Ligneous conjunctivitis: Fresh-frozen plasma and heparin use intra-and postoperatively, a report of two cases

ABSTRACT Ligneous conjunctivitis is a rare chronic form of recurrent membranous inflammation and plasminogen deficiency. Ocular manifestations may be associated with sites other than mucous membranes, such as the oral cavity, internal ear, respiratory, genitals, and kidney. Treatment is extremely difficult because of the lack of topic plasminogen drops, and a high volume is required for systemic supplementation. This report aimed to present two patients with ligneous conjunctivitis treated with membrane excision, topical fresh-frozen plasma, and heparin intra-, and postoperatively. No recurrence was found in the ligneous membrane in the 12-month follow-up. The use of topical fresh-frozen plasma and heparin after membrane excision could be effective to avoid recurrence.

Uso de anticoagulantes parenterales en pacientes con síndromes coronarios / Use of parenteral anticoagulants in patients with coro nary syndromes

Resumen El tratamiento anticoagulante, en conjunto con la anti agregación, cumple un rol de suma importancia en el tratamiento de los síndromes coronarios agudos. Su uso está asociado a reducción de nuevos eventos isquémicos, trombosis del stent e incluso menor morta lidad. No obstante, en la práctica clínica existe una gran heterogeneidad en su utilización, llevando a resultados subóptimos en el tratamiento. Este trabajo ofrece una revisión narrativa sobre el uso de anticoagulantes parenterales en pacientes con sín dromes coronarios agudos, dependiendo del escenario clínico, así como también de la estrategia de revascula rización implementada y el riesgo hemorrágico. Se abordan los diferentes esquemas anticoagulantes disponibles en síndromes coronarios agudos con y sin elevación del segmento ST, basados en la evidencia ac tualizada hasta la fecha. Finalmente, se desarrollan herramientas para la es tratificación del riesgo de sangrado y su manejo tera péutico.

Abstract Anticoagulant treatment, together with antiplatelet therapy, plays an important role in the treatment of acute coronary syndromes. Its use is associated with a reduction in new ischemic events, stent thrombosis, and lower mortality. However, in clinical practice there is great heterogene ity in its use, leading to suboptimal results in treatment. This paper conducts a narrative review on the use of parenteral anticoagulants in patients with acute coronary syndromes, depending on the clinical scenario, as well as the revascularization strategy used and the bleeding risk. The different anticoagulant schemes available in acute coronary syndromes with and without segment ST elevation are addressed, based on the updated evidence. Finally, evidence-based strategies for risk stratifi cation for bleeding and therapeutic management are developed.

Efecto de la técnica de la tos durante la inyección subcutánea de heparina sobre la severidad del dolor y la satisfacción individual / Effect of the coughing technique during subcutaneous heparin injection on pain severity and individual satisfaction / Efeito da técnica de tosse durante injeção subcutânea de heparina na intensidade da dor e satisfação individual

Objetivo: examinar el efecto de la técnica de tos de mediana intensidad durante la inyección subcutánea de heparina de bajo peso molecular sobre la severidad del dolor y la satisfacción individual en pacientes de cirugía general. Método: estudio prospectivo, cuasi experimental, que incluyó a 100 pacientes a los que se les prescribió una inyección subcutánea de heparina de bajo peso molecular una vez cada 24 horas. Cada paciente recibió dos inyecciones por el mismo investigador utilizando técnica de inyección estándar con técnica de tos de intensidad media y solo técnica de inyección estándar. Resultados: hubo una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre las puntuaciones medias de los pacientes sobre la intensidad del dolor y los niveles de satisfacción después de las inyecciones administradas por las dos técnicas (p= 0,000). Además, se encontró que el género afectó la severidad del dolor relacionado con la inyección, pero no afectó el nivel de satisfacción individual. Conclusión: se encontró que la técnica de tos de intensidad media reduce la severidad del dolor y aumenta la satisfacción del paciente de cirugía general que reciben inyecciones subcutáneas de heparina de bajo peso molecular. Registro del ensayo: NCT05681338.

Objective: to examine the effect of the medium intensity coughing technique during subcutaneous low molecular weight heparin injection on pain severity and individual satisfaction in general surgery patients. Method: the prospective, quasi-experimental study included 100 patients who had been prescribed a subcutaneous low molecular weight heparin injection once in 24 hours. Each patient received two injections by the same researcher, one using the standard injection technique with medium intensity coughing technique and the other only the standard injection technique. Results: there was a statistically significant difference between patients' mean scores on pain severity and satisfaction levels after injections administered by the two techniques (p= 0.000). Also, it was found that gender affected pain severity relating to the injection but did not affect the level of individual satisfaction. Conclusion: the medium intensity coughing technique was found to reduce pain severity and increase patient satisfaction in general surgery patients receiving subcutaneous low molecular weight heparin injections. Trial registration: NCT05681338.

Objetivo: examinar o efeito da técnica de tosse de média intensidade durante injeção subcutânea de heparina de baixo peso molecular na intensidade da dor e satisfação individual em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia geral. Método: estudo prospetivo, quasi experimental que incluiu 100 pacientes que haviam recebido uma injeção subcutânea de heparina de baixo peso molecular em 24 horas. Cada paciente recebeu duas injeções pelo mesmo pesquisador usando a técnica de injeção padrão com técnica de tosse de média intensidade e apenas técnica de injeção padrão. Resultados: houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as pontuações médias dos pacientes quanto à gravidade da dor e níveis de satisfação após as injeções administradas pelas duas técnicas (p = 0,000). Além disso, verificou-se que o sexo do paciente afetou a intensidade da dor relacionada à injeção, mas não afetou o nível de satisfação individual. Conclusão: a técnica de tosse de média intensidade reduz a intensidade da dor e aumenta a satisfação de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia geral recebendo injeções subcutâneas de heparina de baixo peso molecular. Registro do ensaio clínico: NCT05681338.

Hereditary thrombophilia and low -molecular -weight heparin in women: useful determinants, including thyroid dysfunction, incorporating the management of treatment and outcomes of the entity

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Our study purposed to examine the complex relationship between low-molecular-weight heparin therapy, multiple pregnancy determinants, and adverse pregnancy outcomes during the third trimester in women with inherited thrombophilia. METHODS: Patients were selected from a prospective cohort of 358 pregnant patients recruited between 2016 and 2018 at the Clinic for Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade. RESULTS: Gestational age at delivery (β=-0.081, p=0.014), resistance index of the umbilical artery (β=0.601, p=0.039), and D-dimer (β=0.245, p<0.001) between 36th and 38th weeks of gestation presented the direct predictors for adverse pregnancy outcomes. The model fit was examined using the root mean square error of approximation 0.00 (95%CI 0.00-0.18), the goodness-of-fit index was 0.998, and the adjusted goodness-of-fit index was 0.966. CONCLUSION: There is a need for the introduction of more precise protocols for the assessment of hereditary thrombophilias and the need for the introduction of low-molecular-weight heparin.

