=9,06-26,49%) e o número médio de comorbidades no pré-operatório foi um fator de risco significativo para a ocorrência de delirium (D=4,15±2,37 versus SD=2,96±1,78, p: 0,04). Outro fator de risco foi o grupo com mais de 65 anos, com ocorrência de delirium 1,45 vezes maior (RP=1,12-1,88, p: 0,0014). Em relação à avaliação da dor, 72,15% (IC 95% 60,93-81,65%) a relataram no 1º dia PO. CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência de delirium foi semelhante à de estudos anteriores. O número de comorbidades prévias e a idade avançada foram fatores de risco para delirium. A dor estava presente predominantemente na região da incisão da esternotomia.

Impact of the COVID-19 Outbreak on Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting in Brazil

Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the routine of emergency centers around the world, including in Brazil, where the crisis has affected the volume of major cardiac surgeries such as coronary artery bypass grafting. Objective To analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the number of surgical procedures for coronary artery bypass grafting in Brazil. Methods An ecological, cross-sectional, quantitative, and descriptive study was conducted. Data for the period from July 2018 to June 2019 and from July 2020 to June 2021 were collected from SIHSUS using DATASUS/Tabwin. Results A global reduction of 26.58% was observed in the analyzed population, with on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting decreasing by 28.10%, and off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting reduced by only 10.31%. Conclusion During the pandemic, there was a 26.58% reduction in the number of surgical procedures for myocardial revascularization in Brazil.

Efectividad de intervención de Enfermería para disminuir la depresión de personas en el preoperatorio cardiovascular / Effectiveness of a Nursing Intervention to Reduce Depression in Individuals during the Preoperative Period of Cardiovascular Surgery

Introducción: Durante el preoperatorio cardiovascular, las personas presentan con frecuencia niveles altos de depresión, los que se asocian a resultados quirúrgicos poco favorables y, por ende, a la necesidad de una intervención de Enfermería para disminuir estos niveles. Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad de una intervención de Enfermería para disminuir la depresión de personas en el preoperatorio cardiovascular. Métodos: Estudio preexperimental con pretest y protest, en una población de 88 personas en el Servicio de Cirugía Cardiovascular en el Centro de Investigaciones Médico Quirúrgicas, La Habana, Cuba, desde marzo de 2019 a junio de 2020. La depresión fue medida con el test de Inventario de Depresión Rasgo-Estado. Se realizó una intervención de Enfermería sustentada en el Modelo de Adaptación de Sor Callista Roy, el Proceso de Atención de Enfermería y las taxonomías NANDA, NOC, NIC, para disminuir la depresión de personas en el preoperatorio cardiovascular. Los resultados se confrontaron y expresaron en porcentajes, media y números absolutos. Se utilizó la prueba de Chi cuadrado y probabilidad exacta de Fisher. La asociación de variables se obtuvo con la prueba no paramétrica de Wilcoxon, con regla de disociación: si p≤ 0,05 se rechaza HO. Resultados: El sexo masculino constituyó el 57,92 por ciento de los casos y la edad media fue de 57 años. Luego de la intervención se redujo la depresión en un 27,27 por ciento (p= 0,000). Conclusiones: La implementación de una intervención de Enfermería para disminuir la depresión de personas en el preoperatorio cardiovascular, sustentada en el Modelo de Adaptación de Sor Callista Roy, el PAE y las Taxonomías NANDA, NOC, NIC mostró efectividad, ya que se logró modificar de forma positiva y significativa la depresión, en tanto, optimizó los resultados posoperatorios(AU)

