Effect of obesity on mood regulation and eating attitudes in mental disorders

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The precise relationship between obesity and eating habits, attitudes, and emotion regulation is still ambiguous. The purpose of this study was to investigate possible correlations among body mass index, challenges related to managing emotions, and attitudes toward eating among adult participants with known psychiatric diagnoses. METHODS: The body mass indices of participants were calculated, and data on eating styles were collected using the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire. The level of difficulty in managing emotions was evaluated using the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. RESULTS: The research findings indicated a meaningful positive association. An observation was made between body mass index and results from the Eating Attitude Test-40, as well as the restrained eating subdimension of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire. Conversely, a meaningful reverse relationship was identified between the scores of the "strategies" subdimension of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. No meaningful differences in eating attitudes and emotion regulation were found between non-obese and obese patients. CONCLUSION: While a partial and meaningful correlation was observed among body mass index, eating attitudes, and emotion regulation difficulties, it is suggested that factors such as patients' age, disease duration, current body mass index, and the simultaneous presence of depression and anxiety should be considered.

Changes and predictors of adolescent emotion regulation, self-esteem, and locus of control during the COVID-19 pandemic: 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort

Objectives: There is growing interest in examining the impacts of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on adolescent socioemotional development. This study aimed to examine changes in adolescent emotion regulation (ER), self-esteem (SE), and locus of control (LoC) from before to during the pandemic in a Brazilian birth cohort, and to investigate the variables associated with changes in those socioemotional competences. Methods: 1,949 adolescents from the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort were assessed before (T1, November 2019 to March 2020) and during (T2, August to December 2021) the COVID-19 pandemic (mean ages [SD] = 15.69 [0.19] and 17.41 [0.26], respectively). Adolescents' socioemotional competences were assessed, including ER, SE, and LoC. Sociodemographic, pre-pandemic, and pandemic-related correlates were examined as predictors of change. Multivariate latent change score models were used in the analyses. Results: There were significant mean increases in adolescents' ER and SE (mean ER = 1.918, p < 0.001; mean SE = 1.561, p = 0.001) and a significant mean decrease (towards internalization) in LoC levels (MLoC = -0.497, p < 0.01) during the pandemic. Factors that predicted a lower competency increase included family conflicts, harsh parenting, and maternal depressive symptoms during the pandemic. Conclusion: Despite the stress imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adolescents of this cohort showed positive development in their socioemotional competences. Family-related factors emerged as important predictors of adolescent socioemotional adjustment during the study period.

Adaptación y validación de la Escala de Dificultades en la Regulación Emocional en adultos del Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires / Adaptation and Validation of the Emotional Regulation Difficulty Scale in Adults in the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires / Adaptação e validação da Escala de Dificuldades na Regulação Emocional em adultos da Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires

La desregulación emocional (de) fue identificada como uno de los principales procesos involucrados en el surgimiento y mantenimiento de los trastornos emocionales. A su vez, los trastornos emocionales son los más prevalentes mundialmente, volviendo a la deun objeto de estudio de gran relevancia. El presente trabajo consiste en la adaptación y validación de la Escala de Dificultades en la Regulación Emocional (Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, ders) (Gratz & Roemer, 2004), para ser usada en población general del Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires. Se realizó un estudio transversal con 315 participantes entre 18 y 65 años. La consistencia interna resultó adecuada (α = 0.936; ω = 0.938). Se llevó a cabo un análisis factorial confirmatorio mediante el paquete Lavaan, quedando la escala conformada por 30 ítems que se ajustan a las seis dimensiones originales. También se presenta evidencia de validez convergente y discriminante, la capacidad de discriminación de los ítems, diferencias por sexo y edad, y valores normativos para adultos del Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires. La adaptación al español de la ders representa una herramienta válida y confiable para medir distintos aspectos del proceso de regulación emocional

Emotional dysregulation (ed) was identified as one of the main processes involved in the emergence and maintenance of emotional disorders. In turn, emotional disorders are the most prevalent worldwide, making ed an object of study of great relevance.The present study consists of the adaptation and validation of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (ders) (Gratz & Roemer, 2004) for its use in the general population of the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 315 participants between 18 and 65 years old. Internal consistency was adequate (α = 0.936; ω = 0.938). A confirmatory factor analysis was performed using the Lavaan package, leaving the scale with 30 items which fit the six original dimensions. There is also evidence of convergent and discriminant validity, the items' discrimination ability, differences by sex and age, and normative values for adults in the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires. The Spanish adaptation of the ders represents a valid and reliable tool to measure different aspects of the emotional regulation process.

A desregulação emocional (de) foi identificada como um dos principais processos envolvidos no surgimento e manutenção dos transtornos emocionais. Por sua vez, os transtornos emocionais são os mais prevalentes no mundo, tornando a de um objeto de estudo de grande relevância. O presente estudo consiste na adaptação e validação da Escala de Dificuldades na Regulação Emocional (ders) (Gratz & Roemer, 2004) para sua utilização na população geral da região metropolitana de Buenos Aires. Foi realizado um estudo transver-sal com 315 participantes com idade entre 18 e 65 anos. A consistência interna foi adequada (α = 0.936; ω = 0.938). Realizou-se uma análise fatorial confirmatória utilizando o pacote Lavaan, deixando a escala com há também evidências de validade convergente e discriminante, capacidade de discriminação dos itens, diferenças por sexo e idade, e valores norma-tivos para adultos na Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires. A adaptação espanhola do ders representa uma ferramenta válida e confiável para mensurar diferentes aspectos do processo de regulação emocional.

