Parasitosis intestinales en niños de edad escolar en Jancao (Huánuco) Perú / Intestinal parasitosis in school-age children in Jancao (Huánuco) Peru / Parasitose intestinal em crianças em idade escolar em Jancao (Huánuco) Peru

Las infecciones parasitarias intestinales son comunes a nivel mundial, especialmente en naciones en desarrollo, y conllevan una significativa carga de morbilidad. Objetivo. Estimar la prevalencia de parasitismo intestinal en los niños y niñas en edad escolar de 6 a 12 años que residen en el centro poblado Jancao (Huánuco) Perú. Materiales y métodos. Se desarrolló mediante un estudio observacional de cohorte transversal. Se calculó una muestra con un nivel de confianza del 95%, un error estimado del 5% y una proporción esperada de enfermos de 0.2. La muestra calculada fue de 186 personas. Los criterios de inclusión considerados fueron varon o hembra, de 6 a 12 años. Resultados. Fueron positivos 27% de los indviduos muestreados. La Giardía lambia y la Tenia solium tuvieron los mayores porcentajes de prevalencia en la población estudiada 24% y 18% respectivamente, ambos porcentajes difieren significativamente con los de Entoameba histolytica y Enterobius vermicularis para p<2.2e-16. La distribución por sexos de la prevalencia de las parasitosis identíficadas no mostró diferencias significativas en ninguna de las variantes analizadas. La distribución de parasitosis intestinales según tres estratos etareos de forma general no generó diferencias significativas entre los valores observados. Conclusiones. La parasitosis de mayor prevalencia en niños entre las edades comprendidas de 6 a 7 años, 8 a 9 años, 10 a 12 años en el centro poblado Jancao de Huánuco en Perú corresponden a Giardia lambia y Tenia solium.

Intestinal parasitic infections are common worldwide, especially in developing nations, and carry a significant burden of disease. Objective. To estimate the prevalence of intestinal parasitism in school-aged children aged 6 to 12 years residing in the Jancao population center (Huánuco) Peru. Materials and methods. It was developed by means of a cross-sectional observational cohort study. A sample was calculated with a confidence level of 95%, an estimated error of 5% and an expected proportion of patients of 0.2. The calculated sample was 186 persons. The inclusion criteria considered were male or female, aged 6 to 12 years. Results. Twenty-seven percent of the sampled individuals were positive. Giardia lambia and Taenia solium had the highest prevalence percentages in the studied population 24% and 18% respectively, both percentages differed significantly with those of Entoameba histolytica and Enterobius vermicularis for p<2.2e-16. The distribution by sex of the prevalence of identeric parasitosis did not show significant differences in any of the variants analyzed. The distribution of intestinal parasitosis according to three age strata in general did not generate significant differences between the values observed. Conclusions. The most prevalent parasitosis in children between the ages of 6 to 7 years, 8 to 9 years, 10 to 12 years in the Jancao de Huánuco population center in Peru corresponds to Giardia lambia and Taenia solium.

As infecções parasitárias intestinais são comuns em todo o mundo, especialmente nos países em desenvolvimento, e representam uma carga significativa de doenças. Objetivo. Estimar a prevalência de parasitismo intestinal em crianças em idade escolar, com idades entre 6 e 12 anos, residentes no centro da aldeia de Jancao (Huánuco), Peru. Materiais e métodos. Este foi um estudo de coorte observacional transversal. Foi calculada uma amostra com um nível de confiança de 95%, um erro estimado de 5% e uma proporção esperada de doentes de 0,2. A amostra calculada foi de 186 pessoas. Os critérios de inclusão considerados foram: sexo masculino ou feminino, com idades compreendidas entre os 6 e os 12 anos. Resultados. Vinte e sete por cento dos indivíduos da amostra foram positivos. Giardia lambia e Taenia solium apresentaram as taxas de prevalência mais elevadas na população estudada, 24% e 18%, respetivamente, diferindo significativamente das taxas de Entoameba histolytica e Enterobius vermicularis, com p<2,2e-16. A distribuição por sexo da prevalência de parasitoses identéricas não apresentou diferenças significativas em nenhuma das variantes analisadas. A distribuição das parasitoses intestinais segundo os três estratos etários, em geral, não gerou diferenças significativas entre os valores observados. Conclusões. As parasitoses mais prevalentes em crianças de 6 a 7 anos, 8 a 9 anos e 10 a 12 anos no centro populacional de Jancao de Huánuco, no Peru, correspondem a Giardia lambia e Taenia solium.

Hábitos alimentarios, calidad nutricional y concentraciones de hierro sérico en escolares con y sin anemia / Dietary habits, nutritional quality and serum iron concentrations in school children with and without anemia / Hábitos alimentares, qualidade nutricional e concentrações de ferro sérico em crianças anêmicas e não anêmicas em idade escolar

El inicio de buenos hábitos alimenticios en el aspecto nutricional contribuye en el desarrollo del niño escolar, evitando con ello, la anemia la cual se estima que posee un impacto a nivel mundial de 600 millones de niños que padecen de esta enfermedad según datos registrados por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Con este estudio se busca demostrar los hábitos alimenticios, calidad nutricional y concentración de hierro sérico en estudiantes con anemia por deficiencia de hierro en el Cantón Jipijapa en Ecuador. La metodología empleada en el análisis del estudio fue de tipo descriptiva observacional, de corte transversal. Para ello, se aplicó un muestreo no probabilístico voluntario, se contó con la participación de 63 escolares del Cantón con previa autorización. Entre los resultados se encontraron que en los 63 escolares predomina el consumo diario (76,4%) en los hábitos alimenticios, mientras tanto que en la calidad nutricional se observó poco saludable (24 y 37 ME) en ciertos alimentos necesarios para el consumo estudiantiles en los rangos establecido, en la anemia se obtuvo un resultado de (10,2%) de escolares con anemia, mientras que para la deficiencia de hierro el (11,1%) de los niños. Se concluye que en los escolares es prevalente los malos hábitos alimenticios, sin embargo, hay casos en los que escolares muestran anemia con deficiencia de hierro y escolares sin anemia con déficit del mismo lo que es elemental las practicas alimenticia tanto en los hábitos como en la calidad nutricional.

The initiation of good nutritional eating habits contributes to the development of school children, thus avoiding anemia, which is estimated to have a worldwide impact of 600 million children suffering from this disease according to data recorded by the World Health Organization. This study seeks to demonstrate the dietary habits, nutritional quality and serum iron concentration in students with iron deficiency anemia in the Jipijapa Canton in Ecuador. The methodology used in the analysis of the study was descriptive observational, cross-sectional. For this purpose, a voluntary non-probabilistic sampling was applied, with the participation of 63 schoolchildren from the Canton with previous authorization. Among the results, it was found that in the 63 schoolchildren there was a predominance of daily consumption (76.4%) in eating habits, while in nutritional quality, unhealthy was observed (24 and 37 ME) in certain foods necessary for student consumption in the established ranges, in anemia a result of (10.2%) of schoolchildren with anemia was obtained, while for iron deficiency (11.1%) of the children. It is concluded that bad eating habits are prevalent in schoolchildren, however, there are cases in which schoolchildren show anemia with iron deficiency and schoolchildren without anemia with iron deficiency, which is elementary in the nutritional habits as well as in the nutritional quality.

O início de bons hábitos alimentares no aspecto nutricional contribui para o desenvolvimento das crianças em idade escolar, evitando assim a anemia, que se estima ter um impacto mundial de 600 milhões de crianças que sofrem desta doença, segundo dados registrados pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. Este estudo procura demonstrar os hábitos alimentares, qualidade nutricional e concentração sérica de ferro em estudantes com anemia ferropriva no Cantão de Jipijapa, no Equador. A metodologia utilizada na análise do estudo foi descritiva, observacional e transversal. Para este fim, foi aplicada uma amostragem voluntária não-probabilística, com a participação de 63 crianças escolares do cantão com autorização prévia. Entre os resultados, verificou-se que nas 63 crianças em idade escolar havia uma predominância do consumo diário (76,4%) nos hábitos alimentares, enquanto que na qualidade nutricional, observou-se uma deficiência alimentar pouco saudável (24 e 37 EM) em certos alimentos necessários para o consumo dos alunos nas faixas estabelecidas, na anemia foi obtido um resultado de (10,2%) das crianças em idade escolar com anemia, enquanto que na deficiência de ferro (11,1%) das crianças foram encontradas deficiências. Conclui-se que os maus hábitos alimentares são predominantes em crianças em idade escolar, porém, há casos em que as crianças em idade escolar apresentam anemia com deficiência de ferro e crianças em idade escolar sem anemia com deficiência de ferro, razão pela qual é essencial melhorar as práticas alimentares tanto em termos de hábitos alimentares quanto de qualidade nutricional.

