Etapa al diagnóstico de cáncer de próstata en un hospital institucional. Revisión y comparación de datos nacionales e internacionales / Stage at diagnosis of prostate cancer in an institutional hospital. Review and comparison of national and international data

INTRODUCCIÓN: El cáncer prostático (CaP) es una patología de alta prevalencia e incidencia mundial. El tamizaje ha perseguido el diagnóstico precoz de esta enfermedad para otorgar tratamientos oportunos. Nosotros buscamos caracterizar los pacientes de un hospital local respecto al diagnóstico y etapificación, y comparar estos resultados con datos previamente reportados. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Análisis retrospectivo de pacientes diagnosticados con CaP en un hospital institucional. Se recolectaron variables clínicas al momento del diagnóstico, los métodos de etapificación, el estadío según TNM y grado histológico. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 129 pacientes en el análisis. La mediana de APE (ng/mL) al diagnóstico fue de 7,29. El grado histológico fue clasificado como ISUP 1 en 37,5%. Se realizó una resonancia magnética multiparamétrica de próstata (RMmp) en el 42,19% de los pacientes, siendo clasificados como PIRADS 4 en mayor proporción (21,09%). La etapificación con PET-CT PSMA se utilizó principalmente en el grupo de alto riesgo y ante dudas frente a etapificación con medios convencionales. Se prefirió la Tomografía computada (TC) contrastada y la cintigrafía ósea en los otros grupos. 6,25% fue catalogado N1 y 9,37% M1. CONCLUSIÓN: La etapa al diagnóstico de nuestra serie es algo mayor a lo reportado por países desarrollados, pero considerablemente menor a lo publicado por otros países de Latinoamérica e inclusive de otros hospitales de nuestro país. Pareciera ser de gran relevancia nacional contar con protocolos claros de tamizaje y acceso a APE con el fin de disminuir los casos diagnosticados en etapas avanzadas.

INTRODUCTION: Prostate cancer (PCa) is a disease with a high prevalence and incidence worldwide. Screening has pursued the early diagnosis of this disease to provide early treatment. We sought to characterize patients from a local hospital with respect to diagnosis and staging and to compare these results with previously reported data. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients diagnosed with PCa at an institutional hospital. Clinical variables were collected at the time of diagnosis, staging methods, TNM stage, and histological grade. RESULTS: 129 patients were included in the analysis. The median PSA (ng/mL) at diagnosis was 7.29. The histological grade was classified as ISUP 1 in 37.5%. An MRI was performed in 42.19% of the patients, being classified mostly as PIRADS 4 (21.09%). PET-CT PSMA staging was used mainly in the high-risk group, preferring contrast-enhanced CT and bone scintigraphy in the other groups. 6.25% were classified as N1 and 9.37% as M1. CONCLUSION: The stage at diagnosis in our series is somewhat higher than that reported by developed countries but considerably lower than that published by other Latin American countries and even from other hospitals in our country. It is of great national relevance to have clear protocols for screening and access to PSA to reduce the cases diagnosed in advanced stages.

Correlación entre las cinéticas del PSA y positividad de la tomografía por emisión de positrones 18F-PSMA-1007 en la reestadificación de la recaída del cáncer de próstata / Correlation between PSA kinetics and positivity of f18-PSMA positron emission tomography in the relapsed prostate cancer

Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar la correlación diagnóstica entre las cinéticas del antígeno específico de la próstata (PSA) y la positividad de la PET/TC 18F-PSMA en pacientes con cáncer de próstata con recaída bioquímica (RCP, recurrencia del cáncer de próstata). Material y métodos: Se realizó un trabajo observacional de corte transversal de pacientes con una RCP que fueron evaluados con PET/TC 18F-PSMA-1007 en los que se analizó la concordancia entre el PET/TC PSMA y las cinéticas del PSA. Resultados: Se analizaron un total de 54 pacientes. La edad media fue de 68 ± 8 años. El PSA disparador de la PET/TC mostró una mediana (Q1-Q3) de 3,14 (0,73-8.69) ng/ml. La PET/TC colina mostró una tasa de positividad del 35%, mientras que la PET/TC 18F-PSMA mostró una tasa de positividad del 80%, pero con un PSA disparador ≥ 2 ng/ml la PET/TC 18F-PSMA tuvo un 100% de positividad; mientras que la PET/TC colina un 55% de positivos. En la valoración de las cinéticas de PSA para PET/TC PSMA las curvas ROC mostraron para PSAV un área bajo la curva de 0,93 (IC 95%: 0,83-1; p = 0,0001), presentado el punto de corte 0,85 ng/ml/año una sensibilidad del 88% y una especificidad del 87%. El 97% de las PET/TC 18F-PSMA fueron positivas con un PSAV > 0,85 ng/ml/año (p = 0,0001). Mientras que las curvas ROC mostraron para PSADT un área bajo de la curva de 0,38 (IC 95%: 0,21-0,57; p = 0,321) sin evidenciar valor diagnóstico. Conclusión: Se evidenció que el PSAV fue un muy buen predictor de positividad en la PET/TC 18F-PSMA en pacientes con RCP, no así el PSADT.