Bivalirudin vs heparin in cardiac-cerebral ischemic and bleeding events among Chinese STEMI patients during percutaneous coronary intervention: a retrospective cohort study

Although bivalirudin has been recently made available for purchase in China, large-scale analyses on the safety profile of bivalirudin among Chinese patients is lacking. Thus, this study aimed to compare the safety profile of bivalirudin and heparin as anticoagulants in Chinese ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). A total of 1063 STEMI patients undergoing PCI and receiving bivalirudin (n=424, bivalirudin group) or heparin (n=639, heparin group) as anticoagulants were retrospectively enrolled. The net adverse clinical events (NACEs) within 30 days after PCI were recorded, including major adverse cardiac and cerebral events (MACCEs) and bleeding events (bleeding academic research consortium (BARC) grades 2-5 (BARC 2-5)). The incidences of NACEs (10.1 vs 15.6%) (P=0.010), BARC 2-5 bleeding events (5.2 vs 10.3%) (P=0.003), and BARC grades 3-5 (BARC 3-5) bleeding events (2.1 vs 5.5%) (P=0.007) were lower in the bivalirudin group compared to the heparin group, whereas general MACCEs incidence (8.9 vs 6.4%) (P=0.131) and each category of MACCEs (all P>0.05) did not differ between two groups. Furthermore, the multivariate logistic analyses showed that bivalirudin (vs heparin) was independently correlated with lower risk of NACEs (OR=0.508, P=0.002), BARC 2-5 bleeding events (OR=0.403, P=0.001), and BARC 3-5 bleeding events (OR=0.452, P=0.042); other independent risk factors for NACEs, MACCEs, or BARC bleeding events included history of diabetes mellitus, emergency operation, multiple lesional vessels, stent length >33.0 mm, and higher CRUSADE score (all P<0.05). Thus, bivalirudin presented a better safety profile than heparin among Chinese STEMI patients undergoing PCI.

Trombocitopenia inducida por heparina y síndrome de trombo blanco en paciente con SARS-CoV-2 / SARS-CoV-2 patient with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and white thrombi syndrome / Trombocitopenia induzida por heparina e síndrome de trombo branco em paciente com SARS-CoV-2

Resumen: La trombocitopenia inducida por heparina es una entidad clínica infrecuente; sin embargo, la amplia y masiva utilización de anticoagulantes en épocas de pandemia por COVID-19 pone de manifiesto una realidad evidente a la cual no podemos escapar. Presentamos el caso de un paciente masculino en la sexta década de vida con SARS-CoV-2, quien luego de la administración de heparina en el escenario de una enfermedad pulmonar tromboembólica desarrolló consumo plaquetario asociado a presencia de anticuerpos antifactor de agregación plaquetaria 4.

Abstract: Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia is an uncommon clinical entity, however the wide and massive use of anticoagulants in times of pandemic by COVID-19 reveals an evident reality and we can not escape. we present the case of a male patient in sixth decade of life with SARS-CoV-2 who after the administration of heparin in the clinical setting of thromboembolic lung disease development platelet consumption associated with the presence of antibodies anti platelet activating factor 4.

Resumo: A trombocitopenia induzida por heparina é uma entidade clínica rara, no entanto, a ampla e massiva utilização de anticoagulantes em tempos de pandemia de COVID-19 revela uma realidade óbvia à qual não podemos fugir. Apresentamos o caso de um doente do sexo masculino na sexta década de vida com SARS-CoV-2 que, após administração de heparina no contexto de doença pulmonar tromboembólica, desenvolveu consumo de plaquetas associado à presença de anticorpos anti-fator de agregação plaquetária 4.

Tromboprofilaxis precoz y evolución en embarazadas con COVID-19 / Early thromboprophylaxis and evolution in pregnant women with COVID-19

Introducción: en marzo del año 2020 se declara Pandemia, por la aparición de un nuevo Coronavirus, el SARS-CoV2 (COVID-19). Las mujeres embarazadas presentan un riesgo mayor de presentar procesos tromboembólicos, por lo que se recomienda utilizar de manera profiláctica heparina, para prevención de procesos tromboembólicos durante la infección por SARS-CoV2. Objetivo: Describir la evolución de las embarazadas con infección por SARS-CoV2 con la utilización de heparina de bajo peso molecular, Enoxaparina, ajustada al peso de manera precoz. Metodología: estudio descriptivo prospectivo, observacional, de corte transversal. Resultados: en la evolución de 30 mujeres embarazadas con infección por SARS-CoV2, las edades más frecuentes corresponden a 31 a 35 años, mayor número de infectadas en el segundo trimestre del embarazo, el índice de masa corporal predominante en rango de sobrepeso y obesidad, la dosis de enoxaparina utilizada fue de 40 mg/día, ya que se ajustó al peso de la embarazada, las comorbilidades más frecuentes correspondieron al sobrepeso y obesidad, enfermedad hipertensiva del embarazo y diabetes gestacional, la sintomatología resultó muy variada, debido a las distintas variantes del virus, con más frecuencia la rinorrea, congestión nasal, tos, anosmia, disgeusia, cefalea, fiebre y dificultad respiratoria, y la mayoría de las embarazadas no estaban vacunadas. Conclusiones: ninguna de las 30 embarazadas que recibieron heparina de bajo peso molecular (Enoxapina), ajustada al peso, y de manera precoz, con infección por SARS.CoV2, falleció, ni requirió internación en Unidad de Terapia Intensiva. Una embarazada, fue internada por disnea moderada y saturación de oxígeno menor a 95%. Las restantes embarazadas tuvieron buena evolución en su domicilio, sin ninguna complicación

Introduction: in March 2020, a Pandemic was declared, due to the appearance of a new Coronavirus, SARS-CoV2 (COVID-19). Pregnant women have a higher risk of presenting thromboembolic processes, so it is recommended to use heparin prophylactically, to prevent thromboembolic processes during SARS-CoV2 infection. Objective: to describe the evolution of pregnant women with SARS-CoV2 infection with the early use of Enoxaparin, adjusted to the weight of low molecular weight heparin. Methodology: prospective, observational, cross-sectional descriptive study. Results: in the evolution of 30 pregnant women with SARS-CoV2 infection, the most frequent ages correspond to 31 to 35 years, the highest number of infected in the second trimester of pregnancy, the predominant body mass index in the range of overweight and obesity. , the dose of enoxaparin used was 40 mg/day, since it was adjusted to the weight of the pregnant woman, the most frequent comorbidities were overweight and obesity, hypertensive disease of pregnancy and gestational diabetes, the symptoms were highly varied, due to the different variants of the virus, more frequently rhinorrhea, nasal congestion, cough, anosmia, dysgeusia, headache, fever and respiratory distress, and most of the pregnant women were not vaccinated. Conclusions: none of the 30 pregnant women who received low molecular weight heparin (Enoxapine), adjusted for weight, and early, with SARS.CoV2 infection, died or required admission to the Intensive Care Unit. A pregnant woman was hospitalized due to moderate dyspnea and oxygen saturation less than 95%. The remaining pregnant women had a good evolution at home, without any complications