Prevalence of cestodes infection among school children of urban parts of Lower Dir district, Pakistan / Prevalência de infecção de cestóides entre crianças em idade escolar de partes urbanas do distrito de Lower Dir, Paquistão

Tapeworms of zoonotic importance have been described as a leading public health problem. Current research was aim to assess the prevalence of tapeworms among 5-12years school children residing in district Lower Dir, Pakistan from January 2019-December 2019. The wet mount preparation in saline/iodine/methods were used for stool examination. Data was analyzed using appropriate descriptive, static methods. Of the 400 children studied 71.7% were infected with one or more species of intestinal parasites. Single infection of cestode species was found in 69 individuals with 17.2% prevalence and multiple parasitic infections were identified in 19.7% (n=79/400) individuals. The multiple infection were comprised as 10% (n=40) double, 6.75% (n=27) triple and 3% (n=12) quadruple. A total of 9 species of helminths and one species of protozoan infection. Among the helminths Ascaris lumbricoides was the most prevalent 33.1% (n=95), Taenia saginata 22.6% (n=65), hookworm 19.8% (n=57), Hymenolepis nana 18.8% (n=54), Enterobius vermicularis and Hymenolepis diminuta 1.39% (n=4each), Trichuris trichura 1.04% (n=3), Toxocara spp 0.69% (n=2) and Schistosoma japonicum 0.34% (n=1) were reported. One protozoan species was Cryptosporidium spp 0.69% (n=2) in current study. In case of A.lumbricoides, hookworm, E.vermicularis, T.trichura, T.saginata, H.nana and H.diminuta the male children of below 8 years of age were highly infected. Other infections are reported in the same prevalence with slight difference if any. We conclude that there is a need for mass scale campaigns to create awareness regarding health and hygiene in children and the need for development of effective poverty control programs because deworming alone is not adequate to control parasitic infections.

As tênias de importância zoonótica têm sido descritas como um dos principais problemas de saúde pública. A pesquisa atual teve como objetivo avaliar a prevalência de tênias entre crianças em idade escolar de 5 a 12 anos que residem no distrito de Lower Dir, Paquistão, de janeiro de 2019 a dezembro de 2019. Os métodos de preparação para montagem úmida em solução salina/iodo foram usados para exame de fezes. Os dados foram analisados usando métodos descritivos e estáticos apropriados. Das 400 crianças estudadas, 71,7% estavam infectadas com uma ou mais espécies de parasitas intestinais. Infecção única de espécies de cestóides foi encontrada em 69 indivíduos com prevalência de 17,2% e infecções parasitárias múltiplas foram identificadas em 19,7% (n = 79/400) indivíduos. As infecções múltiplas foram compostas por 10% (n = 40) dupla, 6,75% (n = 27) tripla e 3% (n = 12) quádrupla. Um total de 9 espécies de helmintos e uma espécie de infecção por protozoários. Entre os helmintos, Ascaris lumbricoides foi o mais prevalente 33,1% (n = 95), Taenia saginata 22,6% (n = 65), ancilóstomo 19,8% (n = 57), Hymenolepis nana 18,8% (n = 54), Enterobius vermicularis e Hymenolepis diminuta 1,39% (n = 4cada), Trichuris trichura 1,04% (n = 3), Toxocara spp 0,69% (n = 2) e Schistosoma japonicum 0,34% (n = 1). Uma espécie de protozoário foi Cryptosporidium spp 0,69% (n = 2) no estudo atual. No caso de A.lumbricoides, ancilostomíase, E.vermicularis, T.trichura, T.saginata, H.nana e H.diminuta, as crianças do sexo masculino com menos de 8 anos de idade estavam altamente infectadas. Outras infecções são relatadas na mesma prevalência, com ligeira diferença, se houver. Concluímos que há uma necessidade de campanhas em massa para criar consciência sobre saúde e higiene em crianças e a necessidade de desenvolvimento de programas eficazes de controle da pobreza, porque a desparasitação por si só não é adequada para controlar infecções parasitárias.

Prevalence of intestinal parasitic diseases in school children of rural areas of district Lower Dir, Pakistan / Prevalência de doenças parasitárias intestinais em escolares de áreas rurais do distrito de Lower Dir, Paquistão

Present study was conducted among school children to recognize the prevalence of IPIs in rural communities of district Dir Lower, Pakistan. A sum of 324 samples of stool were collected (210 boys and 114 girls). Used direct smear method and formol ether sedimentation concentration technique for processing the samples. The result shows that 82% (n=266) were found infected comprised 64.8% male and 35.1% females. Children of the age group 10 to 12 years were found extremely infected 94.2% while 4-6 year age group were having minimum ratio of infection 72%. Current study shows mono parasitism in 50.6% of the students while 22.2% were infected with 2 species and 7.40% were infected with three species of parasites. Seven species of intestinal parasites were reported include Ascaris lumbricoid in male (n=122) 58.0% and in female (n=65) 57.0% followed by Hook worm (n=88) 41.9% and (n=44) 38.5%; Tania saginata (n=44) 20.9% and (n=24) 21.0%; Entrobius vermicularis (n=32) 15.2% and (n=16) 14.0%; Trichuris trichura (n=25) 11.9% and (n=22) 19.2%; Hymenolepis nana (n=24) 11.4% and (n=18) 15.7% and Entameoba histolytica (n=16) 7.61% and (n=14) 12.2% in male and females respectively. The study indicates that most occurring intestinal parasite in the current study were Ascaris lumbricoides 58.0% (n=122) followed by hookworms 41.9% (n=88). Male students were more infected than females in the present study.

O presente estudo foi conduzido entre crianças em idade escolar para reconhecer a prevalência de IPIs em comunidades rurais do distrito de Dir Lower, Paquistão. Foram coletadas 324 amostras de fezes (210 meninos e 114 meninas). Método de esfregaço direto usado e técnica de concentração de sedimentação de formol éter para processar as amostras. O resultado mostra que 82% (n = 266) dos infectados eram 64,8% do sexo masculino e 35,1% do feminino. Crianças da faixa etária de 10 a 12 anos foram encontradas extremamente infectadas 94,2%, enquanto a faixa etária de 4 a 6 anos apresentava proporção mínima de infecção de 72%. O estudo atual mostra monoparasitismo em 50,6% dos alunos, enquanto 22,2% estavam infectados com 2 espécies e 7,40% estavam infectados com três espécies de parasitas. Sete espécies de parasitas intestinais foram relatadas incluindo Ascaris lumbricoid em machos (n = 122) 58,0% e em fêmeas (n = 65) 57,0% seguido por anzol (n = 88) 41,9% e (n = 44) 38,5%; Tania saginata (n = 44) 20,9% e (n = 24) 21,0%; Entrobius vermicularis (n = 32) 15,2% e (n = 16) 14,0%; Trichuris trichura (n = 25) 11,9% e (n = 22) 19,2%; Hymenolepis nana (n = 24) 11,4% e (n = 18) 15,7% e Entameoba histolytica (n = 16) 7,61% e (n = 14) 12,2% em homens e mulheres, respectivamente. O estudo indica que os parasitas intestinais que mais ocorreram no presente estudo foram Ascaris lumbricoides 58,0% (n = 122), seguidos por ancilóstomos 41,9% (n = 88). Estudantes do sexo masculino foram mais infectados do que do sexo feminino no presente estudo.