Abstract Introduction: Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) kinetics (PSA velocity [PSAV] and PSA doubling time [PSADT]) are predictors of positivity in Choline PET/CT, but this correlation has not been correctly established in PSMA PET/CT. Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic correlation between PSA kinetics and positivity of 18F PSMA PET/CT in patients with relapsed prostate cancer (RPC). Material and methods: We performed an observational cross-sectional study of 54 patients with RPC that were evaluated with 18F-PSMA PET/CT. The concordance between 18F-PSMA PET/CT and PSA kinetics was analyzed. Results: The mean age was 68 ± 8 years. Time to relapse had a median (Q1-Q3) of 29 (8; 48) months. The trigger PSA showed a median of 3.14 (0.73-8.69) ng/dl. 18F-PSMA PET/CT showed a positivity of 80%. The ROC curves showed an AUC of 0.93 for PSAV (95%CI0.83-1; p = 0.0001). A cut-off points of 0.85 ng/ml/year showed a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 87%. 97% of the 18F-PSMA PET/CT were positive with a PSAV > 0.85 ng/ml/year (p = 0.0001). While the ROC curves showed an AUC of 0.38 for PSADT (95%CI 0.21- 0.57; p = 0.321) without showing diagnostic value. Conclusion: PSAV was a predictor of positivity in 18F-PSMA PET/CT in patients with RPC, but PSADT was not.

68Ga-Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) positron emission tomography (pet) in prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis

ABSTRACT Introduction: Prostate cancer (PC) is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in males. 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT, a non-invasive diagnostic tool to evaluate PC with prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) expression, has emerged as a more accurate alternative to assess disease staging. We aimed to identify predictors of positive 68Ga-PSMA PET and the accuracy of this technique. Materials and methods: Diagnostic accuracy cross-sectional study with prospective and retrospective approaches. We performed a comprehensive literature search on PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase database in search of studies including PC patients submitted to radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy with curative intent and presented biochemical recurrence following ASTRO 1996 criteria. A total of 35 studies involving 3910 patients submitted to 68-Ga-PSMA PET were included and independently assessed by two authors: 8 studies on diagnosis, four on staging, and 23 studies on restaging purposes. The significance level was α=0.05. Results: pooled sensitivity and specificity were 0.90 (0.86-0.93) and 0.90 (0.82-0.96), respectively, for diagnostic purposes; as for staging, pooled sensitivity and specificity were 0.93 (0.86-0.98) and 0.96 (0.92-0.99), respectively. In the restaging scenario, pooled sensitivity and specificity were 0.76 (0.74-0.78) and 0.45 (0.27-0.58), respectively, considering the identification of prostate cancer in each described situation. We also obtained specificity and sensitivity results for PSA subdivisions. Conclusion: 68Ga-PSMA PET provides higher sensitivity and specificity than traditional imaging for prostate cancer.

Detecting and grading prostate cancer in radical prostatectomy specimens through deep learning techniques

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to evaluate the ability of deep learning algorithms to detect and grade prostate cancer (PCa) in radical prostatectomy specimens. METHODS: We selected 12 whole-slide images of radical prostatectomy specimens. These images were divided into patches, and then, analyzed and annotated. The annotated areas were categorized as follows: stroma, normal glands, and Gleason patterns 3, 4, and 5. Two analyses were performed: i) a categorical image classification method that labels each image as benign or as Gleason 3, Gleason 4, or Gleason 5, and ii) a scanning method in which distinct areas representative of benign and different Gleason patterns are delineated and labeled separately by a pathologist. The Inception v3 Convolutional Neural Network architecture was used in categorical model training, and a Mask Region-based Convolutional Neural Network was used to train the scanning method. After training, we selected three new whole-slide images that were not used during the training to evaluate the model as our test dataset. The analysis results of the images using deep learning algorithms were compared with those obtained by the pathologists. RESULTS: In the categorical classification method, the trained model obtained a validation accuracy of 94.1% during training; however, the concordance with our expert uropathologists in the test dataset was only 44%. With the image-scanning method, our model demonstrated a validation accuracy of 91.2%. When the test images were used, the concordance between the deep learning method and uropathologists was 89%. CONCLUSION: Deep learning algorithms have a high potential for use in the diagnosis and grading of PCa. Scanning methods are likely to be superior to simple classification methods.

