[Evaluation of Post-Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Pathologic Complete Response and Residual Tumor Size of Breast Cancer: Analysis on Accuracy of MRI and Affecting Factors]. / ì‹ ë³´ê°•í™”í•™ìš”ë²• 후 ìœ ë°©ì•”ì˜ ë³‘ë¦¬í•™ì  ì™„ì „ 관해 예측 및 잔류 암 평가: ìœ ë°©ìžê¸°ê³µëª ì˜ìƒì˜ ì •í™•ë„ 및 영향인자 분석.

Purpose: To evaluate the accuracy of MRI in predicting the pathological complete response (pCR) and the residual tumor size of breast cancer after neoadjucant chemotherapy (NAC), and to determine the factors affecting the accuarcy. Materials and Methods: Eighty-eight breast cancer patients who underwent surgery after NAC at our center between 2010 and 2017 were included in this study. pCR was defined as the absence of invasive cancer on pathological evaluation. The maximum diameter of the residual tumor on post-NAC MRI was compared with the tumor size of the surgical specimen measured pathologically. Statistical analysis was performed to elucidate the factors affecting pCR and the residual tumor size-discrepancy between the MRI and the pathological measurements. Results: The pCR rate was 10%. The diagnostic accuracy of MRI and the area under the curve for predicting pCR were 90.91% and 0.8017, respectively. The residual tumor sizes obtained using MRI and pathological measurements showed a strong correlation (r = 0.9, p < 0.001), especially in patients with a single mass lesion (p = 0.047). The size discrepancy between MRI and the pathological measurements was significantly greater in patients with the luminal type (p = 0.023) and multifocal tumors/non-mass enhancement on pre-NAC MRI (p = 0.047). Conclusion: MRI is an accurate tool for evaluating pCR and residual tumor size in breast cancer patients who receive NAC. Tumor subtype and initial MRI features affect the accuracy of MRI.

Prognostic significance of preoperative and follow-up neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio in patients with non-metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the significance of preoperative and follow-up neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) as prognostic factors for recurrence in patients with non-metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (NMCCRCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 309 patients with NMCCRCC who underwent radical or partial nephrectomy. The prognostic significance of various clinicopathological variables, preoperative NLR (pNLR) and PLR (pPLR), and NLR and PLR at recurrence or quasi-recurrence (rNLR and rPLR) for recurrence-free survival (RFS) was analyzed. RESULTS: At mean follow-up of 93 months, 44 patients (14.2%) developed recurrence. In the univariate analysis, clinical presentation, tumor size, pathologic tumor stage, Fuhrman grade, pNLR, pPLR and rNLR were significant prognostic factors for RFS. In the multivariate analysis using pNLR and pPLR as continuous variables, tumor size, pathologic tumor stage and pPLR were independent prognostic factors for RFS. In the multivariate analysis using pNLR and pPLR as dichotomous variables, tumor size, pathologic tumor stage, Fuhrman grade and pNLR ≥1.7 were independent prognostic factors for RFS. In multivariate analyses using rNLR and rPLR, only tumor size and pathologic tumor stage were independent prognostic factors for RFS. In a subset of patients with recurrence or at least 42 months follow-up without recurrence, rNLR ≥1.9 was significantly associated with worse RFS, albeit without independent significance. CONCLUSIONS: pNLR and pPLR are independent prognostic factors for RFS in patients with NMCCRCC. We propose that postoperative follow-up NLR of 1.9 and higher with one or more adverse clinicopathological factors should prompt radiologic evaluation for possible metastasis.

Long-term cost comparison between surgical and medical therapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia: a study using hospital billing data.

OBJECTIVES: To analyse actual long-term medical treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and compare the incurred cost with that of patients with BPH who underwent early surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients who were first diagnosed with BPH from 1 January 2008 to 31 December 2010 were identified using the Clinical Data Warehouse. Hospital billing data generated by the electronic hospital management system were collected until December 2015. For outpatient care, only procedures, materials and drugs directly related to the management of BPH were selected for the analysis. For inpatient care, all procedures, materials and drugs ordered on dates with continuity with BPH surgery date were included. The primary endpoint of the study was the total treatment-related direct costs of patients undergoing a long-term curative medical therapy for BPH (Group 1), which was arbitrarily defined as any medical therapy including a 5α-reductase inhibitor with a minimum medication possession ratio of 0.5 during ≥5 consecutive years, or ≥1 year until BPH surgery due to medical therapy failure. In all, 70 patients who underwent BPH surgery at <1 year of initial visit served as controls (Group 2). RESULTS: Amongst 137 patients in the Group 1, four patients underwent BPH surgery at a median of 57.8 months after the initial visit (2.9%). At a median follow-up of 76 months, the mean total treatment cost was significantly higher in Group 1 than in Group 2 ($3987 vs $3036 [USA dollars], P < 0.001). Similarly, the mean 'out-of-pocket' cost was significantly higher in Group 1 than in Group 2 ($1742 vs $1436, P = 0.005). When a linear increment of annual BPH treatment cost is assumed for Group 1 and all costs are assumed to be produced within the first year for Group 2, the total and out-of-pocket costs became equal at the end of the fifth year of medical treatment. For both total and out-of-pocket costs, medication-related costs occupied the largest proportion, exceeding half of the costs. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest patient counselling at the beginning of BPH treatment should include the likelihood that the cumulative out-of-pocket cost at 5 years of continuous medication will exceed that of early surgery. Our cost study using hospital billing data extractable from the electronic hospital management system may be a good model for cost studies that could provide valuable information to health providers and payers.