Soledad y ansiedad durante el confinamiento por COVID-19. El efecto mediador de la regulación emocional / Loneliness and anxiety during COVID-19 lockdown. The mediating effect of emotion regulation

Resumen El confinamiento ocasionado por la pandemia del COVID-19 ha impactado en la vida de los estudiantes universitarios en todo el mundo. Conocer sus efectos en la salud mental y el comportamiento será una prioridad en los siguientes años. En este contexto, el objetivo de la presente investigación fue analizar por primera vez las relaciones directas e indirectas entre la experiencia de soledad, las estrategias de regulación emocional desadaptativas (rumiación, evitación, supresión, catastrofización y autoculpa) y la ansiedad en una muestra de universitarios mexicanos. Con base en él, se hipotetizó que las estrategias de regulación emocional desadaptativas mediarían la relación entre la soledad y la ansiedad. Para lograr este propósito se especificó un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales. Un total de 824 estudiantes universitarios participaron en la presente investigación. Los resultados mostraron que los datos se ajustaron de manera adecuada al modelo estructural especificado. Por otra parte, también se encontró que la soledad tuvo un efecto directo que no fue estadísticamente significativo con la ansiedad. En conclusión, estos hallazgos revelan la presencia de un efecto de mediación al mostrar que la soledad estuvo relacionada indirectamente con la ansiedad por su relación con las estrategias de regulación emocional desadaptativas. Con ello, al analizar la función mediadora de las estrategias de regulación emocional desadaptativas se aportaron, por primera vez en México, nuevos elementos que permiten conocer con mayor profundidad los efectos directos e indirectos de estos tres constructos.

Abstract The lockdown caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the lives of undergraduate students around the world. Knowing its effects on mental health and behavior will be a priority for years to come. Due to the multiple negative effects that confinement by the COVID-19 pandemic has brought, this study aims to provide new scientific evidence that will allow a better understanding of the effects of the experience of loneliness caused by this pandemic. Based on the procedural model of emotion regulation created by Gross, the objective of this research was to analyze the direct and indirect relations between the experience of loneliness, maladaptive emotion regulation strategies (rumination, avoidance, suppression, catastrophizing, and self-blame) and anxiety in a sample of Mexican undergraduate students. Based on this goal, it was hypothesized that maladaptive emotion regulation strategies would mediate the relation between loneliness and anxiety. To achieve this purpose, a total of 824 undergraduate students participated in the present research. In addition to providing their sociodemographic data, they answered the De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale, the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, the Cognitive-Behavioral Avoidance Scale, the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, and the Beck Anxiety Inventory. In order to carry out the mediating analysis, a structural equation model was created which included three latent variables (loneliness, maladaptive emotion regulation strategies and anxiety). This model was tested using the Lavaan software. The indirect effects were analyzed using the bootstrapping method. The results showed that maladaptive emotional regulation strategies had a mediating role which was positive and significant in the relation between loneliness and anxiety. Regarding the measurement model, confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the measurement model comprising the three latent variables. Results showed that the measurement model fit the observed data appropriately. Furthermore, with the purpose of examining the validity of the measurement model, the average variance extracted and square root of the average variance extracted were calculated. Findings indicated that the average variance extracted for each construct was higher than all the squared correlations involving that construct. This confirmed the discriminant validity of all variables of study. Regarding the structural model, results showed acceptable data fit. The model explained 48 % of the variance in anxiety. The structural equation analysis revealed that loneliness was related positively with maladaptive emotion regulation strategies. Similarly, maladaptive emotion regulation strategies were associated positively with anxiety. Likewise, it was possible to confirm the main hypothesis of this study which stated that maladaptive emotion regulation strategies would mediate the influence of loneliness on anxiety among Mexican university students. Finally, it was confirmed that loneliness had a nonsignificant direct effect on anxiety. Regarding the contribution of each of the five maladaptive emotion regulation strategies, rumination had a significant function in the mediating process showing that loneliness had an impact on anxiety via the continuous thoughts that participants had about their own emotions. In turn, because of the strategy of catastrophizing, participants intensified their thoughts and emotions waiting for the worse scenario which in turn increased their levels of anxiety. Likewise, the strategies of avoidance and suppression had also a significant contribution on the mediating role of maladaptive strategies. Finally, the strategy of self-blame was a significant contribution to the mediating function. Therefore, with the purpose of controlling emotions associated with loneliness, it was possible that participants could blame themselves as a mechanism to regulate their emotions. In conclusion, these findings reveal the presence of a mediating effect by showing that loneliness was indirectly related to anxiety via its relation with maladaptive emotion regulation strategies.

Psicoterapia para la regulación emocional desde un enfoque transdiagnóstico: revisión de ensayos clínicos aleatorizados / Psychotherapy for emotional regulation from transdiagnostic approach: a review of randomized clinical trials

Resumen Introducción: La regulación emocional (RE) refiere a los procesos por los cuales los individuos influyen en las emociones que tienen, cuando las tienen y cómo las experimentan y expresan (Gross, 1998). El uso de estrategias desadaptativas de RE se asocia con distintos cuadros psicopatológicos. La concepción de RE como proceso transdiagnóstico permite sortear el problema de la comorbilidad, y ha sido abordado desde distintos modelos e investigaciones. Objetivo: El presente estudio se propone realizar una revisión de ensayos clínicos aleatorizados de psico-terapia para la RE desde una perspectiva transdiagnóstica. Método: Para ello se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos PubMed, SciELO, Redalyc y ScienceDirect. Resultados: Se hallaron 11 artículos que cumplían los criterios de inclusión. Los resultados mostraron que las intervenciones transdiagnósticas obtuvieron mejores resultados que grupos control, que incluyeron otros tratamientos o listas de espera. Conclusión: Se señala la importancia de realizar más ensayos clínicos aleatorizados que comparen nuevas intervenciones con tratamientos de primera línea.