PSA density of the lesion: a mathematical formula that uses clinical and pathological data to predict biochemical recurrence in prostate cancer patients / Densidade de PSA da lesão: uma fórmula matemática baseada em dados clínicos e patológicos para prever a recidiva bioquímica em pacientes com câncer de próstata

ABSTRACT A main challenge in the clinical management of prostate cancer is to identify which tumor is aggressive and needs invasive treatment. Thus, being able to predict which cancer will progress to biochemical recurrence is a great strategy to stratify prostate cancer patients. With that in mind, we created a mathematical formula that takes into account the patients clinical and pathological data resulting in a quantitative variable, called PSA density of the lesion, which has the potential to predict biochemical recurrence. To test if our variable is able to predict biochemical recurrence, we use a cohort of 219 prostate cancer patients, associating our new variable and classic parameters of prostate cancer with biochemical recurrence. Total PSA, lesion weight, volume and classic PSA density were positively associated with biochemical recurrence (p<0.05). ISUP score was also associated with biochemical recurrence in both biopsy and surgical specimen (p<0.001). The increase of PSA density of the lesion was significantly associated with the biochemical recurrence (p=0.03). Variables derived from the formula, PSA 15% and PSA 152, were also positive associated with the biochemical recurrence (p=0.01 and p=0.002 respectively). Logistic regression analysis shows that classic PSA density, PSA density of the lesion and total PSA, together, can explain up to 13% of cases of biochemical recurrence. PSA density of the lesion alone would have the ability to explain up to 7% of cases of biochemical recurrence. In conclusion, this new mathematical approach could be a useful tool to predict disease recurrence in prostate cancer.

RESUMO Um dos principais desafios no manejo clínico do câncer de próstata é identificar qual tumor é agressivo e precisa de tratamento invasivo. Assim, ser capaz de prever qual irá progredir para recorrência bioquímica é uma ótima estratégia para estratificar pacientes com câncer de próstata. Pensando nisso, criamos uma fórmula matemática que leva em consideração os dados clínicos e patológicos resultando em uma variável quantitativa, denominada densidade de PSA da lesão, que tem potencial para predizer recidiva bioquímica. Para testar se nossa variável é capaz de predizer recorrência bioquímica, usamos uma coorte de 219 pacientes com câncer de próstata, associando nossas variáveis e parâmetros clássicos como a recorrência bioquímica. PSA total, peso da lesão, volume e densidade de PSA clássico foram associados com recorrência bioquímica (p<0,05). O escore ISUP também foi associado à recorrência bioquímica na biópsia e na amostra cirúrgica (p<0,001). O aumento da densidade do PSA da lesão foi significativamente associado à recidiva bioquímica (p=0,03). As variáveis ??derivadas da fórmula, PSA 15% e PSA 152, também foram associadas positivamente à recorrência bioquímica (p=0,01 e p=0,002 respectivamente). A análise de regressão logística mostra que a densidade do PSA clássico, do PSA da lesão e PSA total, juntos, podem explicar até 13% dos casos de recorrência. A densidade de PSA da lesão por si só poderia explicar até 7% dos casos de recorrência. Em conclusão, esta nova abordagem matemática pode ser uma ferramenta útil para prever a recorrência da doença no câncer de próstata.

Does mpMRI guidance improve HIFU partial gland ablation compared to conventional ultrasound guidance? Early functional outcomes and complications from a single center