The addition of Tirofiban infusión to heparin for intraoperative heparin resistance associated with Marfan Syndrome / Adición de una infusión de Tirofiban a heparina en caso de resistencia intraoperatoria a la heparina asociada al Síndrome de Marfan

Abstract Marfan syndrome classically presents with aortic root aneurysms. Aortic ectasia causes diverse blood flow alterations, influencing the behavior of coagulation factors and platelet activity. Heparin resistance has also been reported associated with Marfan Syndrome in a small number of patients, probably due to antithrombin III (ATIII) deficiency or various mutations. The ascending aorta and the aortic valve are replaced with prosthetic material during Bentall- de Bonno procedures. Resistance to anticoagulation during extracorporeal circulation, represents a significant challenge for both anesthesiologists and the surgical team. Resistance to heparin was observed in a patient with Marfan syndrome undergoing a Bentall procedure. ATIII concentrate was not available, and Activated Coagulation Time did not increase despite high doses of heparin. An alternate anticoagulation approach was used successfully.

Resumen El síndrome de Marfan clásicamente se presenta con aneurismas de la raíz de la aorta. La ectasia aórtica produce alteraciones en el flujo sanguíneo que influyen sobre el comportamiento de los factores de la coagulación y la actividad de las plaquetas. También se ha reportado resistencia a la heparina asociada al Síndrome de Marfan en un menor número de pacientes, probablemente debido a deficiencia de antitrombina III (ATIII) o a diversas mutaciones. La aorta ascendente y la válvula aórtica se reemplazan con material prostético en los procedimientos Bentall- de Bonno. La resistencia a la anticoagulación durante circulación extracorpórea significa un enorme desafío tanto para los anestesiólogos, como para el equipo quirúrgico. Se observó resistencia a la heparina en un paciente con Síndrome de Marfan sometido a un procedimiento de Bentall. No había disponibilidad de concentrado ATIII y no aumentó el Tiempo de Coagulación Activada a pesar de las elevadas dosis de heparina. Se utilizó exitosamente un abordaje alterno de anticoagulación.

Uso de heparina versus citrato em cateter de hemodiálise: uma revisão sistemática / Use of heparin versus citrate in hemodialysis catheter: a systematic review / Uso de heparina versus citrato en catéter de hemodiálisis: una revisión sistemática

A heparina é a solução mais utilizada para selar cateteres de hemodiálise. Entretanto, seu uso está associado a complicações locais e sistêmicas. A solução de citrato surge como alternativa devido aos seus efeitos anticoagulantes. O objetivo desta revisão sistemática é avaliar o risco de infecção da corrente sanguínea relacionada ao cateter usando heparina em comparação com solução de bloqueio de citrato. Esta revisão sistemática seguiu o protocolo Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) e a estratégia Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome (PICO), bem como utilizou as bases de dados Medline, Lilacs e Scielo. Buscaram-se ensaios clínicos randomizados que comparassem heparina com citrato como solução de bloqueio associada à infecção de corrente sanguínea relacionada a cateter. Inicialmente, foram encontrados 1.204 artigos. Após a leitura de seus títulos e resumos, foram selecionados 33 estudos. Depois da aplicação dos critérios de exclusão, restaram quatro artigos. Destes, o desfecho primário foi infecção da corrente sanguínea relacionada ao cateter. Em Weijmer et al. houve redução no grupo citrato. Por outro lado, Barcellos et al. mostraram resultados opostos usando o modelo multivariado. Power et al. não identificaram diferença entre os grupos e Winnett et al. favoreceram o grupo citrato usando análise de subgrupo. Não foi possível determinar diferença entre o grupo citrato e heparina na redução da infecção da corrente sanguínea relacionada ao cateter. São necessários mais estudos utilizando uma população maior e solução padronizada de citrato ou heparina.

As the most used solution to seal hemodialysis catheters, heparin use is associated with local and systemic complications. Citrate solution emerges as an alternative due to its anticoagulant effects. This systematic review sought to evaluate the risk of catheter-related bloodstream infection using heparin compared to citrate lock solution. Based on the PRISMA protocol and PICO strategy, data were collected from the Medline, Lilacs and Scielo databases. The search strategy included randomized clinical trials that compared heparin versus citrate as lock solution associated with catheter-related bloodstream infection. Of the 1,204 articles identified, 33 were selected after reading tittles and abstract. After applying the exclusion criteria, four papers were included for review. Primary outcome was catheter-related bloodstream infection. Weijmer et al. observed a reduction in the citrate group. In turn, Barcellos et al. showed opposite results using a multivariate model. Power et al. found no difference between groups and Winnet et al. favored the citrate group using subgroup analysis. Results on the difference between citrate versus heparin in reducing catheter-related bloodstream infection were inconclusive. Further studies using a bigger population and standardized citrate or heparin solution are needed.

La heparina es muy utilizada para sellar catéteres de hemodiálisis. Sin embargo, su uso se asocia a complicaciones locales y sistémicas. La solución de citrato puede ser una alternativa por sus efectos anticoagulantes. El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática es evaluar el riesgo de infección del torrente sanguíneo relacionada con el catéter en el uso de heparina en comparación con la solución bloqueadora de citrato. Esta revisión sistemática siguió el protocolo PRISMA y la estrategia PICO, así como las bases de datos Medline, Lilacs y SciELO, para buscar ensayos clínicos aleatorizados que habían comparado la heparina versus citrato como solución bloqueadora asociada a la infección del torrente sanguíneo relacionada con el catéter. Inicialmente se encontraron 1.204 artículos. Realizada la lectura de sus títulos y resúmenes, se seleccionaron 33 textos. Después de aplicar los criterios de exclusión, quedaron cuatro artículos. De estos, el resultado primario fue la infección del torrente sanguíneo relacionada con el catéter. En Weijmer et al. hubo una reducción en el grupo de citrato. Por otro lado, Barcellos et al. mostró resultados opuestos utilizando el modelo multivariado. Power et al. no mostraron diferencias entre los grupos, y Winnet et al. favorecieron al grupo citrato mediante análisis de subgrupos. No fue posible determinar una diferencia entre el grupo de citrato y el de heparina en la reducción de la infección del torrente sanguíneo relacionada con el catéter. Se necesitan más estudios que utilicen una población mayor y una solución estandarizada de citrato o heparina.

