Rastreamento da doença renal do diabetes na atenção primária à saúde / Screening for diabetes kidney disease in primary health care

A Doença Renal do Diabetes (DRD) é assintomática nos estágios iniciais da doença, e por esse motivo, a maioria dos pacientes é diagnosticada somente quando já apresenta várias complicações. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se o rastreio da DRD está sendo realizado de maneira adequada em pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) atendidos na atenção primária à saúde (APS) do Sistema Único de Saúde. Foi realizado um estudo transversal, com duração de cinco meses, na APS dos municípios de Bernardino de Campos e Salto Grande, SP. Os critérios de inclusão foram: diagnóstico de DM2, idade > 18 anos, e ser acompanhado nas unidades participantes do estudo. Um total de 1093 atenderam aos critérios de inclusão e aceitaram participar do estudo. Foi verificado que 398 (36,4%) dos pacientes nunca realizaram os exames de albumina urinária e creatinina, e não tiveram calculados a relação albumina/creatinina em amostra de urina com o cálculo da taxa de filtração glomerular (TFG) estimada pela CKD-EPI a partir da creatinina sérica; 401 (36,7%) dos pacientes realizaram estes exames e tiveram estes índices calculados nos últimos 12 meses. Estes 401 pacientes realizaram estes exames e cálculos de rastreio da DRD uma vez a cada 12 meses nos últimos 5 anos. Os demais pacientes (294; 26,9%) realizaram somente exame de creatinina sérica nos últimos 12 meses. Os resultados demonstraram que o rastreamento da DRD não está sendo realizado de maneira adequada na maioria dos pacientes (AU).

Diabetes Kidney Disease (DRD) is asymptomatic in the early stages of the disease, and for this reason, most patients are diagnosed only when they already have several complications. The aim of this study was to assess whether DRD screening is being carried out properly in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) treated in primary health care (PHC) of the Unified Health System. A cross-sectional study was carried out, lasting five months, in the PHC of the municipalities of Bernardino de Campos and Salto Grande, SP. Inclusion criteria were: diagnosis of DM2, age > 18 years, and being monitored in the units participating in the study. A total of 1093 met the inclusion criteria and agreed to participate in the study. It was found that 398 (36.4%) of the patients had never performed urine albumin and creatinine tests, and they did not calculate the albumin/creatinine ratio in a urine sample, together with the calculation of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimated by CKD-EPI from serum creatinine; in contrast, 401 (36.7%) of the patients underwent these exams and had these indexes calculated in the last 12 months. These 401 patients had these DRD screening tests and calculations performed once every 12 months for the last 5 years. Os demais pacientes (294; 26,9%) realizaram somente exame de creatinina sérica nos últimos 12 meses. Os resultados demonstraram que o rastreamento da DRD não está sendo realizado de maneira adequada na maioria dos pacientes (AU).

La imperiosa necesidad de telemedicina en la atención de diabetes durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Un estudio de abordaje integral / The imperious need for telemedicine for the care of diabetes during the COVID-19 pandemic. A comprehensive approach study

Resumen Introducción: Los pacientes con diabetes experimentan dificultades para mantener el control glucémico durante el confinamiento por la pandemia de COVID-19, con el riesgo de presentar complicaciones crónicas de la diabetes y COVID-19 grave. Objetivo: El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar la conversión de un centro de atención primaria presencial de diabetes a un servicio de telemedicina por llamada telefónica. Métodos: Se realizaron consultas médicas por llamada telefónica durante la etapa inicial del confinamiento (abril a junio de 2020), para continuar el seguimiento de pacientes ingresados a un programa de atención multicomponente en diabetes. Resultados: Se realizaron 1118 consultas por llamada telefónica para continuar el seguimiento de 192 pacientes con diabetes tipo 2. Participaron diferentes profesionales de distintas áreas de la salud: atención médica, educación en diabetes, nutrición, psicología y podología. Conclusiones: La atención multicomponente en diabetes se transformó con éxito de un esquema de atención presencial a un servicio de telemedicina. Numerosos pacientes de atención primaria pueden ser candidatos a telemedicina. Se debe considerar un rediseño del modelo de atención que incorpore la telemedicina para mitigar la carga de morbimortalidad en enfermedades crónicas impuesta por la pandemia de COVID-19, pero también para la era pos-COVID-19.

Abstract Introduction: Patients with diabetes experience difficulties to maintain glycemic control during the confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with the risk of developing diabetes chronic complications and severe COVID-19. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the conversion of an outpatient diabetes primary care center from a face-to-face care modality to a telemedicine care service by telephone. Methods: Medical consultations were made by telephone during the initial phase of confinement (April to June 2020), to then continue the follow-up of patients admitted to a multicomponent diabetes care program. Results: A total of 1,118 consultations were made by telephone and follow-up was subsequently continued in 192 patients with type 2 diabetes. Different professionals from different health areas participated, including medical care, diabetes education, nutrition, psychology and podiatry. Conclusions: Multicomponent diabetes care was successfully transformed from a face-to-face care modality to a telemedicine service. Many primary care patients may be candidates for telemedicine. A redesign of the care model that incorporates telemedicine should be considered to mitigate chronic diseases burden of morbidity and mortality imposed by COVID-19 pandemic, but also for the post-COVID-19 era.

Aspectos generales sobre la diabesidad: fisiopatología y tratamiento / General aspects of diabesity: physiopathology and treatment

Introducción: La estrecha relación que existe entre diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y obesidad ha dado lugar a la creación del término "diabesidad", considerándose la nueva enfermedad del siglo XXI. La dupla entre estas produce grave lesión en el tejido hepático, músculo esquelético y sistema cardiovascular. Es importante un estilo de vida saludable y buena adherencia farmacológica para combatir esta pandemia. Objetivo: Describir aspectos generales acerca de la fisiopatología y el tratamiento de la diabesidad. Método: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica no sistemática en las bases de datos Science Direct, EMBASE, LILACS, Redalyc, SciELO y PubMed. Los criterios de inclusión fueron publicaciones en inglés y español, en las que el título, palabras clave o resumen incluyen información pertinente al objetivo de estudio, periodicidad no mayor de cinco años. En la búsqueda se obtuvieron 50 artículos, de los cuales fueron seleccionados 35. Conclusión: La insulinorresistencia es el factor determinante para la progresión hacia diabetes mellitus tipo 2, en calidad de respuesta del tejido adiposo frente a altos niveles de ácidos grasos libres (lipotoxicidad), consecuencia de la obesidad, obligando al páncreas a secretar grandes cantidades de insulina, que con el tiempo compromete su funcionalidad. En la actualidad, existen diversas alternativas no farmacológicas, farmacológicas y quirúrgicas para el abordaje de la diabesidad, donde la prevención representa un aspecto de vital importancia(AU)