Abstract Introduction: Emotional regulation (ER) refers to the processes by which individuals influence the emotions they have, when they have them and how they experience and express them (Gross, 1998). The use of maladaptive ER strategies is associated with different psychopathological conditions. The conception of ER as a transdiagnostic process allows to overcome the problem of comorbidity, and has been approached from different models and investigations. Objective: The present study aims to conduct a review of randomized clinical trials of psychotherapy for ER from a transdiagnostic perspective. Method: For this, a search was carried out in the databases PubMed, SciELO, Redalyc and ScienceDirect. Results: Eleven articles were found that met the inclusion criteria. The results showed that the transdiagnostic interventions obtained better results than control groups, which included other treatments or waiting lists. Conclusion: The importance of conducting more randomized clinical trials comparing new interventions with first-line treatments is noted.

A Regulação Emocional como Moderadora da Relação entre Afeto Positivo e Negativo e Bem-Estar Psicológico / Emotion Regulation as a Moderator of the Relationship between Positive and Negative Affect and Psychological Well-Being / Regulación Emocional como Moderadora de la Relación entre el Afecto Positivo y Negativo y el Bienestar Psicológico

A capacidade de influenciar a experiência e expressão das emoções pode ser fundamental para a saúde mental. Sabe-se que a regulação emocional possui relação com alterações no afeto positivo e negativo dos indivíduos, sendo estas capazes de influenciar seu bem-estar. A relação entre afeto positivo e negativo e bem-estar tem sido discutida na literatura, entretanto, ainda se desconhece o papel da regulação emocional nesta relação. Sendo assim, o presente estudo investigou se a Regulação Emocional (RE) exerce função moderadora na relação entre afeto positivo e negativo e o bem-estar. Para isso, foi realizado um survey online, com uma amostra de 857 participantes com idades entre 18 e 70 anos (M= 30,55). Os participantes responderam a Escala de Bem-Estar Psicológico, a Escala de Afetos Positivos e Negativos e o Questionário de Regulação Emocional. Os resultados revelaram que a supressão emocional exerce efeito moderador, enfraquecendo a relação positiva entre afeto positivo e bem-estar, enquanto a reavaliação cognitiva exerce função moderadora, enfraquecendo a relação negativa entre afeto negativo e bem-estar. Destaca-se a importância de desenvolver habilidades de tolerância e de regulação das reações emocionais para ajudar os indivíduos a ampliarem o leque de comportamentos para lidar com o sofrimento para promover bem-estar.

The ability to deal with the experience and expression of emotions can be fundamental to mental health. Emotion regulation is related to changes in the positive and negative affect of individuals which could influence well-being. The association between positive and negative affect and well-being has been discussed in the literature, but the role of emotion regulation in this relationship is still unknown. The present study investigated whether the ER plays a moderating role in the relationship between positive and negative affect and well-being. An online survey was conducted with a sample of 857 participants aged between 18 and 70 years old (M = 30.55). Participants answered the Psychological Well-Being Scale, Positive and Negative Affections Scale and Emotional Regulation Questionnaire. Results revealed that while the emotion suppression has a moderating effect, weakening positive relationship between positive affect and well-being, the cognitive reappraisal has a moderating function, weakening negative relationship between negative affect and well-being. It highlights the importance of developing skills of tolerance and regulation of emotions to deal with suffering and to promote well-being.

La capacidad de influenciar una experiencia y expresión de emociones puede ser fundamental para la salud mental. La regulación emocional puede alterar afectos positivos y negativos de los individuos. La relación entre afecto positivo y negativo y bienestar es discutida en la literatura, sin embargo, aún se desconoce el papel de la regulación emocional en esta relación. Por lo tanto, el presente estudio ha investigado la función moderadora en la Regulación Emocional, y su relación entre los afectos positivos y negativos y el bienestar. Se realizó un survey online, en una muestra de 857 participantes entre 18 y 70 años (M = 30,55). Los participantes respondieron la Escala de Bienestar Psicológico, Escala de Afectos positivos y negativos y el Cuestionario de Regulación Emocional. Los resultados revelaron que la supresión emocional ejerce un efecto moderador, debilitando la relación positiva entre el afecto positivo y el bienestar, mientras que la reevaluación cognitiva ejerce una función moderadora, debilitando la relación negativa entre el afecto y negativo y el bienestar. Destaca la importancia de desarrollar habilidades de tolerancia y regulación de las reacciones emocionales para ayudar las personas a ampliar la gama de comportamientos para trabajar con el sufrimiento y para promover el bienestar.

Estresores académicos y sintomatología depresiva en mujeres universitarias económicamente vulnerables durante la pandemia por COVID-19 / Academic stressors and depressive symptomatology among economically vulnerable college women during the COVID-19 pandemic

Resumen Antecedentes Las mujeres universitarias socioeconómicamente vulnerables son un grupo de riesgo para desarrollar problemas de salud mental durante la pandemia por COVID-19, encontrándose que la regulación emocional y factores de apoyo docente pueden moderar este efecto. Objetivo Evaluar un modelo de moderación moderada del apoyo docente sobre las estrategias de regulación emocional (ERE) en la relación entre estresores académicos y sintomatología depresiva en universitarias socioeconómicamente vulnerables. Método 371 mujeres entre 18 y 29 años que cursaban estudios superiores completaron una encuesta donde se evaluó la sintomatología depresiva a través del PHQ-9 y las ERE mediante el CERQ. Para evaluar los estresores académicos y percepción del apoyo docente, se diseñaron preguntas específicas. Resultados Se identificaron dos modelos de efectos indirectos que mostraron que un bajo apoyo docente moderó la moderación de niveles bajos y medios de la estrategia de regulación de planificación en la relación entre los estresores académicos "calidad de aprendizaje online" y "preocupación por el rendimiento académico" con la sintomatología depresiva. Conclusiones Se discute sobre el rol de estrategias de regulación emocional que apuntan a aspectos metacognitivos y apoyo docente como factores protectores para este grupo específico frente a los estresores académicos, principalmente ligados al rendimiento académico.