Introduction: During the preoperative period of cardiovascular surgery, people frequently present high levels of depression, associated with little favorable surgical outcomes and, therefore, with the need for a nursing intervention to reduce such levels. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of a nursing intervention to reduce depression in preoperative cardiovascular patients. Methods: A preexperimental study with pretest and protest was carried out in a population of 88 people in the cardiovascular surgery service at Centro de Investigaciones Médico-Quirúrgicas, in Havana, Cuba, from March 2019 to June 2020. Depression was measured using the State/Trait Depression Inventory test. A nursing intervention was performed, based on the Adaptation Model of Sister Callista Roy, the Nursing Care Process, as well as the NANDA, NOC and NIC taxonomies, in order to reduce depression in preoperative cardiovascular patients. The results were compared and expressed as percentages, mean and absolute numbers. The chi-square and Fisher's exact probability tests were used. The association of variables was obtained with the nonparametric Wilcoxon test, with the dissociation rule if p ≤ 0.05, H O is rejected. Results: The male sex accounted for 57.92 percent of the cases and the mean age was 57-years. After the intervention, depression was reduced by 27.27 percent (p= 0.000). Conclusions: The implementation of a nursing intervention to reduce depression in preoperative cardiovascular patients, based on the Adaptation Model of Sister Callista Roy, the Nursing Care Process, as well as NANDA, NOC and NIC taxonomies, showed effectiveness, since it was possible to modify depression in a positive and significant way, while optimizing postoperative outcomes(AU)

Cirurgia de Endocardite Infecciosa. Análise de 328 Pacientes Operados em um Hospital Universitário Terciário / Infective Endocarditis Surgery. Insights from 328 Patients Operated in a University Tertiary Hospital

Resumo Fundamento A endocardite infecciosa (EI) refere-se à infecção da superfície endocárdica do coração e geralmente ocorre em valvas nativas ou protéticas. Objetivo Este estudo teve como objetivo levantar dados de EI refletindo a terapêutica cirúrgica, em um Hospital Universitário do interior do estado de São Paulo - Brasil. Método Abordagem retrospectiva e observacional de 328 pacientes com EI operados entre 1982 e 2020 Resultados Os principais dados (n=121/37%), insuficiência cardíaca congestiva (n=114/35%), valvopatia (n=92/28%), diabetes mellitus (n=85/26%), doença renal crônica (n=59/18%) e febre reumática (49/15%). A insuficiência renal é um dos principais e mais relevantes fatores de risco pré-cirúrgicos para um mau prognóstico. Conclusão Para um melhor resultado clínico e cirúrgico é necessário o diagnóstico sindrômico e etiológico precoce da EI, principalmente em pacientes com múltiplas comorbidades.

Abstract Background Infectious endocarditis (IE) refers to infection of the endocardial surface of the heart and usually occurs in native or prosthetic valves. Objective This study aimed to raise IE data reflecting the surgical therapy in a University Hospital in the interior of the State of Sao Paulo-Brazil. Method Retrospective and observational approach of 328 patients with IE who underwent surgery between 1982 and 2020 Results The main data (n=121/37%), congestive heart failure (n=114/35%), valve disease (n=92/28%), diabetes mellitus (n=85/26%), chronic kidney disease (n=59/18%), and rheumatic fever (49/15%). Renal failure is one of the main and most relevant pre-surgical risk factors for a poor prognosis. Conclusion For a better clinical and surgical outcome, an early syndromic and etiological diagnosis of IE is necessary, especially in patients with multiple comorbidities.

Dialysis-related constrictive pericarditis: old enemies may sometimes come back / Pericardite Constritiva relacionada a diálise: velhos inimigos podem, às vezes, voltar

ABSTRACT Cardiovascular disease is the main cause of death in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Several heart conditions have been associated with CKD, including myocardial and pericardial diseases. This paper describes a case of Dialysis-related constrictive pericarditis in a patient diagnosed with sudden hypotension during a hemodialysis session. A 65-year-old man diagnosed with hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and cirrhosis on hemodialysis for two years complained of symptoms during one of his sessions described as malaise, lipothymia, and confusion. The patient had a record of poor compliance with the prescribed diet and missed dialysis sessions. He was sluggish during the physical examination, and presented hypophonetic heart sounds, a blood pressure of 50/30mmHg, and a prolonged capillary refill time. The patient was referred to the intensive care unit and was started on antibiotics and vasoactive drugs. His workup did not show signs of infection, while electrocardiography showed low QRS-wave voltage. His echocardiogram showed signs consistent with a thickened pericardium without pericardial effusion. Cardiac catheterization showed equalization of diastolic pressures in all heart chambers indicative of constrictive pericarditis. The patient underwent a pericardiectomy. Examination of surgical specimens indicated he had marked fibrosis and areas of dystrophic calcification without evidence of infection, consistent with Dialysis-related constrictive pericarditis. Hypotension for unknown causes must be considered in the differential diagnosis of dialysis patients.