ABSTRACT Background Focal therapy (FT) for localized prostate cancer (PCa) treatment is raising interest. New technological mpMRI-US guided FT devices have never been compared with the previous generation of ultrasound-only guided devices. Materials and Methods We retrospectively analyzed prospectively recorded data of men undergoing FT for localized low- or intermediate-risk PCa with US- (Ablatherm®-2009 to 2014) or mpMRI-US (Focal One®-from 2014) guided HIFU. Follow-up visits and data were collected using internationally validated questionnaires at 1, 2, 3, 6 and 12 months. Results We included n=88 US-guided FT HIFU and n=52 mpMRI-US guided FT HIFU respectively. No major baseline differences were present except higher rates of Gleason 3+4 for the mpMRI-US group. No major differences were present in hospital stay (p=0.1), catheterization time (p=0.5) and complications (p=0.2) although these tended to be lower in the mpMRI-US group (6.8% versus 13.2% US FT group). At 3 months mpMRI-US guided HIFU had significantly lower urine leak (5.1% vs. 15.9%, p=0.04) and a lower drop in IIEF scores (2 vs. 4.2, p=0.07). Of those undergoing 12-months control biopsy in the mpMRI-US-guided HIFU group, 26% had residual cancer in the treated lobe. Conclusion HIFU FT guided by MRI-US fusion may allow improved functional outcomes and fewer complications compared to US- guided HIFU FT alone. Further analysis is needed to confirm benefits of mpMRI implementation at a longer follow-up and on a larger cohort of patients.

Prostatitis crónica: Aporte del contraste endovenoso en fase tardía para su caracterización en resonancia magnética multiparamétrica de próstata / Chronic Prostatitis: Contrast Contribution in Late Phase for its Characterization in Multiparametric-Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Prostate

Resumen Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio es demostrar la utilidad de una secuencia tardía post-contraste en la resonancia magnética multiparamétrica de próstata (RMMP) para caracterizar lesiones PI-RADS II. Materiales y métodos: Se analizaron en forma retrospectiva las RMMP realizadas entre enero de 2015 y diciembre de 2016. El protocolo de la RMMP fue basado en las recomendaciones del PI-RADS versión 2, y se agregó una adquisición tardía luego del dinámico post-contraste. Los reportes fueron revisados bajo la versión 2.1. Resultados: Se seleccionaron 31 pacientes que presentaron lesiones categorizadas como PI-RADS II en la zona periférica, los cuales se encontraban en seguimiento del antígeno prostático específico y presentaron confirmación histológica de prostatitis crónica. Se evidenció un realce tardío de la lesión en todos los pacientes. Según los resultados histopatológicos, 30 presentaban prostatitis crónica y el restante tejido benigno (tejido fibromuscular). Discusión: La prostatitis crónica no muestra realce temprano, y presenta realce tardío debido al tejido conectivo fibroso que la compone. En la RMMP, la prostatitis puede imitar el cáncer de próstata. Agregar una adquisición tardía solo adiciona 150 segundos al estudio y podría ayudar a resolver aquellos casos inciertos categorizados como PI-RADS III empleando las secuencias convencionales, debido a que el realce tardío de la lesión es altamente sugestivo de un proceso inflamatorio (PI-RADS II). Conclusión: La presencia de realce tardío es una herramienta útil para realizar un adecuado diagnóstico de una lesión PI-RADS II en la zona periférica, pudiendo evitar una biopsia innecesaria.

Abstract Objective: The aim of this study is to demonstrate the utility of a post-contrast late sequence in multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (RMMP) to characterize PI-RADS II lesions. Materials and methods: The RMMPs performed between January 2015 and December 2016 were retrospectively analyzed. The RMMP protocol was based on the recommendations of the PI-RADS version 2, and a late acquisition was added, after the dynamic post-contrast. The reports were reviewed under the version 2.1. Results: 31 patients with PI-RADS II lesions in the peripheral zone were selected, who were in prostate specific antigen follow-up and had histological confirmation of chronic prostatitis. A late enhancement of the lesion was evidenced in all patients. According to the histopathological results, 30 had chronic prostatitis and the remaining benign tissue (fibromuscular tissue). Discussion: Chronic prostatitis does not show early enhancement, and presents late enhancement due to its fibrous connective tissue. In RMMP, prostatitis may mimic prostate cancer. Adding a late sequence only adds 150 seconds to the study and could help to resolve those uncertain cases categorized as PI-RADS III using traditional sequences because the late enhancement of the lesion is highly suggestive of an inflammatory process (PI-RADS II). Conclusion: The presence of late enhancement is a useful tool to perform an adequate diagnosis of a PI-RADS II lesion in the peripheral zone, helping to avoid an unnecessary biopsy.