Nutritional status of younger primary school children in urban and rural areas of Montenegro in relation to sex and age during COVID-19 pandemic: a national study / Estado nutricional de los niños más pequeños de la escuela primaria en áreas urbanas y rurales de Montenegro en relación con el sexo y la edad durante la pandemia de COVID-19: un estudio nacional

SUMMARY: Prevention and correction of overweight in children and adolescents is also very important for many reasons. According to previous research, the problem tends to vary according to sex, and different ages and the lifestyle in rural and urban areas has changed drastically in recent years and decades. Regarding the above-mentioned, the main goal of this research was to determine the nutritional status of young school children in urban and rural areas of Montenegro in relation to sex and age. The sample in this research has consisted of children aged 6 and 9 (younger school age). The total sample in this research is 800 male and female children who belong to the urban and rural areas of Montenegro. The sample of variables used in this study was: body mass index-percentile values (BMI), and waist circumference and body height ratio (WHtR) which were used as indicators to assess nutritional status. Based on obtained results it could be generally concluded that there are no statistically significant differences in nutritional status between primary school children from urban and rural areas of Montenegro, which is the opposite of what was expected based on previous research, but also which is very important since all subjects in the future can be treated as homogeneous groups when it comes to the impact of environment and lifestyle on the nutrition status of younger school children. On the other hand, it is important to emphasize that the main limitation of this research is that measurements were carried out in the middle of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the recommendation could be that after the end of the pandemic, special "COVID teams" should be formed, which would consist of experts from various fields of physical culture, sports, and medicine, all with the aim of influencing possible problems with nutritional status and physical activity of young school children caused by a pandemic.

RESUMEN: La prevención y corrección del sobrepeso en niños y adolescentes es muy importante por muchas razones. Según investigaciones previas, el problema tiende a variar según el sexo, las diferentes edades y el estilo de vida en las zonas rurales y urbanas ha cambiado drásticamente en los últimos años y décadas. Con respecto a lo mencionado anteriormente, el objetivo principal de esta investigación fue determinar el estado nutricional de los niños pequeños en edad escolar en áreas urbanas y rurales de Montenegro en relación con el sexo y la edad. La muestra en esta investigación ha estado compuesta por niños de 6 y 9 años (menor edad escolar). La muestra total en esta investigación fue de 800 niños y niñas que pertenecían a las zonas urbanas y rurales de Montenegro. La muestra de variables utilizadas en este estudio fue: índice de masa corporal-valores percentiles (IMC), circunferencia de la cintura y relación talla corporal (RCCE), los cuales se utilizaron como indicadores para evaluar el estado nutricional. Sobre la base de los resultados obtenidos, se pudo concluir en general que no existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el estado nutricional entre los niños de primaria de las zonas urbanas y rurales de Montenegro, que es lo contrario de lo que se esperaba en base a investigaciones anteriores, pero que también es muy importante, ya que todos los temas en el futuro pueden ser tratados como grupos homogéneos en lo que respecta al impacto del medio ambiente y el estilo de vida en el estado nutricional de los niños en edad escolar más pequeños. Por otro lado, es importante recalcar que la principal limitación de esta investigación fue que las mediciones se realizaron en plena pandemia de COVID-19, y la recomendación podría ser que luego de finalizada la pandemia, equipos especiales "COVID", que estaría integrado por expertos de diversas áreas de la cultura física, el deporte y la medicina, todo ello con el objetivo de incidir en los posibles problemas del estado nutricional y de actividad física de los jóvenes escolares provocados por una pandemia.

Prevalence of intestinal parasitic diseases in school children of rural areas of district Lower Dir, Pakistan / Prevalência de doenças parasitárias intestinais em escolares de áreas rurais do distrito de Lower Dir, Paquistão

Present study was conducted among school children to recognize the prevalence of IPIs in rural communities of district Dir Lower, Pakistan. A sum of 324 samples of stool were collected (210 boys and 114 girls). Used direct smear method and formol ether sedimentation concentration technique for processing the samples. The result shows that 82% (n=266) were found infected comprised 64.8% male and 35.1% females. Children of the age group 10 to 12 years were found extremely infected 94.2% while 4-6 year age group were having minimum ratio of infection 72%. Current study shows mono parasitism in 50.6% of the students while 22.2% were infected with 2 species and 7.40% were infected with three species of parasites. Seven species of intestinal parasites were reported include Ascaris lumbricoid in male (n=122) 58.0% and in female (n=65) 57.0% followed by Hook worm (n=88) 41.9% and (n=44) 38.5%; Tania saginata (n=44) 20.9% and (n=24) 21.0%; Entrobius vermicularis (n=32) 15.2% and (n=16) 14.0%; Trichuris trichura (n=25) 11.9% and (n=22) 19.2%; Hymenolepis nana (n=24) 11.4% and (n=18) 15.7% and Entameoba histolytica (n=16) 7.61% and (n=14) 12.2% in male and females respectively. The study indicates that most occurring intestinal parasite in the current study were Ascaris lumbricoides 58.0% (n=122) followed by hookworms 41.9% (n=88). Male students were more infected than females in the present study.

O presente estudo foi conduzido entre crianças em idade escolar para reconhecer a prevalência de IPIs em comunidades rurais do distrito de Dir Lower, Paquistão. Foram coletadas 324 amostras de fezes (210 meninos e 114 meninas). Método de esfregaço direto usado e técnica de concentração de sedimentação de formol éter para processar as amostras. O resultado mostra que 82% (n = 266) dos infectados eram 64,8% do sexo masculino e 35,1% do feminino. Crianças da faixa etária de 10 a 12 anos foram encontradas extremamente infectadas 94,2%, enquanto a faixa etária de 4 a 6 anos apresentava proporção mínima de infecção de 72%. O estudo atual mostra monoparasitismo em 50,6% dos alunos, enquanto 22,2% estavam infectados com 2 espécies e 7,40% estavam infectados com três espécies de parasitas. Sete espécies de parasitas intestinais foram relatadas incluindo Ascaris lumbricoid em machos (n = 122) 58,0% e em fêmeas (n = 65) 57,0% seguido por anzol (n = 88) 41,9% e (n = 44) 38,5%; Tania saginata (n = 44) 20,9% e (n = 24) 21,0%; Entrobius vermicularis (n = 32) 15,2% e (n = 16) 14,0%; Trichuris trichura (n = 25) 11,9% e (n = 22) 19,2%; Hymenolepis nana (n = 24) 11,4% e (n = 18) 15,7% e Entameoba histolytica (n = 16) 7,61% e (n = 14) 12,2% em homens e mulheres, respectivamente. O estudo indica que os parasitas intestinais que mais ocorreram no presente estudo foram Ascaris lumbricoides 58,0% (n = 122), seguidos por ancilóstomos 41,9% (n = 88). Estudantes do sexo masculino foram mais infectados do que do sexo feminino no presente estudo.

Prevalence of cestodes infection among school children of urban parts of Lower Dir district, Pakistan / Prevalência de infecção de cestóides entre crianças em idade escolar de partes urbanas do distrito de Lower Dir, Paquistão

Tapeworms of zoonotic importance have been described as a leading public health problem. Current research was aim to assess the prevalence of tapeworms among 5-12years school children residing in district Lower Dir, Pakistan from January 2019-December 2019. The wet mount preparation in saline/iodine/methods were used for stool examination. Data was analyzed using appropriate descriptive, static methods. Of the 400 children studied 71.7% were infected with one or more species of intestinal parasites. Single infection of cestode species was found in 69 individuals with 17.2% prevalence and multiple parasitic infections were identified in 19.7% (n=79/400) individuals. The multiple infection were comprised as 10% (n=40) double, 6.75% (n=27) triple and 3% (n=12) quadruple. A total of 9 species of helminths and one species of protozoan infection. Among the helminths Ascaris lumbricoides was the most prevalent 33.1% (n=95), Taenia saginata 22.6% (n=65), hookworm 19.8% (n=57), Hymenolepis nana 18.8% (n=54), Enterobius vermicularis and Hymenolepis diminuta 1.39% (n=4each), Trichuris trichura 1.04% (n=3), Toxocara spp 0.69% (n=2) and Schistosoma japonicum 0.34% (n=1) were reported. One protozoan species was Cryptosporidium spp 0.69% (n=2) in current study. In case of A.lumbricoides, hookworm, E.vermicularis, T.trichura, T.saginata, H.nana and H.diminuta the male children of below 8 years of age were highly infected. Other infections are reported in the same prevalence with slight difference if any. We conclude that there is a need for mass scale campaigns to create awareness regarding health and hygiene in children and the need for development of effective poverty control programs because deworming alone is not adequate to control parasitic infections.