RESUMO A doença cardiovascular é a principal causa de morte em pacientes com doença renal crônica (DRC). Várias formas de acometimento cardíaco têm sido associadas. à DRC, incluindo doenças miocárdicas e pericárdicas. Este artigo descreve um caso de pericardite constritiva relacionada a em um paciente diagnosticado com hipotensão súbita durante uma sessão de hemodiálise. Um homem de 65 anos com diagnósticos prévios de hipertensão, diabetes, obesidade e cirrose em hemodiálise por dois anos queixou-se de sintomas durante uma de suas sessões, descritos como mal-estar, lipotímia e confusão mental. Apresentava histórico de baixa adesão à dieta prescrita e faltas frequentes às sessões de diálise. Ele estava fraco durante o exame físico e apresentava bulhas cardíacas hipofonéticas, pressão arterial de 50/30mmHg e tempo de enchimento capilar prolongado. O paciente foi encaminhado para a unidade de terapia intensiva e iniciou o tratamento com antibióticos e drogas vasoativas. Investigação laboratorial não mostrou sinais de infecção, enquanto o eletrocardiograma mostrou baixa voltagem de complexo QRS. Seu ecocardiograma evidenciou sinais consistentes com um pericárdio espessado, sem derrame pericárdico. O cateterismo cardíaco mostrou equalização das pressões diastólicas em todas as câmaras cardíacas, indicativo de pericardite constritiva. O paciente foi submetido a uma pericardiectomia. O exame anatomopatológico mostrou sinais de acentuada fibrose acentuada fibrose e áreas de calcificação distrófica sem evidência de infecção, consistente com pericardite constritiva relacionada a por diálise. A hipotensão por causas desconhecidas deve ser considerada no diagnóstico diferencial de pacientes em diálise.

Comparison of Pericardiocentesis in Post-Cardiac Surgery and Nonsurgical Patients with Pericardial Tamponade

Abstract Introduction: There are several approaches for pericardiocentesis. However, there is no definite suggestion about puncture location after cardiac surgery. The purpose of this study is to examine whether there is any difference regarding puncture location during pericardiocentesis in postoperative cardiac tamponade comparing to nonsurgical cardiac tamponade. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed patients who had undergone pericardiocentesis from August 2011 to December 2019. Patients were examined in two groups, nonsurgical and postsurgical, based on the etiology of pericardial tamponade. Clinical profiles, echocardiographic findings, and procedural outcomes were identified and compared. Results: Sixty-eight pericardiocenteses were performed in this period. The etiology of pericardial effusion was cardiac surgery in 27 cases and nonsurgical medical conditions in 41 cases. Baseline demographic variables were similar between the surgical and nonsurgical groups. Loculated effusion was more common in the postsurgical group (48.1% vs. 4.9%, P<0.001). Maximal fluid locations were different between the groups; right ventricular location was more common in the nonsurgical group (36.6% vs. 11.1%, P=0.02), while lateral location was more common in the postsurgical group (12.2% vs. 40.7%, P=0.007). Apical drainage was more frequently performed in the postsurgical group compared to the nonsurgical group (77.8% vs. 53.7%, P=0.044). Conclusion: Apical approach as a puncture location can be used more frequently than subxiphoid approach for effusions occurred after cardiac surgery compared to nonsurgical effusions. Procedural success is prominent in this group and can be the first choice of treatment.