Abstract Background female university students from socioeconomically vulnerable groups is a high-risk group for the development of mental health problems in the covid-19 pandemic. Objective To evaluate the moderating role of teacher support on emotional regulation strategies (ERS) in the relationship between academic stressors (AS) and depressive symptoms in female university students from socioeconomically vulnerable groups. Method 371 women between 18 and 29 years old who were in higher education completed a survey where depressive symptoms were evaluated through the PHQ-9 and the ERD through CERQ. To assess academic stressors and perception of teacher support, specific questions were designed. Results Two indirect effect models were identified that showed that low teacher support moderated the moderation of low and medium levels of ERS planning in the relationship of "quality of online learning" and "concern for academic performance" with depressive symptoms. Conclusions The role of ERS that points to metacognitive aspects and teaching support as protective factors for this specific group against AS, mainly linked to academic performance is discussed at the end.

Psychometric analysis of a simplified version of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire in Mexican adults: The ERQ-CA-9

Background: The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) is the most widely used measure of cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression, two core emotion regulation strategies. However, the original ERQ has complex wording, which may make it difficult for readers of lower educational levels. Objective: We aimed to examine the psychometric properties of a simplified version of the ERQ, initially designed for children and adolescents: the ERQ-CA. Method: A sample of 397 Mexican adults was studied (77.3% women, 22.7% men; mean age = 22.84). A confirmatory factor analysis, as well as a graded response model, were used to study the internal functioning of the instrument. In addition, its associations with three psychopathological variables (anxiety, depression, and suicidal ideation) were examined. Results: A 9-item version of the ERQ-CA showed adequate fit (CFI = .95, RMSEA = .06), as well as good reliability (ωreappraisal = .76; ωsuppression = .75). Both subscales performed better at levels closer to the mean of their respective constructs. Finally, significant correlations were found between both subscales and the psychopathological variables. Conclusion: The 9-item ERQ-CA constitutes a promising alternative to measure cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression in the Mexican adult population.

Antecedentes: El Cuestionario de Regulación Emocional (ERQ) es la medida más utilizada para la reevaluación cognitiva y la supresión expresiva, dos estrategias centrales de regulación emocional. Sin embargo, el ERQ original tiene una redacción compleja, lo que puede dificultar su lectura a los lectores de menor nivel educativo. Objetivo: Se buscó examinar las propiedades psicométricas de una versión simplificada del ERQ, inicialmente diseñada para niños y adolescentes: el ERQ-CA. Método: Una muestra de 397 adultos mexicanos fue estudiada (77.3% mujeres, 22.7% hombres; edad promedio = 22.84). Se utilizó un análisis factorial confirmatorio, así como un modelo de respuesta graduada, para estudiar el funcionamiento interno del instrumento. Además, se examinaron sus asociaciones con tres variables psicopatológicas (ansiedad, depresión e ideación suicida). Resultados: Una versión de 9 ítems del ERQ-CA mostró un ajuste adecuado (CFI = .95, RMSEA = .06), así como una buena fiabilidad (ωreevaluación = .76; ωsupresión = .75). Ambas subescalas se comportaron mejor en los niveles más cercanos a la media de sus respectivos constructos. Finalmente, se encontraron correlaciones significativas entre ambas subescalas y las variables psicopatológicas. Conclusión: El ERQ-CA de 9 ítems constituye una alternativa prometedora para medir la reevaluación cognitiva y la supresión expresiva en la población adulta mexicana.

The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale - Short Form (DERS-SF): psychometric properties and invariance between genders

Background: The understanding of how individuals manage their emotional experiences has flourished dramatically over the last decades, including assessing of emotion (dys) regulation. The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) is a well-validated and extensively used self-report instrument for emotion regulation problems. Despite the wide use of DERS in both clinical and research settings, its length potentially increases fatigue and frustration in respondents and limits its inclusion in brief research protocols. Consequently, a short-form version of the DERS (DERSSF) was developed, which requires cross-cultural adaptations and the study of its reliability and validity. Objectives: In order to address this issue, this study aimed to analyze the factorial structure and psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of DERS-SF and examine the DERS-SF factor structure invariance between men and women. Methods: The sample comprised 646 participants aged between 18 and 66 years (M = 29.93, SD = 11.71). Results: The correlated six-factor structure of the original version has an acceptable fit, good reliability, and convergent validity. Our results also suggested the invariance of the factor structure of the DERS-SF across genders. Conclusion: The DERS-SF has good psychometric properties, and it may be useful for future research and clinical work to use this six-factor brief version and improve emotion regulation assessment.

Emotional interdependence: the key to studying extrinsic emotion regulation

The literature on extrinsic emotion regulation or the intention to modify other people's emotions has grown in recent years, accompanied by proposals in which its definition is made more precise, the way to understand it in relation to other related processes is delimited, and the consequences of its use in the quality of close relationships are evidenced. Conceptual reviews on this topic recognize the importance of examining the affect and dyadic dynamics that arise between those who regulate each other extrinsically. This dynamic refers to emotional interdependence, the potential of the members of a dyad to shape each other's emotions reciprocally, particularly in those who share a close bond, such as that of a romantic couple. There is little theoretical development regarding the relevance of this characteristic in relation to EER. This article has two objectives: (1) to make a narrative synthesis of the characteristics that define EER and (2) to expand and complexify the existing model by including the emotional interdependence as a vital component in the understanding of the functioning of EER. Lastly, the role of emotional interdependence in the emergence, maintenance, and satisfaction concerning couple relationships is made explicit through phenomena such as shared reality. (AU)

Yoga com histórias para crianças com transtorno do espectro autista: regulação emocional mediada pela internet / Yoga with stories for kids with autism spectrum disorder: internet mediated emotion regulation / Yoga avec des histoires pour les enfants atteints de troubles du spectre autistique: régulation des émotions via internet / Yoga con historias para niños con trastorno del espectro autista: regulación de las emociones mediada por internet