Introduction: The close relation among diabetes mellitus type 2 and obesity has led to the creation of the term "diabesity," considering it the new disease of XXI century. The fusion of these two diseases produces severe lesions in the hepatic tissue, the skeletal muscle and the cardiovascular system. It is important a healthy lifestyle and a good pharmacological adherence to fight this so called pandemic. Objective: Describe general aspects related to the physiopathology and treatment of diabesity. Method: It was carried out a non-systematic bibliographic search in databases like Science Direct, EMBASE, LILACS, Redalyc, SciELO and PubMed. The inclusion criteria were publications in English and Spanish language, with a periodicity of no more than 5 years, in which the title, keywords and abstract included information that will be relevant for the objective of the study. In the search 50 articles were found, of which 35 were selected. Conclusions: Insulin resistance is the key factor for the progression towards diabetes mellitus type 2, as a response of the adipose tissue to high levels of free fatty acids (lipotoxicity), which is a consequence of obesity, and obligates the pancreas to secrete big amounts of insulin that as time goes by compromises its functionality. Nowadays, there are different non-pharmacological, pharmacological and surgical alternatives to address the diabesity, in which prevention represents an aspect of vital importance(AU)

Effect of lifestyle intervention holistic approach on blood glucose levels, health-related quality of life and medical treatment cost in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a costly, lifestyle-related disorder, its management is very critical and challenging hence lifestyle intervention may a cornerstone in the reversal and management of T2DM. This study designed to assess the impact of lifestyle intervention holistic (LIH) Model on blood glucose levels (BGL), Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL), and medical treatment cost in T2DM patients. This prospective, quasi-experimental study was conducted among 224 T2DM patients in Delhi Diabetes Research Center (DDRC), New Delhi. The study participants were allocated into two groups-Lifestyle Intervention Counseling (LIC) group received lifestyle-based counseling through the LIH model while the Usual-care group received only standard treatment. Study outcomes were assessed at baseline, 3rd, 6th, and 12th month and data were analyzed through SPSS. Study results revealed that LIC participants had decreased in fasting blood glucose 0.26 mg dL-1(-4.37 to 4.89), blood glucose postprandial -70.16 mg dL-1(-85.15 to -55.16), HbA1C -2.82% (-5.26 to -0.37), medicine cost (p < 0.004), hospitalization cost (p < 0.011), and cost of surgery (p < 0.0005). A significant improvement also observed in HRQOL and adherence towards a holistic model in LIC group. The study concludes that lifestyle-based counseling and its adherence was cost-effective and significantly improves BGL, HRQoL, and medical treatment in T2DM patients.

Efectos de un programa de entrenamiento de marcha sobre las capacidad aeróbica y la función cognitiva en mujeres diabéticas de edad avanzada / Effects of physical exercise on aerobic fitness and cognition in older women with type 2 diabetes mellitus

BACKGROUND: Among older people, physical exercise improves cognitive function, aerobic fitness, and thus functional independence. Aim: To determine the effects of a walking training program on aerobic fitness and cognitive function in older women with type 2 diabetes mellitus. MATERRIAL AND METHODS: An experimental study was carried out in 76 women with type 2 diabetes mellitus aged between 64 and 78 years. Thirty-eight women in the exercise group (EG) participated in a controlled walking program 3 times a week for 48 sessions (60min /day) and 38 women in the control group (CG) were not trained. Weight, height, body mass index (BMI), estimated maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), and cognitive function using the Minimental test were evaluated at baseline and the end of the intervention. RESULTS: The Minimental test improved significantly in the exercise group and did not change in the control group. Estimated VO-2max improved in women aged between 69 and 78 years. The distance walked in 6 minutes increased in all women of the experimental group. No changes in these parameters were observed in the control group. Conclusions: A structured walking program improved cognitive function, estimated aerobic capacity, and walking distance in these diabetic women.

Association between dental visits at primary care and glycated hemoglobin level in patients with type 2 diabetes: a cohort study / Associação entre visitas odontológicas na atenção primária e níveis de hemoglobina glicada em pacientes com diabetes tipo 2: estudo de coorte

ABSTRACT: Objective: To evaluate the association between dental visits and variation in the glycated hemoglobin index (A1C) of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) with well or not well glycemic control over time. Methods: Patients with T2DM, A1C ≥ 7% (not well-controlled) and < 7% (well-controlled), who attended a primary care service and were followed up from January 2010 to May 2018. The outcome was the variation of A1C obtained from reference laboratories. At the beginning of the study, a questionnaire with behavioral, clinical, and socioeconomic information was carried out. Multiple linear regression analyses tested interaction terms of all variables with the initial glycemic level (not well-controlled or well-controlled). Results: The sample consisted of 507 people, 65% women, and 66% individuals 55 to 74 years old, followed on average for 5.4 years. There was an interaction (p = 0.01) between dental visits and initial A1C. Patients not well-controlled with at least one dental visit had an average reduction in A1C of -0.56 percentage point (95%CI -1.06 - -0.56), whereas the well-controlled group who also had at least one dental visit had an increase of 0.34 percentage point (95%CI -0.18 - 0.87). Conclusion: Dental visits were associated with an improvement in A1C of approximately a half-percentage point in patients who had the initial A1C considered as not well-controlled.

RESUMO: Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre consultas odontológicas e variação no índice de hemoglobina glicada (A1C) em pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) com controle glicêmico bom ou não ao longo do tempo. Métodos: Pacientes com DM2, A1C ≥ 7% (não controlado) e < 7% (bem controlado), que compareceram a um serviço de atenção primária e foram acompanhados de janeiro de 2010 a maio de 2018. O desfecho foi a variação de A1C, obtidos em laboratórios de referência. No início do estudo, foi aplicado um questionário com informações comportamentais, clínicas e socioeconômicas. Foram ajustados modelos de regressão linear múltipla para controle de fatores de confusão, e testou-se a interação de todas as variáveis com o nível glicêmico inicial (não controlado ou controlado). Resultados: A amostra foi composta de 507 pessoas, 65% mulheres e 66% indivíduos de 55 a 74 anos, acompanhados em média por 5,4 anos. Houve interação (p = 0,01) entre as consultas odontológicas e níveis iniciais de A1C. Pacientes não controlados com pelo menos uma consulta odontológica tiveram redução média de A1C de -0,56 pontos percentuais (intervalo de confiança de 95% — IC95% -1,06 - -0,56), enquanto o grupo controlado que também teve pelo menos uma consulta odontológica teve aumento de 0,34 ponto percentual (IC95% -0,18 - 0,87). Conclusão: As visitas ao dentista foram associadas à melhora na A1C de aproximadamente meio ponto percentual em pacientes que tiveram a A1C inicial considerada não bem controlada.