Hallazgos posoperatorios esperables en cirugías de aorta torácica ascendente con angiotomografía computada multicorte: todo lo que un médico radiólogo debe conocer / Expected postoperative findings in ascending thoracic aortic surgeries with multislice angiotomography: Everything a radiologist should know

Resumen Para la reconstrucción y el tratamiento de anomalías que comprometen la aorta torácica pueden emplearse diversas técnicas quirúrgicas abiertas, las cuales estarán determinadas por la patología que presente el paciente. La angiotomografía computada multicorte (ATCMC) es el método de elección para su control y seguimiento. El médico radiólogo debe estar familiarizado con las técnicas quirúrgicas empleadas (Wheat, Bentall de Bono, Cabrol, entre otras), con las reparaciones estructurales que se realizan y con los materiales protésicos utilizados con el fin de evitar una interpretación errónea de las imágenes. El fieltro espontáneamente hiperdenso, los conductos protésicos y sus anastomosis, tanto con la aorta como con los grandes vasos, puede generar errores en el informe final y en el diagnóstico.

Abstract Multiple surgical techniques can be used for the reconstruction and treatment of abnormalities that compromise the thoracic aorta, which will be determined by the patient’s pathology. Multislice computed tomography angiography is the method of choice for their control and monitoring. The radiologist should be familiar with the surgical techniques used (Wheat, Bentall de Bono, and Cabrol, among others), as well as with the structural repairs that are performed and the prosthetic materials used in order to avoid an erroneous interpretation of the images. Spontaneously hyperdense felt, the prosthetic ducts and their anastomosis, both with the aorta and the large vessels, can generate pitfalls in the final report and error in the diagnosis.

Experimental Evaluation of Chitosan Membrane and Collagen Sponge (TachoSil®) as Sealants in Cardiovascular Surgery

ABSTRACT Introduction: The objectives of this study are to experimentally evaluate the haemostatic effects of two organic substances, a membrane of chitosan and a collagen sponge coated with thrombin and human fibrinogen (TachoSil®), in sealing 7-0 needle stitches holes on the femoral arteries of rats as well as to evaluate local histological reactions. Methods: Twenty-four rats were included, and four holes were made in each common femoral artery. In the control group, haemostasis was achieved only by compression with gauze sponge; and in the two other groups, haemostasis was achieved with application of one of these two substances. Results: Membrane of chitosan and TachoSil® showed a power to reduce the time to achieve haemostasis compared with the control group (P=0.001), and the haemostatic effects of these two substances were comparable. There was lower blood loss in the groups where these two substances were used when compared with the control group, but no difference was found comparing the two substances. Conclusion: The use of these sealants did not promote more adhesion or local histological reactions when compared to the control group. Since chitosan is easy to find in nature, has a positive effect to promote haemostasis, and did not bring considerable local reactions, it might be used as a sealant in cardiovascular surgery.

Post Ligation Cardiac Syndrome: an Educational Presentation

ABSTRACT Although technically simple, surgical correction of patent ductus arteriosus can have serious complications. In this context, acute ventricular failure must be remembered, as its prompt diagnosis and proper management can change clinical outcomes.

Recomendações para o preparo do paciente em pré-operatório de cirurgias cardíacas: revisão de escopo / Recommendations for patient preparation in the preoperative period of cardiac surgeries: a scoping review / Recomendaciones para la preparación del paciente en el preoperatorio de cirugías cardíacas: revisión del alcanc

OBJETIVO: Mapear a produção de conhecimento a respeito das recomendações para o preparo pré-operatório de qualquer tipo de cirurgia cardíaca, eletiva ou de urgência, de pacientes com idade superior a 18 anos em unidades de internação hospitalar. MÉTODO: Revisão de escopo realizada em dezembro de 2020, em 11 fontes de dados, seguindo as recomendações do Instituto Joanna Briggs, com análise de dados descritiva. RESULTADOS: Foram selecionados e caracterizados 27 estudos, identificando-se como principais recomendações pré-operatórias de cirurgia cardíaca: a educação pré-operatória, medicações, escalas para estratificação de risco pós-operatório, treinamento muscular inspiratório e realização de exames. CONCLUSÃO: As recomendações apresentaram eficácia na estabilidade hemodinâmica, atenuação do medo e ansiedade do paciente quanto à cirurgia, de arritmias, internação hospitalar, taxa de mortalidade e complicações pós-operatórias.