Este estudo de caso mediado pela internet objetivou avaliar possíveis relações entre contação de histórias associada a exercícios de yoga e autorregulação de crianças com transtorno do espectro autista. Para tanto, pais e cuidadores foram instruídos a utilizar vídeos de contação de histórias, vídeos com demonstração de rotinas de exercícios de yoga e formulários de avaliação, totalizando três encontros. Relações entre controle por contingências e governo por regras foram investigadas. Verificamos resultados positivos nos dois casos estudados, um deles mediado pelos pais da criança e outro pela acompanhante terapêutica. Em conclusão, o envolvimento de pessoas de referência no treino de autorregulação demonstrou gerar efeitos positivos no comportamento das crianças e nas relações interpessoais estabelecidas. Estudos futuros poderão se valer do delineamento testado e do material interventivo para alcançar um maior número de crianças com desenvolvimento atípico e típico

This internet-mediated case study aimed to evaluate possible relationships between storytelling associated with yoga exercises and self-regulation of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. To this end, parents and caregivers were instructed to use storytelling videos, videos with demonstration of yoga exercise routines and evaluation forms in a total of three meetings. Relationships between contingency-shaped and rule-governed behavior were investigated. We found positive results in the two cases studied, one mediated by the child's parents and the other by the therapeutic companion. In conclusion, the involvement of relevant people in self-regulation training has been shown to generate positive effects on children's behavior and also on established interpersonal relationships. Future studies may use the tested design and intervention material to reach a greater number of children with atypical and typical development

Cette étude de cas médiatisée par Internet visait à évaluer les relations possibles entre la narration associée aux exercices de yoga et l'autorégulation d'enfants atteints de troubles du spectre autistique. À cette fin, les parents et les soignants ont été invités à utiliser des vidéos de narration, des vidéos avec démonstration de routines d'exercices de yoga et des formulaires d'évaluation dans un total de trois réunions. Les relations entre les comportements contingents et régis par des règles ont été étudiées. Nous avons trouvé des résultats positifs dans les deux cas étudiés, l'un médiatisé par les parents de l'enfant et l'autre par le compagnon thérapeutique. En conclusion, il a été démontré que l'implication des personnes concernées dans la formation à l'autorégulation a des effets positifs sur le comportement des enfants et sur les relations interpersonnelles établies. Les études futures peuvent utiliser la conception testée et le matériel d'intervention pour atteindre un plus grand nombre d'enfants au développement atypique et typique

Este estudio de caso mediado por Internet tuvo como objetivo evaluar las posibles relaciones entre la narración asociada con los ejercicios de yoga y la autorregulación de los niños con trastorno del espectro autista. Con este fin, se instruyó a los padres y cuidadores a utilizar videos narrativos, videos con demostración de rutinas de ejercicios de yoga y formularios de evaluación en un total de tres reuniones. Se investigaron las relaciones entre el comportamiento en forma de contingencia y el regido por reglas. Encontramos resultados positivos en los dos casos estudiados, uno mediado por los padres del niño y otro por el acompañante terapéutico. En conclusión, se ha demostrado que la participación de personas relevantes en la formación de autorregulación genera efectos positivos en el comportamiento de los niños y también en las relaciones interpersonales establecidas. Los estudios futuros pueden utilizar el diseño probado y el material de intervención para llegar a un mayor número de niños con un desarrollo típico y atípico

Executive functions and emotion regulation in substance use disorder / Funções executivas e regulação emocional no transtorno por uso de substâncias

OBJECTIVE: The executive functions (EF) and emotion regulation (ER) and their relationship with the substance use disorder (SUD) were analyzed. METHODS: A cross-sectional design was used. The sample consisted of 130 volunteers divided into three groups: group 01 (n = 60), composed of participants who did not meet the diagnostic criteria for any type of SUD; group 02 (n = 51), with users with alcohol and/ or tobacco use disorder; group 03 (n = 19), with users with multiple substance use disorder, including at least one illicit substance. RESULTS: Group 02 presented worse performance in EF and ER when compared to group 01, and showed a significant correlation between the working memory and the use of maladaptive ER. Group 03 showed great losses in EF and ER when compared to the other groups. CONCLUSION: This study supports the idea that EF, ER and SUD are related. In addition, it was observed that people with SUD had worse performance in EF and ER when compared to people without SUD, greater damage being observed in people with SUD of polysubstances.

OBJETIVO: Analisaram-se as funções executivas (FE) e a regulação emocional (RE) e a sua relação com o transtorno por uso de substâncias (TUS). MÉTODOS: Utilizou-se um delineamento transversal. A amostra foi composta por 130 voluntários, divididos em três grupos: grupo 01 (n = 60), composto pelos participantes que não preenchiam os critérios diagnósticos para nenhum tipo de TUS; grupo 02 (n = 51), com os entrevistados com TUS de álcool e/ou cigarro; grupo 03 (n = 19), com os voluntários com TUS de polissubstâncias, incluindo pelo menos uma substância ilícita. RESULTADOS: O grupo 02 apresentou pior desempenho nas FE e na RE, quando comparado ao grupo 01, e exibiu uma correlação significativa entre a memória de trabalho e o uso de RE desadaptativa. O grupo 03 apresentou maior prejuízo nas FE e na RE, quando comparado aos demais grupos. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo apoia a ideia de que as FE, a RE e o TUS estão relacionados. Além disso, observou-se que as pessoas com TUS apresentaram pior desempenho nas FE e na RE, quando comparadas com as pessoas sem o TUS, sendo as com TUS de polissubstâncias com maior prejuízo.