Testosterone Combined with Voluntary Exercise Attenuates Diabetes-induced Pancreatic Apoptosis in Castrated Diabetic Rats Induced by HFD/STZ

Abstract Increased apoptosis in the pancreas and beta cell death causes reduced insulin secretion in type 2 diabetes. This study was aimed to evaluate the effects of exercise training and testosterone administration on apoptosis marker (p53 protein) in the pancreas tissue in animal with diabetes. Type 2 diabetes was induced by high fat diet and injection of low dose STZ (35mg/kg; ip). After 2 months of treatment with testosterone (2mg/kg/day) or voluntary exercise alone or in combination, apoptosis (tunnel assay) and p53 protein (ELISA method) were measured. Testosterone and exercise decreased the blood glucose, HbA1c levels, HOMA-IR, p53 protein expression and increased insulin level in treated diabetic and diabetic castrated groups. Simultaneous treatment of these groups with testosterone together voluntary exercise had an additive effect on reducing p53 expression, blood glucose, HbA1c levels, HOMA-IR and subsequently decreasing apoptosis. Our results suggest that the apoptosis decreasing effect of testosterone and voluntary exercise is associated with the reduced levels of blood glucose, HbA1c and HOMA-IR that subsequently decreased the expression of p53 level.

Adesão ao autocuidado de pessoas com Diabetes Mellitus na Atenção Primária: estudo de método misto / Adhesión al autocuidado de personas con Diabetes Mellitus en la Atención Primaria: un estudio de método mixto / Adherence to self-care in people with Diabetes Mellitus in Primary Care: a mixed-methods study

Resumo Objetivo elaborar um modelo interpretativo sobre a adesão ao autocuidado de pessoas com Diabetes Mellitus na Atenção Primária à Saúde. Método estudo de método misto realizado em quatro Unidades Básicas de Saúde. O estudo quantitativo transversal foi composto por 329 participantes, elegeram-se variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas e o questionário de atividades de autocuidado. No estudo qualitativo, com 31 participantes, utilizou-se a vertente construtivista da Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados. Os dados foram analisados utilizando-se a estatística descritiva e a codificação inicial e focalizada. Resultados a maioria dos participantes é do sexo feminino, casada, com um a cinco anos de estudo, aposentada e com renda de um a três salários-mínimos. Obteve-se baixa adesão à alimentação saudável, à atividade física e ao monitoramento glicêmico. A adesão desejável foi relacionada ao uso de medicamentos e cuidados com os pés. Na etapa qualitativa, obteve-se como fenômeno: Enfrentando a complexidade do tratamento do Diabetes Mellitus e buscando o autocuidado. Este foi sustentado por duas categorias: Encontrando as dificuldades para seguir o tratamento e Valorizando os aspectos facilitadores do tratamento que deram subsídios para a elaboração do modelo. Conclusões e implicações para a prática foi elaborado um modelo interpretativo cujos elementos demonstram a complexidade do fenômeno e contribuem para a adesão ao autocuidado nessa população.

Resumen Objetivo elaborar un modelo interpretativo sobre adhesión al autocuidado de personas con Diabetes Mellitus en Atención Primaria de Salud. Método estudio de método mixto realizado en cuatro Unidades Básicas de Salud. El estudio cuantitativo transversal fue compuesto por 329 participantes, se eligieron variables sociodemográficas y clínicas y el cuestionario de actividades de autocuidado. En el estudio cualitativo, con 31 participantes, se utilizó el enfoque constructivista de Grounded Theory. Los datos se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva y codificación inicial y focalizada. Resultados la mayoría de los participantes son mujeres, casadas, con uno a cinco años de estudio, jubiladas y con ingresos de uno a tres salarios mínimos. Se obtuvo una baja adhesión a la alimentación saludable, la actividad física y el control glucémico. La adhesión deseable se relacionó con el uso de medicamentos y el cuidado de los pies. En la etapa cualitativa se obtuvo el siguiente fenómeno: Enfrentando la complejidad del tratamiento de la Diabetes Mellitus y buscando el autocuidado. Esto fue apoyado por dos categorías: Encontrando las dificultades para seguir el tratamiento y Valorando los aspectos facilitadores del tratamiento que apoyaron el desarrollo del modelo. Conclusiones e implicaciones para la práctica se desarrolló un modelo interpretativo cuyos elementos demuestran la complejidad del fenómeno y contribuyen a la adhesión al autocuidado en esta población.

Abstract Objective to develop an interpretive model on the adherence to self-care of people with Diabetes Mellitus in Primary Health Care. Method a mixed-method study conducted in four Basic Health Units. The cross-sectional quantitative study was composed of 329 participants, sociodemographic and clinical variables and the questionnaire of self-care activities were chosen. In the qualitative study, with 31 participants, the constructivist strand of Grounded Theory was used. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and initial and focused coding. Results most participants are female, married, with one to five years of schooling, retired, and with an income of one to three minimum wages. Low adherence to healthy eating, physical activity, and glycemic monitoring was obtained. The desirable adherence was related to the use of medications and foot care. In the qualitative step, the phenomenon was: Facing the complexity of the treatment of Diabetes Mellitus and seeking self-care. This was supported by two categories: Encountering difficulties to follow the treatment and valuing the facilitating aspects of the treatment that provided subsidies for the development of the model. Conclusions and implications for practice an interpretative model was elaborated whose elements demonstrate the complexity of the phenomenon and contribute to the adherence to self-care in this population.