Relación de las cinéticas del PSA en la detección de la recurrencia del cáncer de próstata post prostatectomía radical con la 18f-colina tomografía por emisión de positrones/tomografía computada [PET/TC colina (PETC)] / Kinetic Relation Between PSA and 18F-choline PET/ CT in the Detection of Recurrent Prostatic Cancer After Radical Prostatectomy

Resumen Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la relación de las cinéticas del antígeno prostático específico (PSA por su sigla en inglés) con la positividad de la tomografía por emisión de positrones/tomografía computada [PET/TC colina (PETC)]en pacientes con una recaída de cáncer de próstata (RCP). Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un trabajo retrospectivo de 48 pacientes con RCP post prostatectomía radical (PR) evaluados con PETC. Resultados: La PETC negativa tuvo una mediana de 16,3 meses y la PETC positiva de 5,5 meses (p = < 0,001) para el tiempo de doblaje de PSA (PSADT por su sigla en inglés); la PETC fue positiva en el 96% de los pacientes con un PSADT< 12 meses. La PETC negativa tuvo una mediana de 0,03 ng/ml/año y la PETC positiva de 4,1 ng/ml/año (p = < 0,001) para la velocidad del PSA (PSAVpor su sigla en inglés); la PETC fue positiva en el 92% de los pacientes con un PSAV > 0,75 ng/ml/año. Las áreas bajo la curva ROC para PSAV fue de 0,984 con un punto de corte de mayor discriminación de 0.785 ng/ml/año, mostrando razones de verosimilitud (LR por su sigla en inglés) LR + = 25 y LR- = 0,1. Para PSADT el ROC fue de 0,992 con un punto de corte de mayor discriminación de 11 meses, mostrando LR + = 11 y LR- = 0. Discusión: El PSA es un indicador inespecífico de PETC positiva. Un estudio inicial demostró que los pacientes con una RCP con una PETC positiva tenían un menor PSADT y una mayor PSAV que los pacientes con una PETC negativa. Conclusión: La positividad de la PETC se vio influenciada por las cinéticas del PSA, observándose que a menor PSADT y que a mayor PSAV mayor fue la probabilidad de la positividad de la PETC.

Abstract Purpose: The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) kinetics and the detection of Prostate Cancer Relapse (PCR) with Positron-Emission Tomography (PETC). Material and methods: A retrospective study of 48 patients with a PCR after a radical prostatectomy evaluated with PETC was performed. Results: PSA Doubling Time (PSADT), with negative PETC, had a median of 16.3 months and the positive PETC a median of 5.5 months (p = < 0.001); 96% of patients with a PSADT <12 months had positive PETC. PSA Velocity (PSAV), negative PETC, had a median of 0.03 ng/ml/year and positive PETC a median of 4.1 ng/ml/year (p = < 0.001); 92% of patients who had a PSAV > 0.75 ng/ml/year had positive PETC. The ROC for PSAV was 0.984 with a cut-off value of 0.785 ng/ml/year, Showing Likelihood Ratios (LR) LR + = 25 and LR- = 0.1. The ROC for PSADT was 0.992 with a cut off value of 11 months, showing LR + = 11 and LR- = 0. Discussion: PSA is a nonspecific indicator of positive PETC. An initial study demon-strated that patients with a PCR and positive PETC had lower PSADT and higher PSAV than patients with a negative PETC. Conclusion: The rate of detection of PCR with PETC was influenced by the kinetics of PSA, and it was observed that the lower the PSADT and the higher the PSAV, the greater the probability of the positivity of the PETC.

Prostate volume measurement by multiparametric magnetic resonance and transrectal ultrasound: comparison with surgical specimen weight / Avaliação do volume prostático obtido por ressonância magnética multiparamétrica da próstata e ultrassonografia transretal comparado ao peso da peça cirúrgica

