Human protozoa infection and dysplasia in ulcerative colitis: a neglected aspect in a prominent disease.

The chance of getting colorectal cancer (CRC) is higher in people with chronic ulcerative colitis (UC). The impact of parasitic infections on UC is underappreciated. The purpose of this study was to look into the effect of intestinal protozoal infections on the dysplastic changes generated by UC. The research included 152 adult patients with histologically confirmed UC and 152 healthy controls. Fecal samples were examined for the presence of parasites and fecal calprotectin (FC). The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay measured serum anti-p53 antibodies (p53Abs) and metallothioneins (MTs). The advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were measured by a spectrophotometric method in all subjects. Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and IL-6 were also measured. In addition, histopathological and immunohistochemical investigations of intestinal tissue were done. Our results exhibited significant increases in FC and CRP, IL-6, AOPPs, MTs, and p53Abs in ulcerative colitis patients with parasitic infections compared to those without parasites. In contrast, GSH levels showed a significant decrease in the same group compared with other groups. Histopathological and immunohistochemical assessments of intestinal tissue signified severe inflammation and strong expression of PD-L1 in patients with parasitic infections compared to others without parasitic infections. Our research indicated a greater frequency of intestinal protozoa in UC patients with elevated inflammatory and dysplastic biomarker levels. This suggests that these parasites may be involved in the etiology of chronic UC and the associated carcinogenetic process. This is the first report of a link between parasitic infections and dysplastic alterations in UC patients.

Mitigation of Toxoplasma gondii-induced ileitis by Trichinellaspiralis infection pinpointing immunomodulation.

The current study sought to investigate the potential role of Trichinellaspiralis infection in the treatment of T. gondii-induced ileitis. Forty male Swiss albino mice were divided into four groups:a normal control group Igiven only phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), Group II givenPBS for 28 days then infected with T. gondii cysts for the induction of gastroenteritis, Group III infected only with T. spiralis larvae, and Group IV concurrently infected with T. spiralis larvae, then 28 days post infection, enteritis was induced by oral inoculation withT. gondii cysts. Histopathologicaland immunohistochemicalassessmentswere performed to determine the levels of inflammatory markers nuclear factor- κB (NF-κB) and myeloperoxidase in the ileum samples.Theconcentrations of cytokinesIFN-γ and IL10 were measured in successive serum samples. Histological assessment revealed severe inflammatory infiltrations in ileum samples of T. gondiimonoinfected mice. In addition, the immunological assessment revealed elevated levels of IFN-γ and decreased IL10 concentrations in blood samples. Clear improvement of inflammations, besidesthe decreasedlevels of IFN-γ and increased IL10 concentrations in blood samples were detected in T. spiraliscoinfected animals.Theileal tissue revealed elevated expression of (NF-κB) and myeloperoxidase signaling, all of which were mitigated by T. spiralis coinfection. There is a possibility that regulatory T cells are immunomodulated, releasing anti-inflammatory cytokines while suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines, causing its therapeutic impact. Trichinellaspiralis infection has the potential to be used for treatment of T. gondii-induced ileitis. As a consequence of these encouraging results, T. spiralis crude and secretory-excretory antigens coated on nanoparticles are being studied in our future research.

IMMUNOGENICITY ASSESSMENT FOR LUNG-STAGE AND BIOMPHALARIA ALEXANDRINA COCKTAIIVACCINE IN SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI INFECTED MICE.

The availability of a new vaccine is usually needed as an additional component to chemotherapy for control of schistosomiasis. Different strategies of different types of vaccines were assessed to decrease morbidity but did not give the best protection. The study assessed the efficacy of BAAP, SLAP and their combined preparations together with BCG adjuvant as an effective anti-schistosomal vaccine. METHODOLOGY: Six groups of Swiss albino mice were used; (Gl) as a control, (G2) infected non immunized; (G3) infected and supported by Adj.; (G4) infected; vaccinated with BAAP and supported by Adj.; (G5) infected, vaccinated with SLAP and supported by Adj. and the target group (G6) infected, vaccinated with combined antigens (BAAP + SLAP) and supported by Adjuvant. Mice were sacrificed 8 weeks post infection for assessment the effect of our vaccine through parasitological, histopathological, serological and immunohisto- chemical study. The vaccination of mice with BAAP, SLAP and Adjuvant followed by challenge S. mansoni infection resulted in highest reduction percentages (92% & 86%) for mean numbers of adult burdens and fecal egg counts respectively,(82.4%, 81%) for granuloma number and diameter respectively compared with other groups. The improvement % of all measured enzymes was higher in G6 than other groups.IL1O was significantly increased in G6 than other groups; also, TNF was significantly decreased in G6 than other groups.