OBJECTIVE: To map the production of knowledge regarding the recommendations for the preoperative preparation of any type of cardiac surgery, whether elective or urgent, of patients over 18 years old in hospitalization units. METHOD: A scoping review carried out in December 2020 in 11 data sources, following the Joanna Briggs Institute recommendations, with descriptive data analysis. RESULTS: A total of 27 studies were selected and characterized, identifying the following as the main preoperative recommendations for cardiac surgeries: preoperative education, medications, scales for postoperative risk stratification, inspiratory muscle training and tests. CONCLUSION: The recommendations presented efficacy in hemodynamic stability, attenuation of the patient's fear and anxiety regarding the surgery, of the number of arrhythmias and hospitalizations, of the mortality rate and of postoperative complications.

OBJETIVO: Mapear la producción de conocimiento sobre las recomendaciones para la preparación preoperatoria de cualquier tipo de cirugía cardiaca, electiva o urgente, de pacientes mayores de 18 años en unidades de hospitalización. MÉTODO: Revisión de alcance realizada en diciembre de 2020, en 11 fuentes de datos, siguiendo las recomendaciones del Instituto Joanna Briggs, con análisis descriptivo de datos. RESULTADOS: Se seleccionaron y caracterizaron 27 estudios, las principales recomendaciones preoperatorias para cirugía cardiaca que se identificaron son: educación preoperatoria, medicamentos, escalas para estratificación de riesgo postoperatorio, entrenamiento de músculos inspiratorios y exámenes. CONCLUSIÓN: Las recomendaciones fueron efectivas para mejorar la estabilidad hemodinámica, disminuir el miedo y la ansiedad del paciente por la cirugía, las arritmias, el tiempo de estancia hospitalaria, la tasa de mortalidad y las complicaciones postoperatorias.

Associação de exames hematológicos e bioquímicos e complicações pós-cirurgia cardiovascular / Association of hematological and biochemical tests and complications after cardiovascular surgery

A cirurgia cardíaca apresenta complicações pós-operatórias de severidade variável. Conhecer os preditores de tais complicações pode minimizar os riscos e aumentar a sobrevida do paciente. Visto que, estudos abordam complicações no pós-operatório, sem padronização de preditores de tais complicações. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a associação de parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos no pré e pós-operatório com as complicações clínicas de forma geral e por órgão afetado no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca. Estudo transversal, retrospectivo, analítico e documental. Critérios de inclusão: Cirurgias eletivas de revascularização do miocárdio e/ou trocas valvares com circulação extracorpórea de janeiro a dezembro de 2017, em pacientes maiores de 18 anos, sobreviventes até a alta hospitalar. Excluíram-se prontuários incompletos. Seguiram-se os preceitos éticos de pesquisa. Incluídos 194 pacientes. Alterações leucocitárias pré-operatórias aumentaram em 8,24 vezes a chance de complicações pós-operatórias (p=0,039); valores médios elevados de INR no primeiro pós-operatório foram associados a complicações (p=0,036); alterações de: creatinina (p=0,020) e INR (p=0,002) no primeiro e segundo pós-operatório tiveram associação com complicações, além de alterações na hemoglobina associadas a complicações cardíacas no terceiro dia pós-operatório (p≤0,001). Verificou-se associação entre: alteração leucocitária prévia a cirurgia e complicações pós-operatórias totais; alterações hematológicas e bioquímicas pós-operatórias e complicações de forma geral e por órgão afetado. Esses resultados podem subsidiar a elaboração de indicadores de risco. Também indica necessidade de aprimorar monitoramento dos níveis de leucócitos, INR hemoglobina e creatinina, percebidos como preditores de complicações cirúrgicas.