Diagnóstico y tratamiento de la embolia pulmonar aguda durante el embarazo

Introducción: La embolia pulmonar aguda es una de las causas más frecuentes de mortalidad y morbilidad grave durante el embarazo, sin embargo, no existe un consenso para su diagnóstico definitivo. Objetivo: Exponer las consideraciones más importantes para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de gestantes con sospecha de embolia pulmonar. Material y Métodos: Revisión de la literatura sobre el tema, publicada desde 2012 y hasta la actualidad que incluyó las bases de datos PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Lilacs y SciELO. Desarrollo: Las guías actuales muestran controversias en relación con el uso de reglas de predicción de riesgo, la cuantificación del dímero D y la indicación de estudios de imagen. La evaluación clínica continúa siendo el principal sustrato diagnóstico, pero se ha señalado que tanto una gammagrafía de ventilación-perfusión normal como una angio TC negativa excluyen con precisión la embolia pulmonar durante el embarazo. El uso de heparinas es el tratamiento de elección, mientras que los nuevos anticoagulantes orales no están recomendados en el embarazo a falta de estudios que avalen su seguridad. La fibrinólisis se puede considerar ante gestantes de alto riesgo (hipotensión grave, shock o parada cardiorespiratoria). Conclusiones: El manejo de las pacientes debe ser por un equipo multidisciplinario, lo que permitirá obtener mejores resultados maternos y perinatales.

Introduction: Acute pulmonary embolism is one of the most frequent causes of mortality and serious morbidity during pregnancy; however, there is no consensus on its definitive diagnosis. Objective: To expose the most important considerations for the diagnosis and treatment of pregnant women with suspected pulmonary embolism. Material and Methods: Literature review on the subject, published from 2012 to the present, which included the PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Lilacs and SciELO databases. Development: The current guidelines show controversies in relation to the use of risk prediction rules, the quantification of D-dimer and the indication of imaging studies. Clinical evaluation continues to be the main diagnostic substrate, but it has been pointed out that both a normal ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy and a negative CT angiography accurately exclude pulmonary embolism during pregnancy. The use of heparins is the treatment of choice, while the new oral anticoagulants are not recommended in pregnancy due to the lack of studies that support their safety. Fibrinolysis can be considered in high-risk pregnant women (severe hypotension, shock, or cardiorespiratory arrest). Conclusions: The management of these patients should be undertaken by a multidisciplinary team, which will allow better maternal and perinatal results.

Preferences and Practices of Brazilian Orthopedists for Thromboprophylaxis Techniques in Total Knee Arthroplasty: Survey Among Members of the Brazilian Society of Knee Surgery (SBCJ) / Preferências e práticas de ortopedistas brasileiros por técnicas de tromboprofilaxia na artroplastia total do joelho: Levantamento entre membros da Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia do Joelho (SBCJ)

Abstract Objective The present study describes the preferences and current practices of a sample of knee surgeons in Brazil regarding thromboprophylaxis in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Method In the present internet survey, surgeons from the Brazilian Knee Surgery Society (SBCJ, in the Portuguese acronym) voluntarily answered an anonymous questionnaire including time of personal surgical experience, perceptions about the best thromboprophylaxis options, and actual practices in their work environment. Results From December 2020 to January 2021, 243 participants answered the questionnaire. All, except for 3 (1.2%), reported using thromboprophylaxis, and most (76%) combined pharmacological and mechanical techniques. The most prescribed drug was enoxaparin (87%), which changed to rivaroxaban (65%) after discharge. The time of thromboprophylaxis initiation varied according to the length of training of the knee surgeon (p ≤ 0.03), and their preferences and practices differed according to the Brazilian region (p< 0.05) and the health system in which the surgeons work (public or private sector; p= 0.024). The option for mechanical thromboprophylaxis also depended on the training time of the surgeon. Conclusion Thromboprophylaxis preferences and practices in TKA are diverse across Brazilian regions and health systems (public or private sectors). Given the lack of a national clinical guideline, most orthopedists follow either their hospital guidelines or none. The mechanical prophylaxis method and the little use of aspirin are the points that most diverge from international guidelines and practices.

Resumo Objetivo Descrever as preferências e práticas atuais de uma amostra de cirurgiões de joelho do Brasil quanto à forma de tromboprofilaxia na artroplastia total do joelho (ATJ). Método presente pesquisa realizada pela internet, cirurgiões associados à Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia do Joelho (SBCJ) foram convidados a responder voluntariamente a um questionário anônimo incluindo o tempo de experiência cirúrgica pessoal, percepções sobre as melhores opções de tromboprofilaxia e as reais práticas no ambiente onde trabalham. Resultados Entre dezembro de 2020 e janeiro de 2021, 243 participantes responderam ao questionário completo. Exceto por 3 (1,2%) participantes, todos declararam praticar tromboprofilaxia, a maioria (76%) combinando as formas farmacológica e mecânica. A droga mais prescrita é a enoxaparina (87%), com modificação para rivaroxabana (65%) após a alta. O momento de início da tromboprofilaxia variou conforme o tempo de formação do cirurgião de joelho (p ≤ 0,03) e as preferências e práticas variaram conforme a região do país (p< 0,05) e o sistema de saúde no qual trabalham os cirurgiões (público ou privado; p= 0,024). A opção por tromboprofilaxia mecânica também dependeu do tempo de formação do cirurgião. Conclusão As preferências e práticas de tromboprofilaxia na ATJ são diversas nas regiões do Brasil e sistemas de saúde (público ou privado). Dada a inexistência de uma diretriz clínica nacional, a maior parte dos ortopedistas segue ou a diretriz de seu próprio hospital ou nenhuma. O método de profilaxia mecânica e a pouca utilização do ácido acetilsalicílico são os pontos que mais destoam das diretrizes e práticas internacionais.

Basilar artery tortuosity as a predictive factor for the efficacy of heparin adjuvant therapy in unilateral idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss / Tortuosidade da artéria basilar como fator preditivo da eficácia da terapia adjuvante com heparina na perda auditiva neurossensorial súbita idiopática unilateral

Abstract Introduction Cochlear ischemia is hypothesized as one of the major etiologies of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Therefore, anticoagulant therapies are designed to be beneficial in certain patients with this condition. Objective This study aimed to determine which patients with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss would benefit from heparin treatment as adjuvant therapy. Methods In total, 134 patients who underwent magnetic resonance imaging for unilateral idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss at a tertiary referral hospital between January 2014 and December 2018 were included in this retrospective study. All patients received Intratympanic steroid injections or heparin therapy plus oral corticosteroids. Radiological parameters of the vertebrobasilar system and clinical data from pre- and post-treatment assessments were analyzed. Results Most patients (71.6%) had a tortuous basilar artery The 65 patients with severe-to-profound idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss showed a significant relationship between idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss laterality and basilar artery displacement to the opposite side (p= 0.036), while the 69 patients with mild-to-moderate idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss did not (p= 0.950). Additionally, the degree of basilar artery tortuosity was significantly associated with the degree of hearing impairment in the severe-to-profound idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss group (p= 0.015). When idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss occurred on the opposite side to basilar artery displacement, the improvement of hearing was significantly greater in patients treated with heparin than in those treated with intratympanic steroids (p= 0.041). Conclusion In a subset of patients with severe-to-profound idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss, basilar artery tortuosity had a significant directional relationship with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss laterality. In these selected patients, a significant effect of heparin therapy on improving hearing was observed.