Psychometric properties of the Emotional Competence Inventory - short revised version (ECI-R) / Propriedades psicométricas do Inventário de Competências Emocionais - versão revisada breve (ICE-R) / Propiedades psicométricas del Inventario de Habilidades Emocionales - versión corta revisada (ICE-R)

A previous study presented the Emotional Competence Inventory, which was designed with basis on the emotional intelligence theory. It was very long and had a disproportionate number of items for each factor. Therefore, this study aimed to seek for validity evidence based on its internal structure and carry out an analysis of items of the short version of the instrument supported by the Item Response Theory (IRT). The study included 626 Brazilian participants with a mean age of 24.8 years (SD = 8.2). They were predominantly females (68.5%) who answered to the 34 items in the instrument. A confirmatory factor analysis showed good fit indices, thus confirming the original structure of the instrument. IRT analyses also resulted in good fit indices and revealed the aspects involved in the increased difficulty of the items in each scale. It was concluded that the instrument shows good psychometric properties and can be recommended for research purposes. (AU)

Um estudo anterior apresentou o Inventário de Competências Emocionais, construído com base na teoria da inteligência emocional, que ficou muito longo e com número desproporcional de itens em cada fator. Assim, a proposta desse estudo foi buscar evidências de validade com base na estrutura interna e proceder uma análise de itens com base na Teoria de Resposta ao Item da versão reduzida do instrumento. O estudo contou com 626 participantes brasileiros, com média de 24,8 anos de idade (DP = 8,2), predominantemente do sexo feminino (68,5%), que responderam os 34 itens do instrumento. Uma análise fatorial confirmatória mostrou bons índices de ajustamento, confirmando a estrutura original do instrumento. A análise com TRI também resultou em bons índices de ajustamento e permitiu identificar os aspectos envolvidos no aumento da dificuldade dos itens em cada escala. Concluiu-se que o instrumento apresenta boas propriedades psicométricas e pode ser recomendado para uso em pesquisas. (AU)

Un estudio previo presentó el Inventario de Habilidades Emocionales, basado en la teoría de la inteligencia emocional, que era demasiado extenso y con un número desproporcionado de ítems en cada factor. Por lo tanto, la finalidad de este estudio fue buscar evidencias de validez basadas en la estructura interna y realizar un análisis de ítems basado en la Teoría de Respuesta al Ítem de una versión reducida del instrumento. El estudio incluyó 626 participantes brasileños, con una edad media de 24,8 años (DS = 8,2), predominantemente mujeres (68,5%), que respondieron a los 34 ítems del instrumento. Un análisis factorial confirmatorio mostró buenos índices de ajuste, confirmando la estructura original del instrumento. El análisis con el TRI reveló los aspectos involucrados en el aumento de la dificultad de los ítems en cada escala. Se concluyó que el instrumento tiene buenas propiedades psicométricas y puede ser recomendado para usos investigativos. (AU)

Validation of a brief version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale with a Spanish speaking population (DERS-S SF) / Validación de una versión breve de la Escala de Dificultades en la Regulación Emocional con población hispanohablante (DERS-S SF)

Abstract Emotion regulation refers to all the processes involved in adapting to relatively strong emotional episodes, and specifically to identifying, differentiating and monitoring intense emotional states in order to cope with stressful situations. Difficulties in regulating emotions are associated with problems such as depression, anxiety and maladaptive behaviors. The DERS (Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale) is the most complete tool for measuring difficulties with emotion regulation. Several brief versions of this scale in English are described in the literature, but no a brief Spanish version has been found. The purpose of this study is to validate a brief version of the DERS in Spanish. The DERS tool was used with a Spanish speaking population (n=351, inhabitants of Cartagena, Colombia, 56% were woman, Mage 39 years, SD = 14.98) who responded the 5-point Likert scale. The brief version (18 items) was validated using confirmatory factor analysis (X2 / df = 1.19, CFI= .99, TLI = .99, RMSEA=.02). However, neither the reliability nor the stability of the awareness dimension was confirmed. This point and other results are examined on the light of extant literature.

Resumen La regulación de las emociones se refiere a todos los procesos involucrados en la adaptación a episodios emocionales relativamente fuertes y, específicamente, en la identificación, diferenciación y seguimiento de estados emocionales intensos para hacer frente a situaciones estresantes. Las dificultades para regular las emociones están asociadas con problemas como la depresión, la ansiedad y los comportamientos desadaptativos. La Escala de Dificultades en la Regulación de las Emociones (DERS) es la herramienta más completa para medir las dificultades con la regulación de las emociones. En la literatura se describen varias versiones breves de esta escala en inglés, pero no se ha encontrado una versión breve en español. El propósito de este estudio es validar una versión breve del DERS en español. Se utilizó la herramienta DERS con una población hispanohablante (n = 351, habitantes de Cartagena, Colombia, 56% eran mujeres, Medad 39 años, DE = 14,98) que respondió la escala Likert de 5 puntos. La versión breve (18 ítems) se validó mediante análisis factorial confirmatorio (X2 / df = 1.19, CFI= .99, TLI = .99, RMSEA=.02). Sin embargo, no se confirmó ni la fiabilidad ni la estabilidad de la dimensión de conciencia. Este punto y otros resultados se examinan a la luz de la literatura existente.

Transcultural adaptation of the Following Affective States Test (FAST) for the brazilian context / Adaptação transcultural da Following Affective States Test (FAST) para contexto do Brasil / Adaptación transcultural del Following Affective States Test (FAST) para el contexto brasileño

Individuals differ in their tendency to follow or ignore feelings as a source of information to guide behavior, and it is relevant to examine these particularities. This study presents an assessment of the psychometric properties of the transcultural adaptation of the Following Affective States Test (FAST) for the Brazilian context. After translation and back translation, the adapted version was applied among adult volunteers (n=302), both sexes (208 women, 68.9%), aged between 18 and 61 years old (M=28.6; SD=9.4) along with the Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS) and the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ). The confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the Brazilian version presented appropriate goodness of fit for the four-factor model (GFI=0.92; CFI=0.83; RMSEA=0.07) with appropriate internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha=0.60-0.72). Statistically significant positive correlations were found between the FAST and positive/negative affects (PANAS) and emotion regulation strategies (ERQ). The adapted version of the FAST presented promising indicators concerning validity and reliability evidence for the Brazilian context. (AU)