Atividades de autocuidado em pacientes com Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2: estudo transversal / Self-care activities in patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: a cross-sectional study / Actividades de autocuidado en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2: estudio transversal

Objetivo: avaliar as atividades de autocuidado em pacientes com Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2. Método: estudo transversal que incluiu 40 pacientes. Aplicou-se 2 instrumentos para coleta de dados: questionário sociodemográfico e questionário de atividades de autocuidado com o diabetes, aplicados entre janeiro e março de 2020. Resultados: a menor pontuação foi para o item "Realizar exercício físico específico (nadar, caminhar, etc)", com média 0,6 (DP=1,54) dias por semana, e a maior para o item "Tomar medicamentos conforme recomendados (insulina ou comprimidos)" com média 5,1 (DP=2,74) dias por semana. Quanto ao tabagismo, 92,5% referiram não ter fumado cigarro nos últimos sete dias. Conclusão: as atividades de autocuidado prevalentes relacionaram-se as intervenções farmacológicas, enquanto os cuidados não farmacológicos, incluindo a alimentação e realização de exercícios físicos, foram menos frequentes.

Objective: to evaluate self-care activities in patients with type-2 Diabetes Mellitus. Method: this cross-sectional study included 40 patients. Two instruments ­ a sociodemographic questionnaire and a questionnaire on diabetes self-care activities ­ were applied between January and March 2020. Results: the item "Perform specific physical exercise (swimming, walking, etc.)" scored lowest, averaging 0.6 (SD = 1.54) days a week, and "Taking medications as recommended (insulin or pills)" scored highest, with mean 5.1 (SD = 2.74) days a week. 92.5% reported not having smoked cigarettes in the prior seven days. Conclusion: selfcare activities relating to pharmacological interventions predominated, while non-pharmacological care, including food and physical exercise, was less frequent.

Objetivo: evaluar las actividades de autocuidado en pacientes con Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2. Método: este estudio transversal incluyó a 40 pacientes. Se aplicaron dos instrumentos, un cuestionario sociodemográfico y un cuestionario sobre actividades de autocuidado de la diabetes, entre enero y marzo de 2020. Resultados: el ítem "Realizar ejercicio físico específico (nadar, caminar, etc.)" obtuvo la puntuación más baja, con una media de 0,6 (DE = 1,54) días a la semana, y "Tomar los medicamentos según lo recomendado (insulina o píldoras)" obtuvo la puntuación más alta, con una media de 5,1 (DE = 2,74) días a la semana. El 92,5% informó no haber fumado cigarrillos en los siete días anteriores. Conclusión: predominaron las actividades de autocuidado relacionadas con las intervenciones farmacológicas, mientras que la atención no farmacológica, incluida la alimentación y el ejercicio físico, fue menos frecuente.

Perfil clínico de portadores de Diabetes Mellitus em acompanhamento multiprofissional em saúde / Perfil clínico de los pacientes con diabetes mellitus mediante intervenciones multidisciplinarias / Clinical profile of patients with Diabetes Mellitus using multidisciplinary interventions

Introdução: o Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) possui uma crescente prevalência e elevada morbimortalidade. As condições socioeconômicas podem influenciar os cuidados gerais do paciente e o tratamento medicamentoso. Objetivos: avaliar o perfil clínico e estilo de vida de pacientes com DM2, em atendimento multiprofissional na atenção primária à saúde. Metodologia: estudo transversal realizado à pacientes de baixa renda, inseridos no Programa de Diabetes de uma Unidade de Saúde paranaense através de visitas domiciliares, sendo denominados grupo 1 (em acompanhamento multiprofissional a mais de sete anos) e Grupo 2 (a menos de sete anos). A coleta de dados deu-se por meio de questionário após a aprovação do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa nº 1.617.516 em 2016. O programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences foi utilizado para as análises estatísticas descritivas. Resultados: houve prevalência do sexo feminino (74,7%) e idade média de 62,2 anos (± 10,3), com diferença significativa na idade entre os grupos (p=0,001). Entre os fatores comportamentais avaliados, o consumo de bebida alcoólica foi maior no grupo 2 (p=0,009), assim como a prática de atividade física de 7 a 9 vezes na semana (p=0,045). Entre as comorbidades apresentadas estão a hipertensão arterial (82%), dislipidemia (62%) e agravos cardíacos (69,3%, p=0,050). O intervalo entre as consultas regulares e o tempo que ficou sem tratamento medicamentoso após o diagnóstico médico foi significativo entre os grupos (p=0,006 e 0,002 respectivamente). Houve melhor adesão ao tratamento contínuo no grupo 1 (42,6%) em comparação ao grupo 2 (35,4%), repercutindo na maior aderência ao uso de insulina no grupo 1 (p=0,002). Conclusão: os dois grupos tinham baixa renda e escolaridade, elevados índices de falta de aderência ao tratamento, elevada comorbidades e baixa observância aos hábitos adequados de vida. O grupo de maior tempo de DM2 teve maior janela terapêutica. Apesar de um programa estruturado de acompanhamento, falta melhor adequação das orientações multiprofissionais.

Introduction: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM2) has an increasing prevalence and rate of morbidity and mortality. Socioeconomic conditions often influence overall patient care and drug treatment. Objective: To assess clinical profiles and lifestyles of patients with DM2 through a multidisciplinary intervention. in primary health care. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with low-income patients who were part of a Diabetes Prevention Program of a Healthcare Unit in Paraná by means of home care visits. Group 1 has received multidisciplinary home care assistance for more than seven years while Group 2 has received that assistance for less than seven years. The data was collected using a questionnaire approved by the Research Ethics Committee no. 1,617,516 of 2016. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software was used for descriptive statistical analysis. Results: A prevalence of 74.7% in women at an average age of 62.2 years (± 10.3) were observed, showing a significant difference in age between both groups (p=0.001). Among behavioral factors analyzed, alcohol consumption was found to be higher in Group 2 (p=0.009), but physical activity was practiced between seven and nine times per week (p=0.045). Hypertension (82%), dyslipidemia (62%) and heart disease (69.3%, p=0.050) were some of the comorbidities reported. The time interval between general consultation and time without treatment was significant among the groups (p=0.006 and 0.002, respectively). Better adherence to continuous treatment was observed in Group 1 (42.6%) compared to Group 2 (35.4%), which translated into better adherence to insulin in Group 1 (p=0.002). Conclusions: Both groups reported low levels of income, education and healthy lifestyles in contrast to high rates of treatment adherence and comorbidities. The group that received longer DM2 assistance had a larger therapeutic window. Despite having a structured follow-up program, recommendations from the multidisciplinary team need to be improved and adapted.