Cardiac surgery has postoperative complications of varying severities. Knowing the predictors of such complications can minimize risks and increase patient survival. However, studies address postoperative complications without any standardization of predictors of such complications. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of hematological and biochemical parameters in the pre- and postoperative period with general clinical complications and those according to organ affected in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery. This is a cross-sectional, retrospective, analytical and documentary study. Inclusion criteria: Elective myocardial revascularization surgeries and/or valve replacements with a cardiopulmonary bypass from January to December 2017, in patients older than 18 years old, survivors until hospital discharge. Incomplete medical records were excluded. Ethical research precepts were followed. 194 patients were included. Preoperative leukocyte alterations increased the chance of postoperative complications by 8.24 times (p=0.039); high mean INR values in the first postoperative period were associated with complications (p=0.036); changes in creatinine (p=0.020) and INR (p=0.002) in the first and second postoperative period were associated with complications, in addition to changes in hemoglobin associated with cardiac complications on the third postoperative day (p≤0.001). There was an association between: leukocyte alteration prior to surgery and total postoperative complications; postoperative hematological and biochemical changes and complications in general and by affected organ. These results can support the development of risk indicators. This also indicates the need to improve monitoring of leukocyte levels, INR, hemoglobin, and creatinine, perceived as predictors of surgical complications.

Teams, Rapid Recovery Protocols and Technology to Resume Cardiac Surgery in the COVID-19 Era

Abstract The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic brings numerous challenges to the health ecosystem, including the safe resumption of elective cardiac surgery. In the pre-pandemic period, rapid recovery protocols demonstrated, through strategies focused on the multidisciplinary approach, reduction of hospital length of stay, infection rates and, consequently, costs. Even with several studies proving the benefits of these protocols, their acceptance and implementation have been slow. It is believed that the resumption of surgeries in the current context requires the use of rapid recovery protocols combined with the use of a mobile application promoting greater engagement between patients, caregivers and care teams.

Mapeamento cruzado dos diagnósticos de Enfermagem em terapia intensiva cardiovascular, na perspectiva de Callista Roy / Cross-mapping of nursing diagnoses in cardiovascular intensive care, from the perspective of Callista Roy / Mapeo transversal de diagnósticos de enfermería en cuidados intensivos cardiovasculares, desde la perspectiva de Callista Roy

Objetivo: Mapear os diagnósticos de enfermagem levantados pelos enfermeiros, com o uso da Taxonomia NANDA-I, para pacientes internados em um Centro de Terapia Intensiva Cardiovascular, na perspectiva da Teoria Adaptativa de Callista Roy. Métodos: Trata-se de uma pesquisa documental, exploratória, descritiva e de abordagem quantitativa, mediante análise retrospectiva dos registros de enfermagem em prontuários eletrônicos de pacientes com o uso do mapeamento cruzado. Resultados: Foram identificados 677 termos e expressões que se referiam a 28 diagnósticos de enfermagem diferentes da Taxonomia da NANDA-I e 09 necessidades do modo fisiológico da Teoria Adaptativa de Callista Roy. Conclusão: A utilização do modelo adaptativo de Callista Roy possibilitou a identificação das necessidades do modo fisiológico, a partir de 28 diagnósticos de enfermagem diferentes, dos pacientes internados no Centro de Terapia Intensiva Cardiovascular em pós-operatório de cirurgia cardiovascular. Esse estudo é útil como reflexão sobre quais necessidades, vulnerabilidades e suscetibilidades os pacientes apresentam após serem submetidos a procedimentos cardiovasculares, assim como, organizar a assistência de enfermagem visando à melhoria clínica do paciente e consequentemente a qualidade da assistência. (AU)

Objective: To map the nursing diagnoses raised by nurses, using the NANDA-I Taxonomy, for patients admitted to a Cardiovascular Intensive Care Center, from the perspective of Callista Roy's Adaptive Theory. Methods: This is a documentary, exploratory, descriptive and quantitative approach, through a retrospective analysis of nursing records in electronic medical records of patients using cross-mapping. Results: 677 terms and expressions were identified that referred to 28 nursing diagnoses different from NANDA-I Taxonomy and 09 needs in the physiological mode of Callista Roy's Adaptive Theory. Conclusion: The use of Callista Roy's adaptive model made it possible to identify the needs in the physiological way, based on 28 different nursing diagnoses, of patients admitted to the Cardiovascular Intensive Care Center in the postoperative period of cardiovascular surgery. This study is useful as a reflection on what needs, vulnerabilities and susceptibilities patients have after undergoing cardiovascular procedures, as well as organizing nursing care aimed at the clinical improvement of the patient and, consequently, the quality of care. (AU)