ABSTRACT Objective To assess accuracy of multiparametric magnetic resonance of the prostate to estimate gland volume, comparing the results with transrectal ultrasound and surgical specimen. Methods A retrospective study of 85 patients who underwent multiparametric magnetic resonance and transrectal ultrasound (for fusion image-guided biopsy) before radical prostatectomy. Prostate measurements were obtained from magnetic resonance axial and sagittal T2-weighted images and ultrasound; the prostate volume was determined using the ellipsoid formula. The results were compared with the surgical specimen weight. Maximum interval between multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging, transrectal ultrasound, and prostatectomy was 6 months. Results The prostate volume measured by multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging was 18-157cm3 (mean of 49.9cm3) and by transrectal ultrasound, 22-165cm3 (mean of 54.9cm3); the surgical specimen weight was 20-154g (mean of 48.6g), with no statistical differences. Based on the values obtained from imaging examinations, the prostate volume obtained was very close to the real prostatic weight, and the measures by multiparametric magnetic resonance were slightly more precise. Conclusion Prostate volume measured by multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging and transrectal ultrasound showed similar values, and excellent agreement with real prostate weight of the surgical specimens. Prostate volume measured by magnetic resonance has been increasingly used in the clinical practice, and its value enables appropriate therapeutic planning and control of patients.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar a acurácia da ressonância magnética multiparamétrica da próstata para estimativa do volume da glândula, comparando seus resultados com a ultrassonografia transretal e correlacionando com o volume obtido da peça cirúrgica. Métodos Estudo retrospectivo incluindo 85 pacientes submetidos à ressonância magnética e, posteriormente, à ultrassonografia transretal (para orientação de biópsia com fusão de imagens) e, a seguir, à prostatectomia radical. As dimensões prostáticas foram obtidas na ressonância a partir das imagens nos planos axial e sagital em sequências ponderadas em T2 e, assim como na ultrassonografia, o volume foi calculado a partir do método da elipsoide. Os valores foram comparados com o peso prostático pós-cirúrgico. O intervalo máximo entre a ressonância e ultrassonografia e prostatectomia foi de 6 meses. Resultados O volume prostático obtido por ressonância magnética foi de 18 a 157cm3(média de 49,9cm3); pela ultrassonografia transretal, foi de 22 a 165cm3(média de 54,9cm3); e o peso da peça cirúrgica foi de 20 a 154g (média de 48,6g), sem diferenças estatísticas. A partir do valor obtido por esses métodos de imagem, provou-se que o volume prostático obtido aproximou-se bastante do peso real da próstata, com discreta maior precisão das medidas obtidas por ressonância magnética multiparamétrica. Conclusão As medidas do volume prostático adquiridas pela ressonância magnética e pela ultrassonografia transretal são semelhantes entre si, com excelente concordância com os pesos reais das próstatas obtidos das peças cirúrgicas. A avaliação desse dado, a partir da ressonância, método cada vez mais utilizado na prática clínica, permite o adequado planejamento terapêutico e o controle dos pacientes.

Densidad de APE en pacientes PI-RADS 3: un parámetro clínico útil para su manejo / PSA density as a new approach for PIRADS 3 patient's management

Resumen: Objetivo: Analizar las biopsias realizadas en paciente categorizados PIRADS 3 en nuestra institución desde el segundo semestre del año 2016 al primer semestre del año 2018 y describir la correlación de la densidad de PSA con la incidencia de cáncer de próstata. Evaluar el rol de la densidad de PSA en la indicación de estudio histológico en pacientes PIRADS 3. Método: Trabajo autorizado por el comité de ética de nuestra institución. Se realizó búsqueda en el PACs, de todos los informes de RM multiparamétricas de próstata que incluyeran la categoría ¨PIRADS 3¨ en el periodo señalado. De ellos se calculó la densidad de PSA, con el último valor de PSA registrado en la ficha clínica previo a RM y volumen prostático en RM. Se procedió a buscar los pacientes con estudio histológico. Se correlacionó los resultados de biopsias con el valor de densidad de PSA. Realizamos análisis uni y multivariados, análisis estadísticos con sensibilidad, especificidad y uso de curva ROC. Resultados: De las 2416 RMmp de próstata realizadas en nuestra institución en las fechas ya descritas, se encontraron 424 informes catalogados con score PIRADS 3, y 267 de esos pacientes tenían estudio y seguimiento institucional, de los cuales 134 contaban con biopsia. La muestra tenía un promedio de edad de 60 años, y una mediana de densidad de PSA de 0,10 (RIC 0,07-0,14). Se encontraron 36 biopsias con cáncer clínicamente significativo (Gleason > 6), lo que corresponde a 26,8% de la muestra, valor similar al encontrado en la literuatua. En estos pacientes se obtuvo un punto de corte óptimo de densidad de PSA de 0,11, con una sensibilidad y especificidad de 67% y un AUC de 0,68. Una densidad de PSA de 0,11 presenta un OR de 4,1, con una probabilidad de 4 veces más de encontrar un cáncer de próstata por sobre este valor (IC 95% 1,3-9,8), lo cuál es estadísticamente significativo con un p igual a 0,01. Conclusión: La DAPE sobre 0,11 ng/ml/cc puede considerarse como una herramienta adicional para indicar biopsia en pacientes con RMmp PI-RADS 3, aumentando la precisión para la detección de cáncer de próstata clínicamente significativos ayudando a disminuir estudios histológicos innecesarios.