Resumo Introdução A isquemia coclear é considerada uma das principais etiologias da perda auditiva neurossensorial súbita idiopática. Portanto, espera-se que as terapias anticoagulantes sejam benéficas em certos pacientes com esse diagnóstico. Objetivo Determinar quais pacientes com perda auditiva neurossensorial súbita idiopática se beneficiariam do tratamento com heparina como terapia adjuvante. Método Foram incluídos neste estudo retrospectivo 134 pacientes submetidos à ressonância magnética por perda auditiva neurossensorial súbita idiopática unilateral em um hospital de referência terciário entre janeiro de 2014 e dezembro de 2018. Todos os pacientes receberam injeções intratimpânicas de corticosteroides ou terapia com heparina juntamente com corticosteroides orais. Os parâmetros radiológicos do sistema vertebro-basilar e os dados clínicos das avaliações pré e pós-tratamento foram analisados. Resultados A maioria dos pacientes (71,6%) apresentava uma artéria basilar tortuosa. Os 65 pacientes com perda auditiva neurossensorial súbita idiopática grave a profunda mostraram uma relação significativa entre a lateralidade da perda auditiva e o deslocamento da artéria basilar para o lado oposto (p = 0,036), enquanto os 69 pacientes com perda auditiva neurossensorial súbita idiopática leve a moderada não apresentaram esse deslocamento (p = 0,950). Além disso, o grau de tortuosidade da artéria basilar foi significativamente associado ao grau de deficiência auditiva no grupo com perda auditiva neurossensorial súbita idiopática grave a profunda (p = 0,015). Quando a perda auditiva neurossensorial súbita idiopática ocorreu no lado oposto ao deslocamento da artéria basilar, a melhoria da audição foi significativamente maior nos pacientes tratados com heparina do que naqueles tratados com injeções intratimpânicas de corticosteroide (p = 0,041). Conclusão Em um subgrupo de pacientes com perda auditiva neurossensorial súbita idiopática grave a profunda, a tortuosidade da artéria basilar mostrou uma relação direcional significativa com a lateralidade da perda auditiva. Nesses pacientes selecionados, foi observado um efeito significante da terapia com heparina na melhoria da audição.

Incidencia de trombosis venosa profunda en pacientes con síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo secundario a COVID-19, bajo tromboprofilaxis con dosis intermedia de heparina de bajo peso molecular / Deep venous thrombosis incidence in patients with COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome, under intermediate dose of chemical thromboprophylaxis

Resumen A pesar de la tromboprofilaxis estándar, el diagnóstico de trombosis es común en pacientes críticos con COVID-19. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la incidencia de trombosis venosa profunda (TVP) en pacientes con neumonía grave por COVID-19 con requerimientos de asistencia respiratoria mecánica, bajo tromboprofilaxis química con dosis intermedia (1 mg/kg/día) de heparina de bajo peso molecular (enoxaparina). Se trató de un estudio unicéntrico, descriptivo y de corte transversal de datos recopilados en forma prospectiva. Se realizó búsqueda activa y sistemática de TVP en miembros inferiores (o en confluente yúgulosubclavio en su defecto) mediante doppler venoso cada 7 días. Se continuó con la evaluación por doppler semanal hasta la finalización de la ventilación mecánica, el cum plimiento de los 28 días de internación en unidad de cuidados intensivos, el fallecimiento o la suspensión de la tromboprofilaxis con enoxaparina por cualquier causa. Se incluyeron 46 pacientes. Se realizó diagnóstico de TVP en 5 (3 en miembros inferiores y 2 en con fluente yúgulosubclavio). Tres diagnósticos de TVP fueron asociados a la presencia de catéter venoso central (2 en miembros inferiores y 1 en el confluente yúgulosubclavio), dos fallecieron durante el seguimiento por causas vinculadas al síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo (SDRA) pero no por eventos trombóticos o de sangrado mayor. En todos los casos, los eventos trombóticos fueron asintomáticos. En nuestra serie de pacientes con SDRA moderado/grave secundario a neumonía por COVID-19, la incidencia de TVP fue del 10.9% en aquellos bajo tromboprofilaxis con dosis intermedia (1 mg/kg/día) de enoxaparina.

Abstract Despite standard thrombo prophylaxis, venous thrombosis is common in critically ill patients with COVID-19. The objective of this study was to evaluate deep venous thrombosis (DVT) incidence in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia with mechanical ventilation requirements under intermediate dose of chemical thromboprophylaxis (1 mg/kg/day of enoxaparin). This was a single-center, descriptive, cross-sectional study of prospectively collected data. An active and systematic protocol with venous doppler was carried out for DVT diagnosis in lower limbs (or in jugulo-subclavian venous confluence) every 7 days. Weekly doppler evaluation was continued until the end of mechanical ventilation, up to 28 days of intensive care unit admission, until death or until the thromboprophylaxis suspension for any cause. Forty-six patients were included. DVT was diagnosed in 5 (3 in lower limbs and 2 in jugulo-subclavian conflu ent). In 3 cases, DVT was catheter-related (2 in lower limbs and 1 in jugulo-subclavian confluent), 2 died during follow-up due to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) complications without thrombotic events or major bleeding. All thrombotic events were asymptomatic. In our series of patients with moderate/severe COVID-19 ARDS, DVT incidence was 10.9% under thromboprophylaxis with intermediate dose (1 mg/kg/ day) of enoxaparin.

Cuidados que o cirurgião-dentista deve tomar no momento de tratar cirurgicamente um paciente em uso de anticoagulantes ou antiagregantes plaquetários / Care that the dental surgeon must take when treating surgically a patient using anticoagulants or antiplatelet agents

Os anticoagulantes e antiagregantes plaquetários são medicamentos utilizados por uma grande parcela da população mundial. Eles são utilizados para prevenir que pacientes de risco desenvolvam doenças cardiovasculares, como o infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM) ou o acidente vascular cerebral (AVC). Por serem muito utilizados, constantemente o cirurgião-dentista poderá se deparar em sua rotina clínica, com pacientes usuários de anticoagulantes ou antiagregantes. Neste caso, o profissional precisará estar ciente das normas mais atuais de manejo com cada um dos tipos de medicamentos, para que o tratamento seja realizado com sucesso. No presente trabalho, é proposto um Protocolo Operacional Padrão (POP), que pode ser seguido no momento de realizar cirurgias orais em pacientes em uso de Varfarina, Ácido Acetil Salicílico, Heparina de Baixo Peso Molecular, Heparina Não Fracionada, Rivaroxabana e Clopidogrel.

Anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents are drugs used by a large portion of the world population. They are used to prevent at-risk patients from developing cardiovascular diseases, such as acute myocardial infarction (AMI) or stroke (stroke). Because they are widely used, the dental surgeon may constantly encounter patients using anticoagulants or anti-aggregating agents in their clinical routine. In this case, the professional will need to be aware of the most current management standards with each type of medication, so that the treatment is carried out successfully. In the present work, a Standard Operational Protocol (POP) is proposed, which can be followed when performing oral surgeries on patients using Warfarin, Acetyl Salicylic Acid, Low Molecular Weight Heparin, Unfractionated Heparin, Rivaroxaban and Clopidogrel.

Efectividad de anticoagulación regional con citrato en terapia de reemplazo renal continua / Effectiveness of regional citrate anticoagulation in continuous renal replacement therapy

BACKGROUND: Anticoagulation in continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is essential to counteract the coagulation cascade activation, induced by the dialysis circuit. Heparin is the most widely used anticoagulant, followed by regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA). AIM: To determine the effectiveness and safety of anticoagulant treatment with citrate in CRRT. Material and Methods: Retrospective study of adults in CRRT hospitalized between the years 2014 and 2020 in critical units, who required change to RCA according to established protocols. RESULTS: We studied 24 patients aged 63 ± 13 years (12 females). The reasons for admission were acute kidney injury (AKI) in 80% and stage 5 chronic kidney disease in 20%. The indication of RCA in 75% of patients was by coagulation of more than 3 circuits in 24 hours. The duration of the circuit in RCA was 18.5 ± 4.8 hours versus 11.9 ± 4.9 hours with heparin (p < 0.0001). There were 19 mild complications that did not affect the RCA. Conclusions: RCA is feasible to perform, it is a safe and efficient procedure if it is protocolized, allowing a longer duration of the dialysis circuit.

Trombocitopenia inducida por heparina de bajo peso molecular en un paciente con COVID-19

RESUMEN Aunque el sistema respiratorio resulta el más afectado por la COVID-19, hoy conocemos que también predispone a la enfermedad tromboembólica, debido a la excesiva inflamación, activación plaquetaria, disfunción endotelial y estasis que suele ocasionar. La aplicación profiláctica de heparinas de bajo peso molecular ha sido una de las principales recomendaciones en pacientes hospitalizados por esta emergencia sanitaria, práctica no exenta de eventos secundarios, y que tiene entre sus complicaciones más graves la trombocitopenia. Con el propósito de alertar sobre la aparición de esta entidad y evitar mayores complicaciones, se expone un caso en el cual se constató trombocitopenia luego de recibir siete dosis de enoxaparina, y que luego de 48 horas de suspenderse esta, comenzó el ascenso progresivo del número de plaquetas, hasta alcanzar sus niveles de normalidad.

ABSTRACT Although the respiratory system is the most affected by COVID-19, today we know that it also predisposes to thromboembolic disease, due to the excessive inflammation, platelet activation, endothelial dysfunction and stasis that it usually causes. The prophylactic application of low molecular weight heparins has been one of the main recommendations in patients hospitalized for this health emergency, a practice that is not exempt from secondary events, and which has thrombocytopenia among its most serious complications. In order to alert about the appearance of this entity and avoid further complications, a case is presented in which thrombocytopenia was found after receiving seven doses of enoxaparin, and after 48 hours of suspending this, the progressive rise of platelets in number began, until they reach their normal levels.

Early Initiation of Extracorporeal Blood Purification Using the AN69ST (oXiris®) Hemofilter as a Treatment Modality for COVID-19 Patients: a Single-Centre Case Series

Abstract Introduction: Severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is characterised by hyperinflammatory state, systemic coagulopathies, and multiorgan involvement, especially acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We here describe our preliminary clinical experience with COVID-19 patients treated via an early initiation of extracorporeal blood purification combined with systemic heparinisation and respiratory support. Methods: Fifteen patients were included; several biomarkers associated with COVID-19 severity were monitored. Personalised treatment was tailored according to the levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, tumour necrosis factor alpha, C-reactive protein (CRP), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, thrombocyte counts, D-dimers, and fibrinogen. Treatment consisted of respiratory support, extracorporeal blood purification using the AN69ST (oXiris®) hemofilter, and 300 U/kg heparin to maintain activation clotting time ≥ 180 seconds. Results: Ten patients presented with severe to critical disease (dyspnoea, hypoxia, respiratory rate > 30/min, peripheral oxygen saturation < 90%, or > 50% lung involvement on X-ray imaging). The median intensive care unit length of stay was 9.3 days (interquartile range 5.3-10.1); two patients developed ARDS and died after 5 and 26 days. Clinical improvement was associated with normalisation (increase) of thrombocytes and white blood cells, stable levels of IL-6 (< 50 ng/mL), and a decrease of CRP and fibrinogen. Conclusion: Continuous monitoring of COVID-19 severity biomarkers and radiological imaging is crucial to assess disease progression, uncontrolled inflammation, and to avert irreversible multiorgan failure. The combination of systemic heparin anticoagulation regimens and extracorporeal blood purification using cytokine-adsorbing hemofilters may reduce hyperinflammation, prevent coagulopathy, and support clinical recovery.

Tratamiento farmacológico en la restricción del crecimiento fetal: revisión de la bibliografía / Pharmacological management for fetal growth restriction: literature review