Objetivo: Mapear los diagnósticos de enfermería planteados por enfermeras, utilizando la Taxonomía NANDA-I, para pacientes ingresados en un Centro de Cuidados Intensivos Cardiovasculares, desde la perspectiva de la Teoría Adaptativa de Callista Roy. Métodos: Se trata de un abordaje documental, exploratorio, descriptivo y cuantitativo, mediante un análisis retrospectivo de los registros de enfermería en los registros médicos electrónicos de los pacientes mediante mapeo cruzado. Resultados: Se identificaron 677 términos y expresiones que se referían a 28 diagnósticos de enfermería diferentes de la Taxonomía NANDA-I y 09 necesidades en la modalidad fisiológica de la Teoría Adaptativa de Callista Roy. Conclusión: El uso del modelo adaptativo de Callista Roy permitió identificar de forma fisiológica, a partir de 28 diagnósticos de enfermería diferentes, las necesidades de los pacientes ingresados en el Centro de Cuidados Intensivos Cardiovasculares en el postoperatorio de cirugía cardiovascular. Este estudio es útil como reflexión sobre qué necesidades, vulnerabilidades y susceptibilidades tienen los pacientes luego de ser sometidos a procedimientos cardiovasculares, así como para organizar cuidados de enfermería orientados a la mejora clínica del paciente y, en consecuencia, la calidad de la atención. (AU)

Uso de um método não invasivo no monitoramento da pressão intracraniana em unidade de terapia intensiva para melhorar a neuroproteção em pacientes no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca após circulação extracorpórea / The use of a noninvasive intracranial pressure monitoring method in the intensive care unit to improve neuroprotection in postoperative cardiac surgery patients after extracorporeal circulation

RESUMO Desde a instituição da circulação extracorpórea, há cinco décadas, a lesão cerebral decorrente desse procedimento durante cirurgias cardiovasculares tem sido uma complicação frequente. Não existe uma causa única de lesão cerebral pelo uso de circulação extracorpórea, porém se sabe que acomete cerca de 70% dos pacientes submetidos a esse procedimento. A avaliação da pressão intracraniana é um dos métodos que podem orientar os cuidados com os pacientes submetidos a procedimentos associados com distúrbios neurológicos. Este artigo descreve dois casos de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardiovascular com circulação extracorpórea, para os quais os procedimentos de neuroproteção na fase pós-operatória foram guiados pelos achados relacionados ao formato das ondas de pressão intracraniana, obtidos por meio de um método não invasivo de monitoramento.

ABSTRACT Brain injury caused by extracorporeal circulation during cardiovascular surgical procedures has been a recurring complication since the implementation of extracorporeal circulation five decades ago. There is no unique cause of brain injury due to the use of extracorporeal circulation, but it is known that brain injury affects about 70% of patients who undergo this procedure. Intracranial pressure assessment is one method that can guide the management of patients undergoing procedures associated with neurological disturbances. This study describes two cases of patients who underwent cardiovascular surgery with extracorporeal circulation in whom clinical protocols for neuroprotection in the postoperative phase were guided by intracranial pressure waveform findings obtained with a novel noninvasive intracranial pressure monitoring method.

Cirugía de revascularización miocárdica versus angioplastía en el tratamiento de la enfermedad coronaria de tres vasos y tronco de la coronaria izquierda / Coronary artery bypass grafting or percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with severe three vessel disease

Recent randomized controlled trials confirmed the beneficial outcomes with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) compared with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with severe three-vessel coronary artery and left main disease. An increased long-term survival after CABG is associated with a reduction in spontaneous myocardial infarction and repeat revascularization rates. While PCI treats only flow-limiting lesions, CABG treats the whole coronary artery, preventing events in the future. Due to different clinical and anatomic factors affecting the outcomes, the heart team should formulate treatment assignment recommendations.