Abstract: Objective: To analyze the biopsies performed in patients categorized PIRADS 3 in our institution from the second half of 2016 to the first half of 2018 and describe the correlation of PSA density with the incidence of prostate cancer. To evaluate the role of PSA density in the indication of histological study in PIRADS 3 patients. Method: Work authorized by the ethics committee of our institution. The PACs were searched for all multiparameter prostate MRI reports that included the category "PIRADS 3" in the period indicated. The PSA density was calculated, with the last PSA value recorded in the clinical record before MRI and prostate volume in MRI. We proceeded to look for patients with the histological study. The biopsy results were correlated with the PSA density value. We perform uni and multivariate analyzes, statistical analyzes with sensitivity, specificity and use of the ROC curve. Results: Of the 2416 RMmp of the prostate performed in our institution on the dates already described, 424 reports catalogued with PIRADS 3 score were found, and 267 of those patients had study and institutional follow-up, of which 134 had a biopsy. The sample had an average age of 60 years and a median PSA density of 0.10 (RIC 0.075-0.146). We found 36 biopsies with clinically significant cancer (Gleason> 6), which corresponds to 26.8% of the sample, a value similar to that found in the literature. In these patients, an optimal cut-off point of PSA density of 0.11 was obtained, with a sensitivity and specificity of 67% and an AUC of 0.68. A PSA density of 0.11 has an OR of 4.1, with a 4-fold probability of finding prostate cancer above this value (95% CI 1.3-9.8), which It is statistically significant with a p equal to 0.01. Conclusion: DAPE over 0.11 ng/ml/cc can be considered as an additional tool to indicate biopsy in patients with RMmp PI-RADS 3, increasing the accuracy for the detection of clinically significant prostate cancer helping to reduce unnecessary histological studies.

Pitfalls en RM de próstata multiparamétrica / Pitfalls in multiparametric prostate MRI

Resumen: La resonancia magnética multiparamétrica (RMmp) de próstata ha tenido un desarrollo importante en los últimos años dado la alta prevalencia del cáncer de próstata y la necesidad de tener información imagenológica concreta para el correcto manejo de los pacientes urológicos. Otras técnicas de imágenes aportan información parcial sobre la morfología de la próstata, pero es la RMmp de próstata la técnica imagenológica que nos entrega mayor información, a través de secuencias morfológicas y funcionales, para detectar lesiones clínicamente significativas y disminuir el número de biopsias, predecir riesgo de agresividad de los tumores, estadificación local y ayudar al urólogo a realizar biopsias dirigidas cognitivas o por fusión RM/US. En este artículo se pretende mostrar casos representativos de errores frecuentes al momento de informar una resonancia magnética de próstata. Damos algunas recomendaciones para evitar estos errores y mejorar los informes radiológicos. Es común al comenzar a realizar informes de RMmp de próstata tener dudas sobre la correcta interpretación de los hallazgos. Ofrecemos a través de este articulo imágenes representativas de los principales errores en la búsqueda de patología neoplásica y algunas sugerencias para evitarlos. Desde el punto de vista académico se pueden dividir en pitfalls de condiciones anatómicas y patologías benignas que pueden simular un tumor. En el caso de pitfalls anatómicos mostramos casos referentes al estroma fibromuscular anterior hipertrófico, cápsula quirúrgica engrosada, plexo venoso peri-prostático, complejo neurovascular y pseudolesión posterior en zona periférica. Dentro de las condiciones benignas se encuentra la hiperplasia prostática benigna, procesos inflamatorios/infecciosos y otras condiciones que pueden simular tumor. Respecto a pitfalls relacionados con la hiperplasia prostática benigna podemos señalar hiperplasia de la zona de transición / central ("moustache-sign"), proliferación estromal en la zona de transición y nódulos adenomatosos ectópicos u extruidos en la zona periférica (ZP). Pitfalls inflamatorios/infecciosos corresponden a casos de prostatitis focal, prostatitis aguda, prostatitis con abscesos y prostatitis granulomatosa. Otros errores frecuentes de dificultad en la interpretación corresponden a casos de calcificaciones y hemorragia.