Indivíduos diferem em sua propensão para seguir ou ignorar suas emoções como fonte de informação para guiar seus comportamentos, sendo relevante examinar suas particularidades. Nesse campo, este estudo avaliou qualidades psicométricas da adaptação transcultural do instrumento Following Affective States Test (FAST) para o Brasil. Após tradução e retrotradução, a FAST foi aplicada em voluntários adultos (n = 302 sujeitos), de ambos os sexos (208 mulheres, 68,9%), com idade entre 18-61 anos (M = 28,6; DP = 9,4), juntamente com a Escala de Afetos Positivos e Negativos (PANAS) e o Questionário de Regulação Emocional (ERQ). A análise fatorial confirmatória (CFA) da FAST apresentou bons índices de ajuste para o modelo de quatro fatores (GFI = 0,92; CFI = 0,83; RMSEA = 0.07), com adequada consistência interna (alfa de Cronbach = 0,60-0,72). Existiram correlações estatisticamente significativas e positivas entre FAST e afetos positivos/negativos (PANAS) e com estratégias de regulação emocional (ERQ). Conclui-se que FAST apresentou indicadores promissores relativos a evidências de validade e precisão para o contexto brasileiro. (AU)

Los individuos difieren en su propensión a seguir o ignorar sus sentimientos como fuente de información para guiar su conducta, y es relevante examinar sus particularidades. En este campo, este estudio evaluó las propiedades psicométricas de la adaptación transcultural de la prueba Following Affective States Test (FAST) para el contexto brasileño. Después de la traducción y retrotraducción, FAST se aplicó a voluntarios adultos (N = 302), de ambos sexos (208 mujeres, 68.9%), con edades comprendidas entre 18 a 61 años (M = 28.6; DS = 9.4), junto con Escala de Afecto Positivo y Negativo (PANAS) y el Cuestionario de Regulación Emocional (ERQ). El análisis factorial confirmatorio (CFA) de FAST presentó buenos índices de ajuste para el modelo de cuatro factores (GFI = 0.92; CFI = 0.83; RMSEA = 0.07), con una consistencia interna adecuada (alfa de Cronbach = 0.60-0.72). Se encontraron correlaciones estadísticamente significativas y positivas entre FAST y los efectos positivos y negativos (PANAS) con las estrategias de regulación emocional (ERQ). Se concluye que FAST presentó indicadores prometedores relacionados con la evidencia de validez y la confiabilidad para el contexto brasileño. (AU)

Gender invariance and psychometric properties of a Brazilian version of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ)

Abstract Introduction Emotion regulation refers to use of strategies to change or suppress a response to an affective experience and is an important component of an individual's subjective wellbeing. Difficulties properly regulating emotions are related to psychopathological processes. Objective This study assessed the factor structure of the Brazilian version of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ); the invariance of its psychometric parameters as a function of gender; and its convergent validity with other scales measuring affective processes. Method A total of 813 adults (73.7% women), aged between 18 and 64 years and with a high educational level used an electronic platform to complete the ERQ, the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), the Affect Scale (AS), and the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS). Factor structure, reliability, and validity of the adapted version of the ERQ were investigated. Results Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA) revealed adequate goodness of fit for the ERQ's two-factor model (cognitive reappraisal and emotional suppression), providing evidence of invariance of its psychometric parameters as a function of gender. Correlations between the ERQ's factors and measures of affect and emotional dysregulation presented positive indicators, with significant associations between emotion regulation and affective experiences depending on gender. Conclusion The ERQ presents good psychometric indicators for use with the Brazilian population.

Psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire

Abstract Introduction Gross's Emotion Regulation Questionnaire is one of the most widely-used and valid questionnaires for assessing emotion regulation strategies. The validity and reliability of the Persian version have not been determined and data on its psychometric properties are not available to Iranian mental health researchers. The purpose of this study was to determine the psychometric properties of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire in Iranian students. Methodology In this cross-sectional study, 348 students (170 males and 178 females) were selected from Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science and Tehran University of Medical Science. The following statistical procedures were conducted: correlation coefficients, factor analysis, Cronbach's alpha, and independent t tests. Results The results showed that men use suppression more than women (T = -2.62, p = 0.009). Cronbach's alpha coefficients were 0.76 for the cognitive reappraisal sub-scale and 0.72 for the suppression sub-scale (excluding question 9). Six questions related to the cognitive reappraisal factor explained 30.97% of emotion regulation variance, and 3 questions related to the suppression factor explained 22.59% of emotion regulation variance. Overall, these factors explained 53.5% of emotion regulation variance. There were significant correlations between suppression and difficulties in emotion regulation, trait anxiety, and affective control. Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between cognitive reappraisal and the Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. Conclusion The results indicate that the Persian version of the ERQ is a reliable and valid instrument that can be helpful for development of further important studies of emotional regulation.

The mediating role of emotion regulation strategies in the relationship between family of origin violence and intimate partner violence

Abstract The effects of family of origin violence and intimate partner violence have been extensively documented; however, very few studies have examined the interaction with emotion regulation strategies. Thus, the objective of this research was to analyze whether different types of emotion regulation strategies, both adaptive and maladaptive, mediate the relationship between family of origin violence and intimate partner violence in the Mexican population. A total of 838 participants (45.9% men and 54.1% women) responded to instruments addressing family of origin violence, emotion regulation strategies, and intimate partner violence. The results revealed that both structural models were significant. For women, the model showed an adequate fit X 2 (11, N = 838) = 22.75, p = .288, GFI = .95, AGFI = .91, NFI = .98, CFI = .97, RMSEA = .05. Likewise, we found similar indexes for men X2 (11, N = 838) = 28.20, p = .348, GFI = .97, AGFI = .93, NFI = .97, CFI = .95, RMSEA = .04. Specifically, the direct effects of adaptive strategies on intimate partner violence were statistically significant. Meanwhile, the direct effects of family of origin violence on maladaptive emotion regulation strategies were significant, as were the direct effects of maladaptive strategies on intimate partner violence. In turn, the indirect effects of family of-origin violence were significantly related to intimate partner violence via maladaptive emotion regulation strategies. In addition, the results clearly showed that men reported higher levels of aggression against women. Finally, regarding the selection of emotion regulation strategies, while women employed more adaptive emotion regulation, men showed a more definite tendency to use maladaptive emotion regulation.