As tênias de importância zoonótica têm sido descritas como um dos principais problemas de saúde pública. A pesquisa atual teve como objetivo avaliar a prevalência de tênias entre crianças em idade escolar de 5 a 12 anos que residem no distrito de Lower Dir, Paquistão, de janeiro de 2019 a dezembro de 2019. Os métodos de preparação para montagem úmida em solução salina/iodo foram usados para exame de fezes. Os dados foram analisados usando métodos descritivos e estáticos apropriados. Das 400 crianças estudadas, 71,7% estavam infectadas com uma ou mais espécies de parasitas intestinais. Infecção única de espécies de cestóides foi encontrada em 69 indivíduos com prevalência de 17,2% e infecções parasitárias múltiplas foram identificadas em 19,7% (n = 79/400) indivíduos. As infecções múltiplas foram compostas por 10% (n = 40) dupla, 6,75% (n = 27) tripla e 3% (n = 12) quádrupla. Um total de 9 espécies de helmintos e uma espécie de infecção por protozoários. Entre os helmintos, Ascaris lumbricoides foi o mais prevalente 33,1% (n = 95), Taenia saginata 22,6% (n = 65), ancilóstomo 19,8% (n = 57), Hymenolepis nana 18,8% (n = 54), Enterobius vermicularis e Hymenolepis diminuta 1,39% (n = 4cada), Trichuris trichura 1,04% (n = 3), Toxocara spp 0,69% (n = 2) e Schistosoma japonicum 0,34% (n = 1). Uma espécie de protozoário foi Cryptosporidium spp 0,69% (n = 2) no estudo atual. No caso de A. lumbricoides, ancilostomíase, E. vermicularis, T. trichura, T. saginata, H. nana e H. diminuta, as crianças do sexo masculino com menos de 8 anos de idade estavam altamente infectadas. Outras infecções são relatadas na mesma prevalência, com ligeira diferença, se houver. Concluímos que há uma necessidade de campanhas em massa para criar consciência sobre saúde e higiene em crianças e a necessidade de desenvolvimento de programas eficazes de controle da pobreza, porque a desparasitação por si só não é adequada para controlar infecções parasitárias.

Prevalence of intestinal parasitic diseases in school children of rural areas of district Lower Dir, Pakistan

Abstract Present study was conducted among school children to recognize the prevalence of IPIs in rural communities of district Dir Lower, Pakistan. A sum of 324 samples of stool were collected (210 boys and 114 girls). Used direct smear method and formol ether sedimentation concentration technique for processing the samples. The result shows that 82% (n=266) were found infected comprised 64.8% male and 35.1% females. Children of the age group 10 to 12 years were found extremely infected 94.2% while 4-6 year age group were having minimum ratio of infection 72%. Current study shows mono parasitism in 50.6% of the students while 22.2% were infected with 2 species and 7.40% were infected with three species of parasites. Seven species of intestinal parasites were reported include Ascaris lumbricoid in male (n=122) 58.0% and in female (n=65) 57.0% followed by Hook worm (n=88) 41.9% and (n=44) 38.5%; Tania saginata (n=44) 20.9% and (n=24) 21.0%; Entrobius vermicularis (n=32) 15.2% and (n=16) 14.0%; Trichuris trichura (n=25) 11.9% and (n=22) 19.2%; Hymenolepis nana (n=24) 11.4% and (n=18) 15.7% and Entameoba histolytica (n=16) 7.61% and (n=14) 12.2% in male and females respectively. The study indicates that most occurring intestinal parasite in the current study were Ascaris lumbricoides 58.0% (n=122) followed by hookworms 41.9% (n=88). Male students were more infected than females in the present study.

Resumo O presente estudo foi conduzido entre crianças em idade escolar para reconhecer a prevalência de IPIs em comunidades rurais do distrito de Dir Lower, Paquistão. Foram coletadas 324 amostras de fezes (210 meninos e 114 meninas). Método de esfregaço direto usado e técnica de concentração de sedimentação de formol éter para processar as amostras. O resultado mostra que 82% (n = 266) dos infectados eram 64,8% do sexo masculino e 35,1% do feminino. Crianças da faixa etária de 10 a 12 anos foram encontradas extremamente infectadas 94,2%, enquanto a faixa etária de 4 a 6 anos apresentava proporção mínima de infecção de 72%. O estudo atual mostra monoparasitismo em 50,6% dos alunos, enquanto 22,2% estavam infectados com 2 espécies e 7,40% estavam infectados com três espécies de parasitas. Sete espécies de parasitas intestinais foram relatadas incluindo Ascaris lumbricoid em machos (n = 122) 58,0% e em fêmeas (n = 65) 57,0% seguido por anzol (n = 88) 41,9% e (n = 44) 38,5%; Tania saginata (n = 44) 20,9% e (n = 24) 21,0%; Entrobius vermicularis (n = 32) 15,2% e (n = 16) 14,0%; Trichuris trichura (n = 25) 11,9% e (n = 22) 19,2%; Hymenolepis nana (n = 24) 11,4% e (n = 18) 15,7% e Entameoba histolytica (n = 16) 7,61% e (n = 14) 12,2% em homens e mulheres, respectivamente. O estudo indica que os parasitas intestinais que mais ocorreram no presente estudo foram Ascaris lumbricoides 58,0% (n = 122), seguidos por ancilóstomos 41,9% (n = 88). Estudantes do sexo masculino foram mais infectados do que do sexo feminino no presente estudo.

Prevalence of cestodes infection among school children of urban parts of Lower Dir district, Pakistan

Abstract Tapeworms of zoonotic importance have been described as a leading public health problem. Current research was aim to assess the prevalence of tapeworms among 5-12years school children residing in district Lower Dir, Pakistan from January 2019-December 2019. The wet mount preparation in saline/iodine/methods were used for stool examination. Data was analyzed using appropriate descriptive, static methods. Of the 400 children studied 71.7% were infected with one or more species of intestinal parasites. Single infection of cestode species was found in 69 individuals with 17.2% prevalence and multiple parasitic infections were identified in 19.7% (n=79/400) individuals. The multiple infection were comprised as 10% (n=40) double, 6.75% (n=27) triple and 3% (n=12) quadruple. A total of 9 species of helminths and one species of protozoan infection. Among the helminths Ascaris lumbricoides was the most prevalent 33.1% (n=95), Taenia saginata 22.6% (n=65), hookworm 19.8% (n=57), Hymenolepis nana 18.8% (n=54), Enterobius vermicularis and Hymenolepis diminuta 1.39% (n=4each), Trichuris trichura 1.04% (n=3), Toxocara spp 0.69% (n=2) and Schistosoma japonicum 0.34% (n=1) were reported. One protozoan species was Cryptosporidium spp 0.69% (n=2) in current study. In case of A.lumbricoides, hookworm, E.vermicularis, T.trichura, T.saginata, H.nana and H.diminuta the male children of below 8 years of age were highly infected. Other infections are reported in the same prevalence with slight difference if any. We conclude that there is a need for mass scale campaigns to create awareness regarding health and hygiene in children and the need for development of effective poverty control programs because deworming alone is not adequate to control parasitic infections.