Introducción: La diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) presenta una creciente prevalencia y una tasa elevada de morbilidad y mortalidad. Las condiciones socioeconómicas suelen influir en la atención general a los pacientes y en el tratamiento farmacológico. Objetivo: Evaluar el perfil clínico y el estilo de vida de los pacientes con DM2 a través de una intervención multidisciplinar en la atención primaria de salud. Materiales y Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal en pacientes de bajos ingresos que eran parte del Programa de Diabetes de una Unidad de Servicios de Salud en Paraná a través de visitas domiciliarias. En el Grupo 1 han recibido asistencia multidisciplinar por más de siete años mientras que en el Grupo 2 han recibido esta asistencia por un tiempo menor a siete años. La recolección de datos se realizó a través de un cuestionario aprobado por el Comité de Ética en Investigación nro. 1.617.516 de 2016. Se utilizó el software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) para el análisis estadístico descriptivo. Resultados: Se observó una prevalencia en mujeres del 74,7 % y una edad promedio de 62,2 años (± 10,3), con una diferencia significativa de edad entre los grupos (p=0,001). Entre los factores de comportamiento evaluados, se encontró que el consumo de bebidas alcohólicas fue mayor en el grupo 2 (p=0,009), pero que practicaban alguna actividad física entre siete y nueve veces por semana (p=0,045). Entre las comorbilidades presentadas figuraban la hipertensión (82 %), dislipidemia (62 %) y enfermedades cardíacas (69,3 %, p=0,050). El intervalo transcurrido entre la consulta general y el tiempo sin tratamiento farmacológico tras el diagnóstico médico fue significativo entre los grupos (p=0,006 y 0,002, respectivamente). Se presentó una mejor adherencia al tratamiento continuo en el Grupo 1 (42,6 %) en comparación con el Grupo 2 (35,4 %), lo que se tradujo en una mayor adherencia al uso de insulina en el Grupo 1 (p=0,002). Conclusión: En ambos grupos se presentaron niveles de ingreso, educación y hábitos de vida saludable bajos. en contraste con tasas de adherencia al tratamiento y comorbilidades altas. El grupo que había tenido DM2 por más tiempo tuvo una ventana terapéutica más grande. A pesar de contar con programa de seguimiento estructurado, hace falta mejorar y adaptar las indicaciones del equipo multidisciplinario.

El efecto agudo sobre niveles de glucemia en adultos mayores con el Entrenamiento Interválico de Alta Intensidad / Acute effect of High-Intensity Interval Training on glycemia levels in elderly people

Introducción: El Entrenamiento Interválico de Alta Intensidad durante los últimos años ha sido postulado como tratamiento no farmacológico para enfermedades como la diabetes tipo II en diferentes poblaciones, sin embargo, son pocos los estudios que se han realizado en adultos mayores. Objetivo: Determinar el efecto agudo de una sesión de Entrenamiento Interválico de Alta Intensidad sobre los niveles de glucosa en adultos mayores físicamente activos. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio experimental. La muestra estuvo conformada por 19 adultos mayores (60-85 años). El grupo fue sometido a una sesión de Entrenamiento Interválico de Alta Intensidad, en la que se combinaron ejercicios de fuerza con resistencia cardiovascular, y se realizaron 12 ejercicios con duración de 30 segundos de trabajo por 10 de descanso. La intensidad de la sesión fue controlada a través de la Escala de Percepción del Esfuerzo OMNI-GSE. Se midió la talla (cm), el peso (kg) e índice de masa corporal. Los niveles de glucosa en sangre fueron determinados antes y después de la sesión. Resultados: Se obtuvo una disminución significativa en los niveles de glucosa en sangre posterior a la realización de la sesión de Entrenamiento Interválico de Alta Intensidad (pre: 140,5 mg/dL y post: 116,1 mg/dL; p < 0,01) Conclusiones: El Entrenamiento Interválico de Alta Intensidad reduce en una sola sesión los niveles de glucosa en sangre en adultos mayores(AU)

Introduction: in recent years, High-Intensity Interval Training has been recognized as a non-pharmacological treatment for diseases like type II diabetes in a variety of populations. However, few studies about this topic have been conducted with elderly people. Objective: determine the acute effect of a High-Intensity Interval Training session on glucose levels in physically active elderly people. Methods: an experimental study was conducted. The sample was 19 elderly people aged 60-85 years. The group participated in a High-Intensity Interval Training session in which strength and cardiovascular resistance exercises were combined. The 12 exercises performed had a duration of 30 seconds' work and 10 seconds' rest. The intensity of the session was controlled with the OMNI-GSE Effort Perception Scale. Measurements were taken of the height (cm), weight (kg) and body mass index of participants. Blood glucose levels were gauged before and after the session. Results: a significant reduction in blood glucose levels was obtained after the conduct of the High-Intensity Interval Training session (pre: 140.5 mg/dl and post: 116.1 mg/dl; p < 0.01). Conclusions: in only one session, High-Intensity Interval Training reduces blood glucose levels in elderly people(AU)

Validation to Brazilian Portuguese of the Self-Care Inventory-revised for adults with type 2 diabetes

ABSTRACT Objective The aim of this study was to cross-culturally adapt and validate the Brazilian Portuguese version of SCI-R to adults with type 2 diabetes. Materials and methods The SCI-R is a 15-question survey that reflects how well patients with diabetes have adhered to treatment recommendations. A pretest (n = 40) was first performed to improve comprehension of the survey items. A final version was then self-administered in another 75 adults with type 2 diabetes to determine the survey's reliability and validity according to its association with HbA1c. Finally, we conducted a test-retest reliability analysis over three weeks to stabilize the sample and determine intra-observer variability. Results After the pretest phase, the final sample's (N = 75) mean age was 59.9 ± 7.5 years and mean HbA1c level was 8.6 ± 1.5% (70 ± 16.4 mmol/mol). The initial Cronbach's alpha was 0.61; however, further analysis showed that four items had low item correlation and were excluded from the final version, which increased the Cronbach's alpha to 0.63. In predictive validity analysis, HbA1c levels correlated significantly with total survey scores (r = -0.38, P = 0.001). The intra-class correlation coefficient between baseline and three-week scores was 0.93, which indicates high reproducibility. Conclusions The Brazilian Portuguese version of the SCI-R is a valid tool for measuring treatment adherence in adults with type 2 diabetes.