Abstract: Multiparameter magnetic resonance imaging (RMmp) of the prostate has had an important development in recent years given the high prevalence of prostate cancer and the need to have specific imaging information for the correct management of urological patients. Other imaging techniques provide partial information about the morphology of the prostate, but it is the mp-MRI of the prostate that gives us more information, through morphological and functional sequences, to detect clinically significant lesions and reduce the number of biopsies, predict risk of aggressiveness of the tumors, local staging and help the urologist to perform cognitive biopsies or by MR / US fusion. This article aims to show representative cases of frequent errors when reporting an MRI of the prostate. We give some recommendations to avoid these errors and improve radiological reports. It is common to start making mp-MRI of the prostate reports having doubts about the correct interpretation of the findings. We offer through this article representative images of the main errors in the search for neoplastic pathology and some suggestions to avoid them. From the academic point of view they can be divided into pitfalls of anatomical conditions and benign pathologies that can simulate a tumor. In the case of anatomical pitfalls, we show cases related to the hypertrophic anterior fibromuscular stroma, thickened surgical capsule, peri-prostatic venous plexus, neurovascular complex and posterior pseudo-injury in the peripheral area. Among the benign conditions is benign prostatic hyperplasia, inflammatory / infectious processes and other conditions that can simulate tumor. Regarding pitfalls related to benign prostatic hyperplasia, we can indicate hyperplasia of the transition / central zone ("mustache-sign"), stromal proliferation in the transition zone and ectopic or extruded adenomatous nodules in the peripheral zone. Inflammatory / infectious pitfalls correspond to cases of focal prostatitis, acute prostatitis, prostatitis with abscesses and granulomatous prostatitis. Other frequent errors of difficulty in interpretation correspond to cases of calcifications and hemorrhage.

Is possible to rule out clinically significant prostate cancer using PI-RADS v2 for the assessment of prostate MRI?

ABSTRACT Objectives To evaluate the diagnostic performance and interobserver agreement of PI-RADS v2. Materials and Methods In this Institutional Review Board approved single-center retrospective study, 98 patients with clinically suspected PCa who underwent 3-T multiparametric MRI followed by MRI/TRUS fusion-guided prostate biopsy were included from June 2013 to February 2015. Two radiologists (R1 and R2) with 8 and 1 years of experience in abdominal radiology reviewed the MRI scans and assigned PI-RADS v2 scores in all prostate zones. PI-RADS v2 were compared to MRI/TRUS fusion-guided biopsy results, which were classified as negative, PCa, and significant PCa (sPCa). Results Sensitivity, specificity, NPV, PPV and accuracy for PCa was 85.7% (same for all metrics) for R1 and 81.6%, 79.6%, 81.2%, 80.0% and 80.6% for R2. For detecting sPCa, the corresponding values were 95.3%, 85.4%, 95.9%, 83.7% and 89.8% for R1 and 93.0%, 81.8%, 93.7%, 86.7% and 86.7% for R2. There was substantial interobserver agreement in assigning PI-RADS v2 score as negative (1, 2, 3) or positive (4, 5) (Kappa=0.78). On multivariate analysis, PI-RADS v2 (p <0.001) was the only independent predictor of sPCa compared with age, abnormal DRE, prostate volume, PSA and PSA density. Conclusions Our study population demonstrated that PI-RADS v2 had high diagnostic accuracy, substantial interobserver agreement, and it was the only independent predictor of sPCa.

Cáncer de próstata, el problema del diagnóstico: ¿es la resonancia multiparamétrica de próstata la solución? / Prostate cancer, the problem of diagnosis: is multiparametric prostate magnetic resonance imaging the solution?

Junto con un aumento sostenido en la incidencia de cáncer de próstata en los países desarrollados ha habido un cambio en el enfrentamiento diagnóstico en estos pacientes. El diagnóstico tradicional basado en la medición del antígeno prostático específico y la biopsia randomizada ha mostrado tener muchas falencias ya que sobre-diagnostica cánceres no significativos y sub-diagnostica cánceres clínicamente significativos. La resonancia magnética de próstata multiparamétrica ha demostrado ser útil ya que disminuye este tipo de falencias. En este artículo se revisará la historia de la resonancia magnética de próstata y del PI-RADS, con el objeto de revisar el rendimiento de estos métodos y sus indicaciones actuales.

Along with a sustained increase in the incidence of prostate cancer in developed countries, there has been a change in the diagnostic approach in these patients. The traditional diagnosis based on the measurement of the specific prostate antigen and randomized biopsy has shown to have many shortcomings as it leads to overdiagnosis of non-significant cancers and underdiagnosis of clinically significant cancers. The multiparametric prostate magnetic resonance imaging has proven to be useful since it diminishes these shortcomings. In this article we will review part of the history of prostate magnetic resonance imaging and PI-RADS, in order to review the performance of these methods and their current indications.