Resumo As tênias de importância zoonótica têm sido descritas como um dos principais problemas de saúde pública. A pesquisa atual teve como objetivo avaliar a prevalência de tênias entre crianças em idade escolar de 5 a 12 anos que residem no distrito de Lower Dir, Paquistão, de janeiro de 2019 a dezembro de 2019. Os métodos de preparação para montagem úmida em solução salina/iodo foram usados para exame de fezes. Os dados foram analisados usando métodos descritivos e estáticos apropriados. Das 400 crianças estudadas, 71,7% estavam infectadas com uma ou mais espécies de parasitas intestinais. Infecção única de espécies de cestóides foi encontrada em 69 indivíduos com prevalência de 17,2% e infecções parasitárias múltiplas foram identificadas em 19,7% (n = 79/400) indivíduos. As infecções múltiplas foram compostas por 10% (n = 40) dupla, 6,75% (n = 27) tripla e 3% (n = 12) quádrupla. Um total de 9 espécies de helmintos e uma espécie de infecção por protozoários. Entre os helmintos, Ascaris lumbricoides foi o mais prevalente 33,1% (n = 95), Taenia saginata 22,6% (n = 65), ancilóstomo 19,8% (n = 57), Hymenolepis nana 18,8% (n = 54), Enterobius vermicularis e Hymenolepis diminuta 1,39% (n = 4cada), Trichuris trichura 1,04% (n = 3), Toxocara spp 0,69% (n = 2) e Schistosoma japonicum 0,34% (n = 1). Uma espécie de protozoário foi Cryptosporidium spp 0,69% (n = 2) no estudo atual. No caso de A.lumbricoides, ancilostomíase, E.vermicularis, T.trichura, T.saginata, H.nana e H.diminuta, as crianças do sexo masculino com menos de 8 anos de idade estavam altamente infectadas. Outras infecções são relatadas na mesma prevalência, com ligeira diferença, se houver. Concluímos que há uma necessidade de campanhas em massa para criar consciência sobre saúde e higiene em crianças e a necessidade de desenvolvimento de programas eficazes de controle da pobreza, porque a desparasitação por si só não é adequada para controlar infecções parasitárias.

Programas de alimentación escolar en Costa Rica y Guatemala: Percepciones de la comunidad escolar acerca de su funcionamiento en escuelas urbanas públicas

RESUMEN El objetivo de esta investigación fue comparar las principales características que influyen en el funcionamiento de los Programas de Alimentación Escolar (PAE) en escuelas urbanas y públicas de Costa Rica y Guatemala y la percepción de la comunidad escolar sobre dicho funcionamiento. Se realizó una revisión documental de informes y normativas vigentes relacionadas con los PAE de cada país para comparar características principales. Se realizaron 32 entrevistas y 43 grupos focales con la comunidad escolar para captar sus percepciones sobre el funcionamiento. Se realizó un análisis temático de transcripciones aplicando teoría fundamentada. Como principales hallazgos, se destaca que los PAE en Costa Rica y Guatemala han sido una estrategia para luchar contra el hambre y malnutrición infantil, contando ambos países con un gran respaldo normativo y político que le da sostenibilidad. Sin embargo, existen barreras como recursos limitados, problemas administrativos y falta de fiscalización de las normas. En conclusión, apesar de que en ambos países existe una normativa robusta para hacer cumplir el derecho a una alimentación saludable, se encontraron algunas barreras que dificultan una correcta implementación del PAE.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to compare the functioning of School Feeding Programs (SFP) in Costa Rica and Guatemala and the perceptions about operationalization among the public school community. We conducted a comparative review of government reports and existing regulations related to SFP in each country to compare key characteristics. We conducted 32 individual interviews and 43 focus group discussions with actors at different levels of the school community to capture their perceptions about SFP functioning. We conducted thematic analysis applying grounded theory. SFP in both countries have been used as a strategy to address hunger and child malnutrition. Both countries have an important body of regulations and policies that support program sustainability. However, the research revealed some barriers to effective implementation including: limited resources, administrative problems, and a lack of oversight of regulations. In conclusion, while SFP are important instruments of social protection for the right to nutrition in both countries, there are a number of barriers to optimal SFP implementation.

Inhibición de la respuesta: Entrenamiento y efectos vinculados al nivel inhibitorio de base, en niños / Response inhibition: training and effects linked to the level of inhibition in pre-test, in children

Resumen Desde el enfoque no-unitario de la inhibición, se identifican tres procesos inhibitorios: inhibición perceptual, cognitiva y de la respuesta. Esta última permite suprimir conductas prepotentes e inapropiadas para los objetivos en curso. En los últimos años se evaluaron diferentes intervenciones orientadas a optimizar la inhibición de la respuesta durante los inicios de la escuela primaria; sin embargo, los estudios resultan insuficientes para evaluar la eficacia de estas intervenciones sobre el proceso entrenado y otros procesos inhibitorios e identificar las características asociadas a los resultados. En este estudio se propuso analizar la eficacia de un entrenamiento de la inhibición de la respuesta en niños en los primeros años de escolaridad primaria, sobre este proceso y la inhibición perceptual, a corto y largo plazo; y estudiar si variables como la edad y el nivel inhibitorio de base de los participantes se relacionan con los resultados. Participaron 93 niños (de 6 a 8 años), asignados a un grupo de entrenamiento y otro de control, en un diseño experimental con pre-test y dos post-test. Se observaron efectos, atribuibles al entrenamiento, sobre el desempeño de una tarea de inhibición de la respuesta a corto plazo, siendo los niños con un nivel inhibitorio de base más bajo quienes presentaron mayores beneficios. Se discute sobre el aporte de los resultados al modelo no-unitario de la inhibición, el alcance de las intervenciones y el estudio de las características de los participantes en relación con los efectos del entrenamiento.

Abstract From non-unitary perspective of inhibition, three inhibitory processes are identified: perceptual, cognitive and response inhibition. Response inhibition allows suppressing prepotent and inappropriate responses for the current purposes. In the last years, different interventions targeted at optimizing it during the first years of school period. However, the studies are insufficient to understand the efficacy of the interventions on response inhibition and other inhibitory processes, both short- and long-term; and the characteristics that are linked to the results. The goals aims: to analyze the efficacy of a response inhibition training on this process and perceptual inhibition, both short- and long-term, in children in the first years of elementary school; and to analyze if the relationships of age and the level of inhibition in pre-test are related to the results. The participants (93 children, from 6 to 8 years old) were assigned to a training or a control group, in an experimental design, with a pre-test and two post-tests. We observed effects in the short term on children's performance on a response inhibition task. The children who benefited more from the intervention were those who started the intervention with a lower level of inhibition. We discuss the contribution of these results to non-unitary perspective, the scope of the interventions and the study of the participants' characteristics related to the results.

Estimating the effects of reopening schools on the course of the epidemic of COVID-19

In this paper we present a method do estimate the risk of reopening schools illustrated with the case of the State of São Paulo, Brazil. The model showed that, although no death of children would result from the reopening of the schools in the three cities analyzed, the risk of asymptomatic and symptomatic cases and secondary cases among teacher, school staff and relatives of the children is not negligible. Although the epidemic hit different regions with different intensity, our model shows that, for regions where the incidence profile is similar to the cities analysed, the risk of reopening schools is still too high. This in spite of the fact that incidence in these cities were declining in the period of time considered. Therefore, although we cannot extend the result for the entire country, the overall conclusion is valid for regions with declining incidence and it is even more valid for regions where incidence is increasing. We assumed a very conservative level of infection transmissibility of children of just 10% as that of adults. In spite of this very low level of transmissibility assumed, the number of secondary cases caused by infected children among teachers, school staff a relatives varied from 2 to 85. It is therefore too soon to have any degree of confidence that reopening school before the advent of a vaccine is the right decision to take. The purpose of our model and simulations is to provide a method to estimate the risk of schools reopening, although we are sure it could be applied as a guide to public health strategies.

Clinical evaluation of hydrophobic and hydrophilic pit and fissure sealants among 7-10 year old school children: a split mouth study design / Avaliação clínica de fóssulas e físsuras com selantes hidrofóbicos e hidrofílicos entre crianças de 7 a 10 anos de idade: estudo intervencional

Introdução: O estudo foi realizado para comparar a eficácia da retenção hidrofóbica e hidrofílica de selante de fóssulas e fissuras entre crianças de 7 a 10 anos de idade escolar. Material e métodos: O presente estudo randomizado de boca dividida foi realizado nas superfícies oclusais dos primeiros molares inferiores permanentes para comparação e avaliação da retenção junto com outras variáveis de resultado, como a cor, descoloração marginal, adaptação marginal, forma anatômica, sensibilidade pós-operatória, formação de cárie e rugosidade de superfícia de selantes hidrofóbicos e hidrofílicos de fóssulas e fissuras no 3º e 6º mês de aplicação. Os dados foram analisados usando o software SPSS e os resultados foram obtidos. Resultados: No presente estudo, entre as 50 restaurações com selantes hidrofóbico de fóssulas e fissuras (Grupo I), 48 (96%) das restaurações ficaram retidas no final do terceiro mês e 45 (90%) ficaram retidas no final do sexto mês. Entre as 50 restaurações nos selantes de fóssulas e fissuras hidrofílicas (Grupo II), 49 (98%) restaurações ficaram retidas no final do terceiro mês e 46 (92%) no final do sexto mês ficaram retidas. Não houve diferença significativa no número de restaurações totalmente retidas ao final de seis meses (p = 1,00) entre os dois grupos. A avaliação de todas as outras variáveis entre as duas intervenções mostrou que a diferença não foi estatisticamente significativa. Conclusão: O estudo concluiu que o selante de fóssulas e fissuras hidrofílico era semelhante ao selante de fóssulas e fissuras hidrofóbicas em termos de retenção, combinação de cor, descoloração marginal, adaptação marginal, forma anatômica e rugosidade de superfície. (AU)