Resumen OBJETIVO: Explorar las diferentes estrategias de tratamiento farmacológico de la restricción del crecimiento fetal propuestas a lo largo del tiempo. METODOLOGÍA: Revisión cuasi-sistemática de la evidencia científica histórica disponible acerca del tratamiento médico descrito para la atención de mujeres embarazadas con restricción del crecimiento fetal. RESULTADOS: Entre los tratamientos médicos descritos para tratar la restricción del crecimiento fetal, los donadores de óxido nítrico, las estatinas y la aspirina asociada con omega 3, han tenido desenlaces no consistentes en estudios con limitado tamaño de muestra. Por lo que se refiere a los inhibidores de la 5-fosfodiesterasa, el sildenafilo no se ha asociado con un aumento de la velocidad de crecimiento fetal pero sí con alarmas respecto de su seguridad debidas al incremento de los casos de hipertensión pulmonar fetal y mortalidad perinatal. Por su parte, el tadalafilo ha mostrado desenlaces iniciales favorables y se esperan estudios con mayor tamaño de muestra que permitan emitir recomendaciones claras con respecto a su indicación. También se esperan los desenlaces de estudios clínicos en curso, para definir la indicación de la heparina de bajo peso molecular en este escenario en virtud de sus prometedores resultados iniciales. Los procedimientos más invasivos, como la inyección de factor de crecimiento endotelial vascular y la plasmaféresis, permanecen en estudio como propuestas terapéuticas por los resultados de estudios preclínicos y clínicos con pocos pacientes. CONCLUSIÓN: Por ahora, ninguna estrategia farmacológica propuesta ha conseguido generar recomendaciones fuertes para su indicación; sin embargo, se esperan nuevos estudios con alta calidad metodológica que generen evidencia científica lo suficientemente contundente para recomendar su indicación.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To explore the different pharmacological treatment strategies for fetal growth restriction proposed over time. METHODOLOGY: Quasi-systematic review of the available historical scientific evidence on the medical treatment described for the care of pregnant women with fetal growth restriction. RESULTS: Among the medical treatments described to treat fetal growth restriction, nitric oxide donors, statins, and aspirin associated with omega-3 have had inconsistent outcomes in studies with limited sample size. As for 5-phosphodiesterase inhibitors, sildenafil has not been associated with an increase in fetal growth velocity, but there have been alarms regarding its safety due to the increase in cases of fetal pulmonary hypertension and perinatal mortality. On the other hand, tadalafil has shown favorable initial outcomes and studies with a larger sample size are awaited to issue clear recommendations regarding its indication. The results of ongoing clinical studies are also awaited to define the indication of low molecular weight heparin in this setting, given its promising initial results. More invasive procedures, such as vascular endothelial growth factor injection and plasmapheresis, remain under study as therapeutic proposals due to the results of preclinical and clinical studies with few patients. CONCLUSION: For now, no proposed pharmacological strategy has managed to generate strong recommendations for its indication; however, new studies with high methodological quality are expected to generate scientific evidence strong enough to recommend its indication.

Estabilidade do cloridrato de vancomicina empregado em soluções de selo antimicrobiano de cateteres intravenosos centrais / Stability of vancomycin hydrochloride employed in antimicrobial seal solutions of central intravenous catheters / Estabilidad del clorhidrato de vancomicina utilizado en soluciones de sellado antimicrobiano para catéteres intravenosos centrales

Resumo Objetivo: verificar a estabilidade do cloridrato de vancomicina em soluções de selo antimicrobiano sem e com associação de heparina sódica segundo a temperatura e tempo de associação. Método: estudo experimental delineado para análise de potencial hidrogeniônico e concentração por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência de soluções de cloridrato de vancomicina (n=06) e cloridrato de vancomicina e heparina sódica (n=06). Submeteram-se as soluções estudadas à ausência de luz, 22°C e 37°C. Análises em triplicadas (n=192) ocorreram no momento inicial (T0), três (T3), oito (T8) e 24 horas (T24) após preparo. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância (p≤0,05). Resultados: a concentração do antimicrobiano a 22°C apresentou redução (T0-T8) e posterior elevação (T24); o potencial hidrogeniônico diminuiu significativamente ao longo do tempo. Em 37°C a concentração aumentou em até T3 e reduziu em T24, com redução de potencial hidrogeniônico até 24 horas. A concentração das soluções de cloridrato de vancomicina e heparina sódica apresentaram variação com redução a 22°C acompanhada de aumento de potencial hidrogeniônico. Observou-se formação de precipitado por inspeção visual da associação cloridrato de vancomicina e heparina sódica (T3). Conclusão: evidenciou-se estabilidade farmacológica do cloridrato de vancomicina (5 mg/mL) e incompatibilidade física com heparina sódica (100 UI/mL) após três horas de associação nas soluções de selo antimicrobiano estudadas.

Abstract Objective: to verify the stability of vancomycin hydrochloride in antimicrobial seal solutions with and without association of heparin sodium according to temperature and association time. Method: an experimental study designed for the analysis of hydrogenionic potential and concentration by means of high-efficiency liquid chromatography of vancomycin hydrochloride (n=06) and vancomycin hydrochloride and heparin sodium (n=06). The solutions studied were submitted to absence of light, as well as to 22°C and 37°C. Analyses in triplicate (n=192) were performed at the initial moment (T0) and three (T3), eight (T8) and 24 hours (T24) after preparation. The data were submitted to analysis of variance (p≤0.05). Results: concentration of the antimicrobial at 22°C presented a reduction (T0-T8) and a subsequent increase (T24); hydrogenionic potential decreased significantly over time. At 37°C, the concentration increased up to T3 and decreased at T24, with a reduction of hydrogenionic potential up to 24 hours. Concentration of the vancomycin hydrochloride and heparin sodium solutions varied with a reduction at 22°C, accompanied by increased hydrogenionic potential. Precipitate formation was observed by visual inspection of the vancomycin hydrochloride-heparin sodium association (T3). Conclusion: pharmacological stability of vancomycin hydrochloride (5 mg/mL) and physical incompatibility with heparin sodium (100 IU/mL) were evidenced after three hours of association in the antimicrobial seal solutions studied.

Resumen Objetivo: verificar la estabilidad del clorhidrato de vancomicina en soluciones de sellado antimicrobiano solo y combinado con heparina sódica según la temperatura y el tiempo de combinación. Método: estudio experimental diseñado para analizar el potencial de hidrógeno y la concentración por cromatografía líquida de alta resolución de soluciones de clorhidrato de vancomicina (n=06) y de clorhidrato de vancomicina y heparina sódica (n=06). Las soluciones estudiadas fueron sometidas a ausencia de luz, 22°C y 37°C. Se realizaron análisis por triplicado (n=192) en el momento inicial (T0), a las tres (T3), ocho (T8) y 24 horas (T24) después de la preparación. Los datos fueron sometidos a análisis de varianza (p≤0,05). Resultados: la concentración de antimicrobiano a 22°C mostró una reducción (T0-T8) y un posterior aumento (T24); el potencial de hidrógeno disminuyó significativamente con el tiempo. A 37°C, la concentración aumentó hasta T3 y disminuyó en T24, el potencial de hidrógeno disminuyó hasta las 24 horas. La concentración de las soluciones de clorhidrato de vancomicina y heparina sódica mostró variación con la reducción a 22°C acompañada de un aumento del potencial de hidrógeno. Mediante inspección visual se observó la formación de un precipitado al combinar clorhidrato de vancomicina y heparina sódica (T3). Conclusión: el clorhidrato de vancomicina (5 mg/ml) presentó evidencia de estabilidad farmacológica e incompatibilidad física con la heparina sódica (100 UI/ml) después de las tres horas de haberse realizado la combinación en las soluciones de sellado antimicrobiano estudiadas.