Calidad de la atención en diabetes tipo 2, avances y retos de 2012 a 2018-19 para el sistema de salud de México / Quality of care in type 2 diabetes, progress and challenges from 2012 to 2018-19 for the Mexican health system

Resumen: Objetivo: Estimar cambios en la calidad del proceso de atención y su asociación con control glucémico en adultos con diabetes tipo 2. Material y métodos: Análisis del cambio en el cumplimiento de 14 indicadores del proceso de atención en 9 038 adultos con diabetes tipo 2 y del control glucémico en una submuestra. Se estimaron promedios, cambios ponderados y asociaciones crudas y ajustadas utilizando ponderaciones estadísticas para datos combinados (Ensanut 2012 y Ensanut 2018-19). Resultados: De 2012 a 2018-19, el control glucémico se duplicó. Mejoró la detección temprana de complicaciones y aumentó el uso de insulina, pero disminuyó la identificación y tratamiento de factores de riesgo cardiovascular. La calidad global de la atención se asoció con el control glucémico óptimo. Conclusiones: Existen áreas de oportunidad para la mejora de la calidad en la atención que ameritan estrategias integrales y monitorización continua.

Abstract: Objective: To estimate changes in the quality of process of care and its association with glycaemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes. Materials and methods: Changes in compliance of 14 process of care indicators for 9 038 adults with type 2 diabetes and glycaemic control in a subsample were estimated. Averages, weighted changes and associations without or controlling for other factors were estimated using statistical weights for the combined data (Ensanut 2012 and Ensanut 2018-19). Results: From 2012 to 2018-19, glycaemic control doubled. Early detection of complications and increased insuline use improved, but identification and treatment of cardiovascular risk factors decreased. The overall quality of care was associated with optimal glycaemic control. Conclusions: There are areas of opportunity for improvement of quality of care, that deserve comprehensive strategies and continuous monitoring.

Art therapy and education between peers connecting the group: an experience report / La terapia del arte y la educación entre parejas que conectan al grupo: informe de experiencia / Arteterapia e educação entre pares conectando o grupo: relato de experiência

ABSTRACT Objective: to report the "Talent Workshop: Art Therapy Connects the Group". Method: this is an experience report of a workshop developed in November 2018, in 3 meetings, at the Family Clinic setting - Rio de Janeiro. Twenty-eight users participated, including diabetics and health professionals. In the first meeting, dynamics was used for presentation. At the second meeting, the circular process and peer education were used to address issues related to diabetes, in addition to exposing talent to workshop participants. At the third meeting, there was exposure of talents to every health unit. Results: the workshop provided comprehensive, individual and collective health promotion of users, allowing knowledgemultiplicationin their living environment. Final Considerations: the workshop was relevant for health education, changing the understanding of the subject's autonomy about his role in self-care.

RESUMEN Objetivo: informe "Taller de talento: la terapia del arte conecta al grupo". Método: este es un informe de experiencia de untallerdesarrolladoennoviembre de 2018, en 3 reuniones, enelescenario de la Clínica Familiar - Río de Janeiro. Participaron 28 usuarios, incluidos diabéticos y profesionales de lasalud. En la primera reunión, se utilizó la dinámica para la presentación; en la segunda reunión, el proceso circular y la educación entre pares se utilizaron para abordar cuestiones relacionadas con la diabetes, además de exponer los talentos a los participantes del taller; y enlatercerareunión, la exposición de talentos a cada unidad de salud. Resultados: el taller proporcionó la promoción integral, individual y colectiva de la salud de los usuarios, permitiendo la multiplicación del conocimiento en su entorno de vida. Consideraciones Finales: el taller fue relevante para la educación sanitaria, cambiando la comprensión de la autonomía del sujeto sobre su papel en el autocuidado.

RESUMO Objetivo: relatar a "Oficina de Talentos: a arteterapia conecta o grupo". Método: trata-se de um relato de experiência, de uma oficina desenvolvida em novembro de 2018, em 3 encontros, no cenário Clínica da Família - Rio de Janeiro. Participaram 28 usuários, entre diabéticos e profissionais de saúde. O 1º encontro, foi utilizada dinâmica para apresentação; no 2º encontro, foi utilizado o processo circular e a educação entre pares, para tratar de temas relacionados a diabetes, além da exposição de talentos aos participantes da oficina; e no 3º encontro, a exposição dos talentos a toda unidade de saúde. Resultados: a oficina proporcionou a promoção da saúde de maneira integral, individual e coletiva dos usuários, permitindo a multiplicação dos saberes no seu ambiente de convivência. Considerações Finais: a oficina foi relevante para a educação em saúde, modificando a compreensão da autonomia do próprio sujeito acerca do seu papel no autocuidado.

Knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and responses of type 2 diabetes clients toward acute coronary syndrome / Conhecimento, atitudes, crenças e respostas dos clientes com diabetes tipo 2 em relação à síndrome coronária aguda

Introduction: The response to a health threat, such as acute coronary syndrome symptoms (ACS), is determined by the patient's ability to identify the symptoms, establish the relationship with the disease and respond appropriately. This important ability of people with type 2 diabetes, who are at risk of having this syndrome, can be better understood by assessing the knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs concerning the ACS and the response to it. Objectives: To evaluate the perceived knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs of type 2 diabetes clients toward acute coronary syndrome; to explore the association between the measures of the perceived acute coronary syndrome and their sociodemographic and clinical characteristics; and to explore the correlations between the measures of the perceived acute coronary syndrome and the measures of anxiety and depression symptoms. Methods: The study was carried out at Linden, Guyana, with 60 type 2 diabetes clients using a sociodemographic and clinical data questionnaire, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale questionnaire, and Acute Coronary-Response Index. All questionnaires were completed by the researcher during a face to face interview with each client. Descriptive analyses were performed for all variables. The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the scores of the ACS Response Index subscales and the HADS anxiety and depression symptoms with sex, age, time since diabetes diagnosis and body mass index (not overweight or overweight). Comparisons were made between the measures of the ACS - Response Index subscales and educational levels (primary, secondary, university and professional) using the Kruskal-Wallis test for multiple comparisons. The Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to calculate the correlations between the scores of the ACS - Response Index subscales and the anxiety and depression symptoms. The significance level for all the tests that were conducted was set at 0.05. Results: The total mean score of the Knowledge subscale was 9.12 (S.D.=3.4). Two participants had more than 70% of the correct answers. The number of participants who recognized the main symptoms of acute coronary syndrome varied from 27.1% to 49.2%. The total mean score of the Attitudes subscale was 11.2 (S.D.=3.5) and for beliefs 21.3 (S.D.=4.5). Clients with university level had better knowledge when compared to clients with clients who had primary level (p=0.043). Strong and positive correlation was found between knowledge and symptoms of depression, but not significant (r=0.63; p=0.67). The correlation between Attitudes and Beliefs was negative and weak and not significant. The correlation between symptoms of anxiety and beliefs was statically significant, negative, and strong (r=-0.53; p<0.001). Conclusions: Type 2 diabetes clients participating in this study showed a low level of knowledge about ACS. There was an effect of the educational level on the Knowledge subscale. The knowledge of the ACS risks improved the patients' ability to identify their signs and symptoms and respond appropriately to a cardiac event.