Introduction: The study was done to compare the effectiveness of hydrophobic and hydrophilic pit and fissure sealant retention among 7-10 year old school children. Material and Methods: The present split mouth randomized trial was conducted on the occlusal surfaces of permanent first mandibular molars to compare and assess the retention along with other outcome variables like colour match, marginal discolouration, marginal adaptation, anatomic form, post-operative sensitivity, caries formation and surface roughness properties of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic pit and fissure sealants at 3rdand 6th month. The data was compiled and analyzed using SPSS software and results were generated. Results: In the present study among the 50 restorations in the hydrophobic pit and fissure sealants (Group I), 48 (96%) restorations were retained at the end of third month and 45(90%) were retained at the end of sixth month. Among the 50 restorations in the hydrophilic pit and fissure sealants (Group II), 49(98%) restorations were retained at the end of third month, and 46(92%) at the end of sixth month were retained. There was no significant difference in the number of completely retained restorations at the end of six months (p = 1.00) among both the groups. The assessment of all the other outcome variables between both the interventions showed that the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion: The study concluded that the hydrophilic pit and fissure sealant was similar to the hydrophobic pit and fissure sealant in terms of retention, colour match, marginal discolouration, marginal adaptation, anatomic form and surface roughness properties with (AU)

Índice de higiene oral simplificado en escolares de 6 años de edad, Ecuador, 2016 / Simplified oral hygiene index in schoolchildren of 6 years of age, Ecuador, 2016

Resumen Introducción: La salud bucal tiene una relación dinámica con la salud general y la calidad de vida de los pacientes. Objetivo del estudio realizado fue determinar el índice de Higiene Oral Simplificado en niños de 6 años de edad de la parroquia Chiquintad del cantón Cuenca, en el año 2016. Métodos: Se manejó una muestra de 51 escolares de ambos sexos, se utilizó el Índice de Higiene Oral Simplificado de Greene y Vermillion aplicado en dentición decidua que consta de un índice de placa blanda y el índice de placa calcificada. Conclusiones: La media de IHO-S en la parroquia Chiquintad fue 0,458 sin presentar una diferencia significativa entre los sexos. El nivel de higiene oral fue bueno en ambos sexos (90%), no se presentó una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre ambos (valor p 0,389).

Abstract Introduction: Oral health has a dynamic relationship with the general health and quality of life of patients. Objective: of the study was to determine the Simplified Oral Hygiene Index in 6-year-old children of the Chiquintad of the Cantón Cuenca, in the year 2016. Methods: A sample of 51 schoolchildren of both sexes was used, the Hygiene Index was used Simplified oral of Greene and Vermillion applied in deciduous dentition consisting of a soft plaque index and calcified plaque index. Conclusions: The mean of IHO-S in the Chiquintad parish was 0.458 without presenting a significant difference between the sexes. The level of oral hygiene was good in both sexes (90%), there was no statistically significant difference between the two (p value 0.389).

Condición nutricional y momentos de consumo de alimentos de escolares en centros educativos públicos intervenidos por el Modelo Póngale Vida® en Santo Domingo de Heredia, Costa Rica / Nutritional condition and moments of food consumption of schoolchildren in public schools intervened by the Póngale Vida® Model in Santo Domingo de Heredia, Costa Rica

Resumen: El objetivo del estudio fue describir cambios en condición nutricional y momentos de consumo de escolares en el contexto de la intervención escolar-comunitaria del Modelo Póngale Vida®. Se analizan los datos antropométricos y de prácticas alimentarias de 348 niños y niñas escolares matriculados en dos centros educativos públicos del cantón de Santo Domingo de Heredia. Fueron evaluados en los tres años de intervención (2015-2017) y sus datos fueron recolectados al inicio y final del ciclo lectivo. La prevalencia del exceso de peso en los escolares fue en el 2015 de 39.1 %, para el 2016 de 40 % y para 2017 el porcentaje de exceso de peso disminuye hasta un 38.8 %. Los valores del puntaje de Z para IMC de los escolares muestran una diferencia de 0.2 en niñas y 0.1 en niños, entre el 2015 y 2017. Estos cambios están asociados a la disminución del porcentaje de estudiantes que realizan doble desayuno, es decir, que hacen esa comida en casa y en el centro educativo. No obstante, la reducción del segundo almuerzo en casa fue la única variable significativa (p=0.005). El Modelo Póngale Vida logró una reducción en los momentos de consumo de alimentos de los escolares, que se manifestó en una reducción del porcentaje de exceso de peso. El proceso de cambio de conducta de los escolares es lento y se podría requerir una de intervención más larga y sostenida en el tiempo para incidir en las practicas alimentarias asociadas con el exceso de peso en el escenario escolar de forma permanente.

Abstract: The aim of the study was to describe changes in nutritional condition and food consumption times in schoolchildren in the context of the school-community intervention of the Póngale Vida® Model. Anthropometric data and food practices were analyzed from 348 school children enrolled in two public schools at Santo Domingo County ,Heredia, who were evaluated during a three years of intervention ( 2015-2017), and the data were collected at the beginning and the end of the school year. The prevalence of excess of weight was 39.1% in 2015, 40% in 2016, and 38.4% in 2017. The values of the Z score for BMI of school children showed a difference of 0.2 in girls and 0.1 in boys, between 2015 and 2017. These changes are associated with the decrease in the percentage of students who eat double breakfast, at home and at the school, with the non-repetition of lunch, in addition to reducing the number of schoolchildren who bring money to buy at the school canteen. However, having lunch at home again was the only one statistically significant (p =0.005).The Póngale Vida Model achieved a reduction in the moments of food consumption of schoolchildren that manifested itself in a reduction in the percentage of excess weight. The process of behavior change in schoolchildren is slow, and a longer intervention may be required to sustained over time behavior changes and to influence the eating practices associated with excess weight on the school setting.

Severidad de hipomineralización incisivo molar (HIM) y su relación con caries dental en niños / Severity of incisor molar hypomineralization (IMH) and its relationship with dental caries in children

Artículo original Original articleRevista Metro CienciaSeveridad de hipomineralización incisivo molar (HIM) y su relación con caries dental en niñosSeverity of incisor molar hypomineralization (IMH) and its relationship with dental caries in childrenSylvia Gabriela Pineda Bonilla1, Alejandra Cabrera Arias2Odontóloga de la Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador1Docente de la Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador2Recibido: 28/09/2020 Aceptado:05/10/2020 Públicado:29/10/2020Editorial: Hospital Metropolitano ISSN (impreso) 1390-2989 - ISSN (electrónico) 2737-6303Edición: Vol. 28 Nº 4 (2020) octubre - diciembreDOI: https://doi.org/10.47464/MetroCiencia/vol28/4/2020/42-51URL: https://revistametrociencia.com.ec/index.php/revista/article/view/95Pág: 42-51RESUMENLa Hipomineralización Incisivo Molar (HIM) es una alteración cualitativa en la formación de la estructura del diente que puede producir la pérdida de grandes áreas de la estructura dental. La prevalencia de Hipomineralización Incisivo Molar varía ampliamente en el mundo y han sido pocos los estudios epidemio-lógicos realizados en Latinoamérica y específicamente en Ecuador. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia y severidad de (HIM) y su asociación con caries dental en niños y niñas de 8 a 10 años de escuelas primarias públicas del Barrio Las Casas. Materiales y métodos: Corresponde a un estudio, transversal en el cual se evaluó a 366 escolares de 8 a 10 años de edad que asistían a las escuelas públicas del barrio Las Casas, que tuvieran todos los primeros molares e incisivos permanentes completamente erupcionados. Las variables fueron edad, género, escolaridad del representante, ocupación del representante, fre-cuencia de cepillado; las variables clínicas que se evaluaron fueron HIM mediante los criterios descritos por Mathu-Muju y Wright; y caries dental, utilizando el índice International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS II). Resultados: La prevalencia de hipomineralización incisivo molar en la muestra total fue de 21.3%, al asociarla con la caries dental se detectó que el 2.2% (n=8) de escolares que no presentaba caries presentó HIM, a diferencia del 9.3% (n=34) de escolares que presentaron caries con cavidades detectables y el 9.8% (n=36) de niños con lesiones incipientes tuvieron HIM. Conclusión: La presencia de HIM fue alta y si estuvo asociada a caries dental, los escolares con HIM presentaron más riesgo de desarrollar caries.