Perfil tromboelastográfico en pacientes con neumonía por SARS-CoV-2 / Thromboelastographic profile in patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia / Perfil da tromboelastografia em pacientes com pneumonia por SARS-CoV-2

Resumen: Introducción: La enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) es una enfermedad viral causada por el síndrome agudo respiratorio severo coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). El riesgo de eventos trombóticos venosos (ETV), que aumenta en pacientes críticamente enfermos, probablemente sea aún mayor en aquéllos con SARS-CoV-2 y enfermedad crítica. Objetivos: Investigar el perfil hemostático mediante tromboelastograma (TEG) en pacientes con neumonía por COVID-19. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional, retrospectivo de un solo centro hospitalario. Se inscribieron retrospectivamente pacientes hospitalizados con diagnóstico de neumonía por COVID-19, se les realizó TEG a las 24 y 72 horas. Se realizó un análisis bivariado, para las variables cuantitativas continuas y discretas se emplearon las pruebas t de Student o U de Mann-Whitney. Para las variables categóricas y nominales se empleó la prueba de χ2 de Pearson. Además, se realizó una curva ROC (característica de funcionamiento del receptor) para determinar el punto de corte del índice de masa corporal (IMC) con mayor sensibilidad y especificidad con relación al desarrollo de alteraciones en el TEG. Después se realizó un análisis multivariado de regresión binaria logística, ajustado para las variables con significancia clínica y estadística. La significancia estadística se estableció como una p < 0.05 o < 5%. Resultados: Se incluyó un total de 66 pacientes, se observó un predominio del perfil hipercoagulable en 28 pacientes (42.4%) a las 24 horas y 20 (30.3%) a las 72 horas a pesar de dosis profiláctica de enoxaparina. Para determinar el punto de corte con mayor asociación entre el IMC y la presencia de trastorno en el TEG, se realizó una curva ROC, obteniendo un ABC de 64.7% (p = 0.003). Encontramos un odds ratio (OR) 1.8 por cada kilogramo de peso por arriba de un IMC > 26.2 kg/m2, para desarrollar hipercoagulabilidad. Conclusión: El alto porcentaje de pacientes con estado hipercoagulable e hiperfibrinogenemia podría condicionar un aumento de la formación y polimerización de fibrina que puede predisponer a la trombosis. La mayoría de la población en nuestro medio cuenta con sobrepeso u obesidad, por lo que probablemente tengan necesidad de un régimen más alto de anticoagulación. Dicho esquema de tromboprofilaxis no debe ser guiado por parámetros como dímero D, sino con una prueba más amplia del perfil hemostático como el TEG.

Abstract: Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a viral disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The risk of venous thrombotic events (VTE), which is increased in critically ill patients, is likely to be even higher in those with SARS-CoV-2 and critical illness. Objectives: To investigate the haemostatic profile by TEG in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. Material and methods: Observational, retrospective study of a single hospital centre. Patients hospitalised with a diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia were retrospectively enrolled and underwent thromboelastogram (TEG) at 24 and 72 hours. Bivariate analysis was performed, in which Student's t-tests or Mann-Whitney U-tests were used for continuous and discrete quantitative variables. For categorical and nominal variables, Pearson's χ2 test was used. In addition, a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was performed to determine the body mass index (BMI) cut-off point with the highest sensitivity and specificity in relation to the development of TEG alterations. Subsequently, a multivariate logistic binary regression analysis was performed, adjusted for variables with clinical and statistical significance. Statistical significance was established as a p < 0.05 or < 5%. Results: A total of 66 patients were included, a predominance of hypercoagulable profile was observed in 28 patients (42.4%) at 24 hours and 20 (30.3%) at 72 hours despite prophylactic doses of enoxaparin. To determine the cut-off point with the strongest association between BMI and the presence of TEG disorder, a ROC curve was performed, yielding an ABC of 64.7% (p = 0.003). We found an odds ratio (OR) of 1.8 for each kilogram of weight above a BMI > 26.2 kg/m2, for developing hypercoagulability. Conclusion: The high percentage of patients with hypercoagulable status and hyperfibrinogenemia could lead to an increase in fibrin formation and polymerisation that may predispose to thrombosis. The majority of the population in our setting is overweight or obese and therefore probably requires a higher anticoagulation regimen. Such a thromboprophylaxis scheme should not be guided by parameters such as dimer D but by a broader haemostatic profile test such as TEG.

Resumo: Introdução: A doença de coronavírus 2019 (COVID-19) é uma doença viral causada pelo coronavírus 2 da síndrome respiratória aguda grave (SARS-CoV-2). O risco de eventos trombóticos venosos (ETV), que é aumentado em pacientes críticos, provavelmente será ainda maior naqueles com SARS-CoV-2 e doença crítica. Objetivos: Investigar o perfil hemostático por TEG em pacientes com pneumonia por COVID-19. Material e métodos: Estudo observacional retrospectivo de um único centro hospitalar. Pacientes hospitalizados diagnosticados com pneumonia por COVID-19 foram incluídos retrospectivamente, tromboelastograma (TEG) foi realizado em 24 e 72 horas. Realizou-se análise bivariada, para variáveis ​​quantitativas contínuas e discretas, foram utilizados os testes t de Student ou U de Mann-Whitney. Para variáveis ​​categóricas e nominais, foi utilizado o teste χ2 de Pearson. Além disso, foi realizada uma curva ROC (receiver operating characteristic) para determinar o ponto de corte do índice de massa corporal (IMC) com maior sensibilidade e especificidade em relação ao desenvolvimento de alterações do TEG. Posteriormente, realizou-se análise de regressão binária logística multivariada, ajustada para as variáveis ​​com significância clínica e estatística. A significância estatística foi estabelecida como p < 0.05 ou < 5%. Resultados: Foram incluídos 66 pacientes, sendo observado predomínio do perfil hipercoagulável em 28 pacientes (42.4%) em 24 horas e 20 (30.3%) em 72 horas apesar da dose profilática de enoxaparina. Para determinar o ponto de corte com maior associação entre o IMC e a presença de alteração no TEG, foi realizada uma curva ROC, obtendo-se uma AUC de 64.7% (p = 0.003). Encontramos um Odds Ratio (OR) de 1.8 para cada quilograma de peso acima de um IMC > 26.2 kg/m2, para desenvolver hipercoagulabilidade. Conclusão: O alto percentual de pacientes com estado de hipercoagulabilidade e hiperfibrinogenemia pode condicionar um aumento na formação e polimerização de fibrina que pode predispor à trombose. A maioria da população em nosso meio está acima do peso ou obesa, então eles provavelmente precisam de um regime de anticoagulação mais alto. Esse esquema de tromboprofilaxia não deve ser guiado por parâmetros como o D-dímero, mas sim com um teste mais amplo do perfil hemostático como o TEG.