Introdução: A resposta a uma ameaça à saúde, como os sintomas da síndrome coronariana aguda (SCA), é determinada pela capacidade do paciente de identificar os sintomas, estabelecendo a relação com a doença e de responder apropriadamente. Essa importante habilidade das pessoas com diabetes tipo 2, em risco de ter essa síndrome, pode ser mais bem compreendida avaliando-se o conhecimento percebido, as atitudes e as crenças em relação à SCA e à resposta a ela. Objetivos: Avaliar o conhecimento percebido, atitudes e crenças percebidas de clientes com diabetes tipo 2 em relação à síndrome coronariana aguda; explorar as associações entre as medidas da síndrome coronária aguda percebida e as variáveis sócio demográficas e clínicas; e explorar as correlações entre as medidas da síndrome coronária aguda percebida e os sintomas de ansiedade e depressão. Métodos: O estudo foi realizado em Linden, Guiana, com 60 clientes com diabetes tipo 2, utilizando-se um questionário de dados sócio demográficos e clínicos, o Acute Coronary-Response Index (ACS-Response Index) e a Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e Depressão (HADS). Todos os questionários foram preenchidos pela pesquisadora por meio de entrevistas individuais. Análises descritivas foram realizadas para todas as variáveis. O teste de Mann-Whitney foi utilizado para comparar as medidas do ACS-Response Index e dos sintomas de ansiedade e depressão (HADS) com sexo, idade, tempo de diagnóstico e índice de massa corporal. Foram feitas comparações entre as medidas das subescalas do ACS - Índice de Resposta e os níveis de escolaridade (primário, secundário, universitário e profissional) usando o teste de Kruskal-Wallis para comparações múltiplas. Utilizou-se o coeficiente de correlação de Spearman para calcular as correlações entre as medidas do ACS-Response Index e os sintomas de ansiedade e depressão. Para todos os testes, o nível de significância foi estabelecido em 0,05. Resultados: O escore médio total da subescala Conhecimento foi de 9,12 (D.P. = 3,4). Dois participantes tiveram mais que 70% de acertos nessa subescala. O número de participantes que reconheceu os principais sintomas da SCA variou de 27,1% a 49,2%. Os escores médios total das subescalas Atitudes e Crenças foram 11,2 (D.P. = 3,5) e de 21,3 (D.P. = 4,5), respectivamente. Pacientes universitários tiveram melhor conhecimento quando comparados aos clientes com clientes que possuíam nível primário (p = 0,043). Foi encontrada correlação forte e positiva entre a subescala Conhecimento e os sintomas de depressão, mas não estatisticamente significante (r = 0,63; p = 0,67). A correlação entre as subescalas Atitudes e Crenças foi negativa e fraca e não estatisticamente significante. A correlação entre os sintomas de ansiedade e a subescala Crenças foi estatisticamente significante, negativa e forte (r = -0,53; p <0,001). Conclusões: Clientes com diabetes tipo 2, participantes deste estudo, apresentaram baixo nível de conhecimento sobre a SCA. Constatou-se um efeito do nível educacional sobre a subescala Conhecimento. O conhecimento sobre a SCA pode melhorar a capacidade do paciente em identificar os sinais e sintomas do infarto agudo do miocárdio.

Ensino do cuidado com os pés para a redução do "risco de integridade tissular prejudicada" das pessoas com diabetes mellitus tipo 2: ensaio clínico randomizado / Teaching foot care to reduce the "risk of impaired tissue integrity" of people with diabetes mellitus tipo 2: a randomized trial

Trata-se de um ensaio clínico randomizado, controlado, mascarado com taxa de alocação de 1:1, cujo objetivo foi avaliar a contribuição do "ensino do cuidado com os pés" para a redução do "risco de integridade tissular prejudicada" das pessoas com DM2, desenvolvido junto a uma amostra de 152 (GI=73/GC=79) pessoas cadastradas em uma Policlínica no sul de Minas Gerais. As intervenções educativas foram embasadas na metodologia do Arco de Charles Maguerez e realizadas na Policlínica por meio de três encontros, com intervalo de trinta dias, por três meses. As avaliações foram realizadas antes do início das intervenções (T1), ao final das intervenções (T2) e três meses após T2 (Tfu), no domicílio dos participantes. Constituíram o estudo, as variáveis sociodemográficas, antropométricas, hábitos de vida, clínicas, informações complementares, integridade da pele e anexos, sensibilidade, deformidades anatômicas, condições vasculares/arteriais, temperatura dos pés, conhecimento sobre as atividades de autocuidado e intenção de realizar as atividades de autocuidado com os pés. Para análise da caracterização da amostra foram utilizados os testes Qui-quadrado, Wilcoxon pareado, Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney ou Exato de Fisher. Em relação à comparação intergrupo, foi aplicado o teste de Qui-quadrado ou Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney e para a análise intragrupo, o Teste McNemar ou Wilcoxon, com nível de significância de 5%. Observou-se maior frequência de pessoas do sexo feminino, idosos, estado civil com conjugê/companheiro, aposentados, que viviam com duas a três pessoas e possuíam baixa/média escolaridade e baixa renda. Foi evidenciado sobrepeso entre os participantes e em relação aos hábitos de vida destacou-se maior frequência de pessoas que referiram não ser tabagista, não consumir bebidas alcoólicas e não praticar exercícios físicos. Para o tempo de diagnóstico, os grupos possuíam médias de 11,71-10,72 (DP=7,75-5,47) anos para o GI e GC respectivamente. Com maior frequência, foram referidos o tipo de tratamento com antidiabéticos orais e a morbidade hipertensão arterial. Na variável glicemia capilar intergrupo e intragrupo foram observadas diferenças (p<0,05). Destaca-se uma maior frequência de participantes que não tiveram os pés avaliados, não receberam orientações para o autocuidado e não realizavam o autocuidado com os pés. Os indicadores da integridade da pele preservada mostraram diferenças intergrupo e intragrupo, com maior frequência de melhores médias do GI em relação ao GC (p<0,05). Para variável sensibilidade, deformidades anatômicas e temperatura dos pés dos pés não foram observadas diferenças (p>0,05), assim como para os indicadores de condições vasculares/arteriais (p>0,05), exceto pulsos (p<0,05). Referente a classificação do risco do pé diabético o GI apresentou diferença intragrupo entre os tempos T1 e Tfu e T2 e Tfu (p<0,05). O conhecimento sobre as atividades de autocuidado com os pés em ambos os grupos foi considerado "baixo" no T1 e após as intervenções educativas, o GI apresentou diferença quando comparado ao GC no T2 e Tfu e também na intenção de cuidar dos pés (p<0,05). As intervenções educativas embasadas na metodologia do Arco de Magueres foram efetivas na melhora do risco de pé diabético, atribuído, principalmente, aos indicadores relacionados às condições dermatológicas, e também nas variáveis conhecimento das atividades de autocuidado e intenção de cuidar dos pés