ABSTRACT Molar Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) is a qualitative alteration in the formation of tooth structure that can cause the loss of large areas of tooth structure. The prevalence of Molar Incisor Hypomineralization varies widely in the world and there have been few epidemiological studies conducted in Latin America and specifically in Ecuador. Objective: To determine the prevalence and severity of (MIH) and its association with dental caries in children from 8 to 10 years old of public primary schools in Las Casas neighborhood. Material and methods: Corresponds to a cross-sectional study in which 366 schoolchildren between 8 and 10 years old were evaluated who attended to the public schools in Las Casas neighborhood, which had all the first molars and permanent incisors completely erupted. The variables were age, gender, education of the representative, occupation of the representative, frequency of brushing; the clinical variables that were evaluated were HIM using the criteria described by Mathu-Muju & Wright; and dental caries, using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System index (ICDAS II). Results: The prevalence of molar incisor hypomineralization in the total sample was 21.3% when it was associating with dental caries it was detected that 2.2% (n = 8) of schoolchildren without caries presented MIH, a difference of 9.3% (n = 34) of schoolchildren who presented caries with detectable cavities and 9.8% (n = 36) of children with incipient lesions had MIH. Conclusion: The presence of MIH was high and was associated with dental caries. Schoolchildren with MIH presented a higher risk of developing caries.

Intervención Educativa-Nutricional sobre hábitos alimentarios aplicada a escolares de Asunción, Paraguay / Educational-Nutritional Intervention on eating habits applied to school children of Asuncion, Paraguay

Determinados hábitos alimentarios y estilos de vida adquiridos en la infancia se asocian al riesgo de padecer en la edad adulta enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. En Paraguay, actualmente, el estado nutricional escolar representa un problema de salud pública. Es importante establecer la implementación de intervenciones educativas-nutricionales, enfocadas a la mejoría de la calidad de hábitos alimentarios, como posible estrategia para la prevención de estas enfermedades. Para evaluar cambios en la calidad de hábitos alimentarios en niños/as de 10-13 años, se llevó a cabo una intervención educativa-nutricional en la Escuela República del Brasil, Asunción-Paraguay. Este ensayo comunitario incluyó a 42 escolares y sus padres. Al inicio y final de la intervención, se estimó el peso, talla, estado nutricional, calidad de hábitos alimentarios y tipo de actividad física en estos escolares. Durante el ensayo que duró de marzo a abril del 2019, a los niños se les impartió una charla semanal de 60 minutos mientras que los padres tuvieron dos charlas, al principio y final del ensayo, donde describieron su calidad de hábitos alimentarios. Finalizada la intervención, se observó que hubo mejoras significativas en la calidad de hábitos alimentarios. Aquellos niños que inicialmente contaban con necesidad de mejorar hábitos posteriormente pasaron a una óptima calidad de hábitos alimentarios, y el mismo resultado se observó en sus padres. En conclusión, la intervención generó cambios en la calidad de hábitos alimentarios de niños, padres y madres, pudiendo establecerla como parte del programa nutricional escolar, para generar consciencia sobre los hábitos saludables y prevención de enfermedades

Certain eating habits and lifestyles acquired in childhood are associated with the risk of suffering chronic non-communicable diseases in adulthood. Currently in Paraguay, school nutritional status represents a public health problem. It is important to establish the implementation of educational-nutritional interventions focused on improving the quality of eating habits, as a possible strategy for the prevention of those diseases. In order to evaluate changes in the quality of eating habits in children who were 10-13 years old, a nutritional educational intervention was carried out in the República del Brasil School of Asunción, Paraguay. This community study included 42 children and their parents. At the beginning and end of the intervention the weight, size, nutritional status, quality of eating habits and type of physical activity were estimated in these school children. During the study, that lasted from March to April 2019, the children were given weekly talks of 60 minutes, while the parents had two talks at the beginning and end of the intervention in which they described their quality of eating habits. After the intervention, it was observed that there were significant improvements in the quality of eating habits. Those children who initially had the need to improve habits subsequently changed to an optimal quality of eating habits, and the same result was observed in their parents. In conclusion, the intervention generated changes in the quality of eating habits of these children and their parents and it was established as part of the school nutritional program in order to create awareness about healthy habits and prevention of diseases

Medidas Hipertensivas em Escolares: Risco da Obesidade Central e Efeito Protetor da Atividade Física Moderada-Vigorosa / Hypertensive Measures In Schoolchildren: Risk Of Central Obesity And Protective Effect Of Moderate-To-Vigorous Physical Activity

Resumo Fundamento Aumento da prevalência de hipertensão arterial (HA) em crianças e adolescentes e sua associação com diversas comorbidades. Objetivo Verificar a associação de HA, obesidade central e obesidade geral, e nível de atividade física em escolares. Métodos Participaram do estudo 336 crianças e adolescentes, de 11 a 17 anos de idade. Aferiram-se estatura, peso corporal, circunferência da cintura (CC) e pressão arterial (PA). Foi calculado o índice de massa corporal escore z (IMC-z). O nível de atividade física foi avaliado pela versão curta do International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), conforme a prática em atividades físicas moderadas-vigorosas (AF-mv). Consideraram-se hipertensos os escolares que apresentaram pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e/ou diastólica (PAD) superiores ao percentil 95, de acordo com sexo, faixa etária e estatura, ou ≥120×80mmHg. Utilizaram-se os testes estatísticos de t-Student , Qui-quadrado, Mann-Whitney e modelo de regressão logistica binária, considerando-se o nível de significância de p<0,05. Resultados Foram observados que 40,5% dos escolares apresentaram HA, 35,11% excesso de peso (12,5% obesos), 13,39% CC elevada e 40,2% foram considerados insuficientemente ativos em AF-mv. As chances de HA foram relacionadas à CC elevada (OR=6,11; IC95%:2,59 a 14,42) e ao excesso de peso (OR=2,91; IC95%:1,76 a 4,79). Além disso, os adolescentes que praticavam AF-mv apresentaram menor risco de PAD elevada (OR=0,33; IC95%:0,15 a 0,72). Conclusão Concluiu-se que a obesidade central, a obesidade geral e o sexo masculino foram os melhores preditores de HA em crianças e adolescentes. A prática de AF-mv demonstrou efeito protetor na PAD elevada em escolares. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(1):42-49)

Abstract Background The proportion of arterial hypertension (AH) has increased in children and adolescents and is associated with several comorbidities. Objective To verify the association of arterial hypertension with central and general obesity as well as according to the level of physical activity in schoolchildren. Methods 336 children and adolescents aged 11 to 17 participated in the study. Height, body weight, waist circumference (WC) and blood pressure (BP) were measured. The body mass index z-score (BMI-z) was calculated. The level of physical activity was assessed by the short form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) according to the practice of moderate-to-vigorous physical activities (AF-mv). Students with systolic (SBP) and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) higher than the 95thpercentile according to sex, age and height or ≥120/80 were considered hypertensive. Statistical tests of t-Student, Chi-square, Mann-Whitney and binary logistic regression model were used, considering the significance level of p<0.05. Results It was found that 40.5% of the students had AH, 35.11% were overweight (12.5% obese), 13.39% had high WC and 40.2% were considered insufficiently active in AF-mv. The chances of AH were related to high WC (OR = 6.11; 95% CI: 2.59¬-14.42) and overweight (OR = 2.91; 95% CI: 1.76-4.79). In addition, adolescents who practiced AF-mv had a lower risk of high DBP (OR = 0.33; 95% CI: 0.15-0.72). Conclusion Central obesity was the best predictor of AH in children and adolescents, as well as general obesity and males. The practice of AF-mv demonstrated a protective effect on high DBP in schoolchildren. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(1):42-49)