Dificuldades no engajamento às medidas contra a COVID-19: o papel dos medos da compaixão / Difficulties to engage with measures against COVID-19: the role of fears of compassion / Dificultades para comprometerse con las medidas contra COVID-19: el papel de los miedos a la compasión

Como motivação pró-social, a compaixão tende a promover maior envolvimento em mentalidades de cuidado e ações de senso coletivo, capacidades prejudicadas pelos medos da compaixão. O estudo objetivou investigar o papel dos medos da compaixão em fatores envolvidos no engajamento às medidas de distanciamento social. Duzentos e oitenta e quatro adultos (idade média = 36,47) responderam as escalas de medos da compaixão, escala de dificuldades de regulação emocional e um questionário sobre engajamento aos protocolos contra a COVID-19. Um modelo de path analysis explicou 32% da variância na adesão aos protocolos por duas vias: o medo de ser compassivo por outros diminui o engajamento por motivações pró-sociais; enquanto os medos de expressar compaixão por si e outros predizem maiores dificuldades de regulação emocional, diminuindo a aderência por exaustão emocional. Oportunizar o desenvolvimento da compaixão pode contribuir para um enfrentamento mais saudável às dificuldades emocionais suscitadas pela pandemia e no envolvimento em ações coletivas

As a prosocial motivation, compassion enables to engage in care and collaborative behaviors, what can be impaired in people facing fears of compassion. This study proposed to investigate factors involved in the difficulties to engage in distancing measures, evaluating the role of the fears of compassion. 284 adults (mean age = 36,47) answered fears of compassion scales, difficulties in emotion regulation scale and a questionnaire about the engagement to social distancing measures. A path analysis model explained 32% of the variance on the recommended measures in two ways: fear of expressing compassion to others reduces the compliance with the recommendations decreasing prosocial motivations to follow the measures; fears of expressing compassion to self and others predicted stronger difficulties on emotional regulation, reducing the adherence to protocols because of emotional exhaustion. Providing the development of compassion can help to promote healthier emotional strategies to deal with the pandemic and to promote a more collaborative society to engage in social actions

Como una motivación prosocial, la compasión tiende a promover una mayor participación en las mentalidades de cuidado y sentido colectivo, capacidades que pueden estar afectadas por el miedo a la compasión. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar el papel de los miedos a la compasión en el compromiso en seguir medidas de distanciamiento social en contra COVID-19. 284 adultos (edad media = 36,47) respondieron escalas de miedo a la compasión, escala de dificultades de regulación emocional y un cuestionario sobre compromiso con protocolos contra COVID-19. Un modelo de path analysis explicó 32% de la variación en la adhesión a los protocolos de dos maneras: el miedo a ser compasivo con los demás disminuye el compromiso debido a motivaciones prosociales; mientras que los miedos a expresar compasión por uno mismo y por los demás predicen mayores dificultades en la regulación emocional, disminuyendo la adherencia por agotamiento emocional. Ofrecer el desarrollo de la compasión puede contribuir a afrontar de manera más saludable las dificultades emocionales planteadas por la pandemia y en la participación en acciones colectivas

Emotion regulation and healthy behaviors of the body energy balance in adults: A review of evidence / Emotion regulation and healthy behaviors of the body energy balance in adults: A review of evidence

Abstract There is no document that analyzes the state of the art of scientific research published between 2013 and 2018 in relation to possible interdependence links between emotional regulation [ER] and healthy behaviors associated with Body Energy Balance [BEB] (physical activity, balanced diet and sleep hygiene). To achieve this purpose, an exploratory systematic review was conducted, whose search criteria were "emotion regulation", "emotion dysregulation" connected with the Boolean operator "AND" to the keywords "sleep hygiene", "eating behavior" and "physical activity". Terms like "alexithymia", "depression", "stress", "negative emotions", and "rumination" were omitted. The methodological quality of the evidence was assessed with a patented rubric. After applying the analysis criteria, 35 articles were obtained, reporting the existence of reciprocal associations and interactions between ER and at least one of the three behaviors associated with BEB were analyzed. It is concluded that, despite the importance of these behaviors in the vital maintenance of people and the clear impact that emotional regulation has on them, their research has not been sufficient, and more empirical studies in this regard in Latin America are needed.

Resumen No existe en la actualidad un documento que analice el estado del conocimiento de las investigaciones científicas publicadas en los últimos años con respecto a los posibles vínculos de interdependencia entre la regulación emocional (RE) y las conductas asociadas al balance energético corporal (BEC) -actividad física, alimentación balanceada e higiene del sueño-. Por tanto, para lograr dicho propósito, en el presente estudio se realizó una revisión sistemática exploratoria, cuyos criterios de búsqueda fueron los términos "emotion regulation" y "emotion dysregulation", conectados con el operador booleano "AND" a las palabras clave "sleep hygiene", "eating behavior" y "physical activity" -términos como "alexithymia", "depression", "stress", "negative emotions", y "rumination" fueron omitidos-; donde se valoró la calidad metodológica de la evidencia de los artículos a partir una rúbrica patentada. Tras aplicar los criterios de inclusión establecidos, se obtuvo un total de 35 artículos que reportaban la existencia de asociaciones e interacciones recíprocas entre la RE y al menos una de las tres conductas asociadas al BEC. Como resultado, se puede afirmar que, a pesar de la importancia de dichas conductas en el mantenimiento vital de las personas y el claro impacto que tiene la regulación emocional sobre ellas, su estudio no ha sido suficiente, y por tanto se necesitan más investigaciones empíricas en el contexto latinoamericano.