This is a randomized, controlled, masked clinical trial with a 1:1 allocation ratio, the purpose of which was to evaluate the contribution of "foot care teaching" to reducing the "risk of impaired tissue integrity" of people with DM2, developed with a sample of 152 (GI = 73/GC=79) people registered in a Polyclinic in southern Minas Gerais. Educational interventions were based on the methodology of the Charles Maguerez Arch and carried out in the Polyclinic through three meetings, with an interval of thirty days, for three months. Evaluations were performed before the beginning of interventions (T1), at the end of interventions (T2) and three months after T2 (Tfu), at the participants' homes. Study consisted of sociodemographic, anthropometric, lifestyle, clinical, complementary information, skin integrity and appendages, sensitivity, anatomical deformities, vascular/arterial conditions, feet temperature, knowledge about self-care activities and intention to perform self-care foot activities. To analyze the sample characterization, the chi-square, paired Wilcoxon, Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney or Fisher's exact tests were used. Regarding the intergroup comparison, the Chi-square or Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test was applied and for the intragroup analysis, the McNemar or Wilcoxon test, with a significance level of 5%. There was a higher frequency of females, elderly, marital status with spouse/partner, retirees, who lived with two to three people and had low/medium education and low income. It was evidenced overweight among the participants and in relation to life habits, it was highlighted a higher frequency of people who reported not being a smoker, not consuming alcohol and not practicing physical exercises. For the time of diagnosis, the groups had means of 11.71-10.72 (SD=7.75-5.47) years for GI and CG respectively. More frequently, the type of oral antidiabetic treatment and hypertension morbidity were reported. In the intergroup and intragroup capillary glucose variable, differences were observed (p<0.05). We highlight a higher frequency of participants who did not have their feet evaluated, did not receive guidance for self-care and did not perform self-care with their feet. Indicators of preserved skin integrity showed intergroup and intragroup differences, with a higher frequency of better GI means compared to CG (p<0.05). For variable sensitivity, anatomical deformities and temperature of the feet, no differences were observed (p>0.05), as well as for vascular / arterial condition indicators (p>0.05), except pulses (p<0.05). Regarding the risk classification of diabetic foot, GI presented intragroup difference between T1 and Tfu and T2 and Tfu (p<0.05). Knowledge about foot self-care activities in both groups was considered "low" at T1 and after the educational interventions, the GI presented a difference when compared to the CG at T2 and Tfu and also in the intention to take care of the feet (p<0.05). The educational interventions based on the Magueres Arch methodology were effective in improving the risk of diabetic foot, attributed mainly to indicators related to dermatological conditions, and also to the variables knowledge of self-care activities and intention to take care of the feet

Effect of implementation intention on walking in people with diabetes: an experimental approach

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of implementation intentions as an intervention strategy to promote walking in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS We conducted a controlled and randomized trial, with 12 months of follow-up, involving 65 people with T2DM recruited from primary health care units and allocated them in the control group (CG, n = 32) and intervention group (IG, n = 33). The IG received the implementation intention strategy to promote walking and the CG remained in follow-up for conventional treatment in primary health care. The researchers were blinded by anthropometric measurements and the filling of the instruments. RESULTS After twelve months of follow up, the IG presented a statistically significant increase in the leisure time physical activity when compared with the CG (p = 0.0413) and showed a significant decrease in waist circumference (p = 0.0061). No significant difference was observed regarding body mass index and glycated hemoglobin among groups. CONCLUSIONS Implementation intention was effective in promoting walking and improving clinical indicators in adults with T2DM.

Effects and mechanism of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth combined with hyperbaric oxygen therapy in type 2 diabetic rats

OBJECTIVES: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are potentially ideal for type 2 diabetes treatment, owing to their multidirectional differentiation ability and immunomodulatory properties. Here we investigated whether the stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) in combination with hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) could treat type 2 diabetic rats, and explored the underlying mechanism. METHODS: SD rats were used to generate a type 2 diabetes model, which received stem cell therapy, HBO therapy, or both together. Before and after treatment, body weight, blood glucose, and serum insulin, blood lipid, pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6), and urinary proteins were measured and compared. After 6 weeks, rats were sacrificed and their organs were subjected to hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunofluorescence staining for insulin and glucagon; apoptosis and proliferation were analyzed in islet cells. Structural changes in islets were observed under an electron microscope. Expression levels of Pdx1, Ngn3, and Pax4 mRNAs in the pancreas were assessed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). RESULTS: In comparison with diabetic mice, those treated with the combination or SHE therapy showed decreased blood glucose, insulin resistance, serum lipids, and pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased body weight and serum insulin. The morphology and structure of pancreatic islets improved, as evident from an increase in insulin-positive cells and a decrease in glucagon-positive cells. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining of islet cells revealed the decreased apoptosis index, while Ki67 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen staining showed increased proliferation index. Pancreatic expression of Pdx1, Ngn3, and Pax4 was upregulated. CONCLUSION: SHED combined with HBO therapy was effective for treating type 2 diabetic rats. The underlying mechanism may involve SHED-mediated increase in the proliferation and trans-differentiation of islet β-cells and decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines and apoptosis of islets.