Habilidades mentalistas en niños argentinos de 4 a 6 años: Adaptación de una escala de desarrollo de Teoría de la Mente / Mentalizing Skills In Argentine Children Between The Ages Of Four And Six: Adaptation Of A Development Scale Of Theory Of Mind

Resumen Este trabajo presenta los resultados del estudio sobre habilidades mentalistas en niños preescolares argentinos. Su interés reside en la importancia que revisten los logros conceptuales en el desarrollo de la Teoría de la Mente y el método adecuado para medirlos, dada la escasez de estudios sobre el tema en el ámbito local. Con un diseño descriptivo transeccional se examinaron 105 niños (4 a 6 años de edad) con la Escala de Teoría de la Mente de Wellman y Liu (2004), compuesta por 7 tareas diferenciadas, adaptada al español rioplatense. Entre los resultados de este estudio se destaca que, al igual que los hallazgos reportados por los autores de la escala, los porcentajes de respuestas correctas aumentan con la edad cronológica y disminuyen de acuerdo a la complejidad de la tarea. La secuencia y la dificultad creciente de las tareas son consistentes, aunque tal como lo proponen Wellman y Liu es necesario limitar las siete tareas originalmente propuestas a cinco, para ajustarse a los requerimientos de un escalograma. Los porcentajes de respuestas correctas hallados son menores a los encontrados en la investigación original teniendo en cuenta, además, que no se incluyeron niños de 3 años. La escala resulta un instrumento adecuado en la medida que proporciona evidencia empírica de la complejidad de las habilidades involucradas, así como de su progresión, imposibles de ser aprehendidas a través de una tarea única, tal como sucede en las evaluaciones que incluyen solo tareas de falsa creencia.

Abstract This work introduces the results obtained in the study of mentalizing skills in pre-school Argentine children. Interest in this lies on the importance of conceptual achievements marking the normal development of the Theory of Mind (TM) and the appropriate way to measure them, and on the lack of studies on the subject in the region. The TM is understood as the capacity to infer emotions, beliefs and desires, and to use such inferences to predict and explain one's behavior as well as that of others. This theory has been studied thoroughly for the past 40 years due to its implications for communicative competence and social interaction, given that if a child fails to understand the relations between behavior and mental states, he or she will have difficulties understanding social situations in everyday life. Its assessment has changed based on how this theory has been conceptualized in connection with its birth and development. The initial conception, which considered it as a single capacity acquired once and for all, was replaced by a more gradualist approach. This enabled the enlargement of the notion of TM to a series of increasingly elaborate and flexible conceptual acquisitions formed throughout a child's psychological development. Based on the hypothesis that a series of mentalist achievements following a predictable sequence occur during a child's normal development, Wellman and Liu (2004) designed a scale which operationalizes the TM. The instrument, which was to be used with pre-school children, consisted of 7 tasks which examine various skills: 1. Diverse desires, 2. Diverse beliefs, 3. Knowledge access, 4. Contents false belief, 5. Explicit false belief, 6. Belief-emotion and 7. Real-aparent emotion. The aim of this paper is to present the results obtained with Wellman and Liu's TM Scale in pre-school children living in the city of La Plata, Province of Buenos Aires (Argentina), and to compare them against the results obtained by the authors. With a cross-sectional descriptive design, 105 children aged between 4 and 6 were tested using the TM Scale adapted to Rioplatense (River Plate) Spanish. Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI III) was also used in order to check intellectual level and exclude the protocols of the children who scored below 70 in the Total IQ. Among the results of this study, as well as the findings reported by the authors of the scale, it is noteworthy that the percentage of right answers increases with chronological age and decreases in relation to task complexity. The sequence and the increasing difficulty of the tasks are consistent, however, as proposed by Wellman & Liu, it is necessary to limit the original 7 tasks to 5, to conform with the requirements of a scalogram within the ages taken into consideration. The percentages of correct answers found in this study are lower than those found in the original investigation, taking into account, in addition, that 3 years old children were not included. The scale constitutes an adequate instrument in that it provides empirical proof of the complexity of the skills involved as well as of their progression, both of which are impossible to apprehend through a single task, as is the case of the assessments including only false belief tasks. All in all, the differences found in the performance of the participants included with respect to the original study require further research in not only cross-sectional but also longitudinal studies of clinical and non-clinical populations.

Nivel de actividad física y estado nutricional en una población pediátrica de un consultorio ambulatorio Asunción

RESUMEN Introducción: El descenso en el nivel de actividad física en los niños y adolescentes se asocia con mayores niveles de sobrepeso, obesidad y empeoramiento de la salud cardiovascular. Objetivo : Analizar los hábitos de práctica física, parámetros antropométricos y tiempo de pantalla (televisión, teléfonos móviles, tabletas) en una población escolar que acude a consulta pediátrica ambulatoria en Asunción durante el 2018. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo con componente analítico, trasversal. El nivel de actividad física se valoró a través del cuestionario Physical Activity Questionnaire for Children (PAQ-C), con puntajes de 1 a 5, siendo 5 la máxima actividad física. Se incorporó una pregunta sobre el número de horas al día frente a las pantallas. Las variables antropométricas evaluadas fueron el índice de masa corporal (IMC), Z-score del IMC, pliegue tricipital y circunferencia abdominal. Las variables se presentaron como media y desviación estándar. Los datos se analizaron las pruebas T-Student y Chi cuadrado. El nivel de significancia establecido fue <0,05. Resultados: Fueron evaluados 636 escolares, 54% de sexo masculino, con edad media de 10 años, un 11,3 % presentó obesidad y un 22,2 % sobrepeso. La actividad física medida por PAQ-C obtuvo de media 2,93±0,65 puntos. El promedio de tiempo de pantalla fue de 3,53±2,33 horas. En función del sexo no se encontraron diferencias significativas para la edad, tampoco para los parámetros antropométricos, ni horas de pantalla. La división en terciles de los valores de actividad física mostró diferencias significativas con el IMC, Z-score del IMC y pliegue tricipital, no así con la circunferencia abdominal (p=0,089). Por otro lado, los niños menos activos son los que manifestaron pasar más tiempo frente a las pantallas (p=0,006). Conclusión: Los menores niveles de actividad física son reportados por aquellos niños que pasan más tiempo frente a las pantallas, que presentan un mayor índice de masa corporal y Z-score IMC, así como un mayor pliegue tricipital.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The decrease in the level of physical activity in children and adolescents is associated with higher levels of being overweight, obesity and worsening of cardiovascular health. Objective: To analyze physical activity habits, anthropometric parameters and screen time (television, mobile phones, tablets) in a school-aged population who presented for pediatric ambulatory consultation in Asunción during 2018. Materials and Methods: This was an observational cross-sectional and descriptive study with an analytical component. The level of physical activity was assessed through the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Children (PAQ-C), with scores ranging from 1 to 5, with 5 being the maximum physical activity. A question about the number of hours per day in front of screens was incorporated. The anthropometric variables evaluated were body mass index (BMI), BMI Z-score, triceps skin fold and abdominal circumference. The variables were presented as mean and standard deviations. The data were analyzed by the T-Student and Chi square tests. The level of significance established was <0.05. Results: 636 schoolchildren were evaluated, 54% were male, with a mean age of 10 years. 11.3% were obese and 22.2% overweight. The physical activity measured by PAQ-C averaged 2.93 ± 0.65 points. The average screen time was 3.53 ± 2.33 hours. When adjusted for gender, no significant differences were found for age, nor for anthropometric parameters, nor screen hours. The tertile division of the physical activity values showed significant differences with the BMI, Z-score of the BMI and triceps skin fold, but not with the abdominal circumference (p = 0.089). On the other hand, the least active children are those who said they spend more time in front of screens (p = 0.006). Conclusion: Lower levels of physical activity are reported by those children who spend more time in front of screens, have a higher body mass index and BMI Z-score, as well as a greater triceps skin fold.