Prognostic significance of modified Glasgow Prognostic Score in patients with non-metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma.

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of the modified Glasgow Prognostic Score (mGPS) as a prognostic factor in patients with non-metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Materials and methods Between June 1994 and July 2012, 469 patients with RCC underwent radical or partial nephrectomy at two hospitals. Among these patients, 65 with non-clear cell type histology and 16 with lymph-node or distant metastasis were excluded. The medical records of the remaining 388 patients were retrospectively reviewed. The mGPS was calculated using a selective combination of C-reactive protein (CRP) and albumin as previously described. The prognostic significance of various clinicopathological variables including mGPS was analyzed using univariate and multivariate analyses. Results Of the total 388 patients, 40 patients (10.3%) developed local recurrence or distant metastasis and 18 patients (4.6%) died of disease during the follow-up period. The univariate analysis identified CRP, mGPS, thrombocytosis, T stage, Fuhrman's nuclear grade and lymphovascular invasion as significant prognostic factors for recurrence-free survival (RFS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS). The multivariate analysis indicated that mGPS (p < 0.001), T stage (p = 0.024) and lymphovascular invasion (p = 0.046) were independent prognostic factors for RFS, whereas mGPS (p = 0.001) was the only independent prognostic factor for CSS. Conclusions The mGPS is an independent prognostic factor for RFS and CSS in patients with non-metastatic clear cell RCC treated with radical or partial nephrectomy. These findings suggest that mGPS should be used for predicting recurrence or survival in patients undergoing nephrectomy for non-metastatic clear cell RCC.

Triolein Emulsion Infusion Into the Carotid Artery Increases Brain Permeability to Anticancer Agents.

BACKGROUND: Triolein emulsion infusion into the carotid artery has been reported to induce temporary and reversible opening of the blood-brain barrier by increasing vascular permeability. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of triolein emulsion infusion on brain permeance by anticancer agents. METHODS: In the doxorubicin study. 2.4 mg/kg doxorubicin was injected immediately after triolein emulsion (1%, 1.5%, and 2%) infusion into rabbit carotid arteries. Two hours later, bilateral hemispheres and eyeballs were harvested, and doxorubicin concentrations were measured fluorometrically. Doxorubicin ratios of ipsilateral/contralateral hemispheres were compared with those of doxorubicin controls by use of the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by the Dunn test. In the cisplatin study, 10 mg/kg cisplatin was injected immediately after 2% triolein emulsion infusion into rat carotid arteries. Ipsilateral hemispheres were harvested 2, 6, 12, 24, and 36 hours after treatment. Time-dependent cisplatin concentrations were determined by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Doxorubicin concentrations were significantly higher in ipsilateral hemispheres and eyeballs in all 3 triolein treatment groups than in doxorubicin controls. In the cisplatin study, cisplatin concentrations in the ipsilateral hemispheres peaked at 6 hours after infusion of cisplatin. CONCLUSION: Brain permeance to anticancer agents was increased by triolein emulsion infusion, which suggests that triolein infusion might be a useful adjuvant treatment for brain tumors.

Liquid Chromatography Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometric (LC/ESI-MS/MS) Study for the Identification and Characterization of In Vivo Metabolites of Cisplatin in Rat Kidney Cancer Tissues: Online Hydrogen/Deuterium (H/D) Exchange Study.

In vivo rat kidney tissue metabolites of an anticancer drug, cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum [II]) (CP) which is used for the treatment of testicular, ovarian, bladder, cervical, esophageal, small cell lung, head and neck cancers, have been identified and characterized by using liquid chromatography positive ion electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) in combination with on line hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) experiments. To identify in vivo metabolites, kidney tissues were collected after intravenous administration of CP to adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 3 per group). The tissue samples were homogenized and extracted using newly optimized metabolite extraction procedure which involves liquid extraction with phosphate buffer containing ethyl acetate and protein precipitation with mixed solvents of methanol-water-chloroform followed by solid-phase clean-up procedure on Oasis HLB 3cc cartridges and then subjected to LC/ESI-HRMS analysis. A total of thirty one unknown in vivo metabolites have been identified and the structures of metabolites were elucidated using LC-MS/MS experiments combined with accurate mass measurements. Online HDX experiments have been used to further support the structural characterization of metabolites. The results showed that CP undergoes a series of ligand exchange biotransformation reactions with water and other nucleophiles like thio groups of methionine, cysteine, acetylcysteine, glutathione and thioether. This is the first research approach focused on the structure elucidation of biotransformation products of CP in rats, and the identification of metabolites provides essential information for further pharmacological and clinical studies of CP, and may also be useful to develop various effective new anticancer agents.

Distribution study of cisplatin in rat kidney and liver cancer tissues by using liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry.

A sensitive and rapid liquid chromatography positive ion electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric (LC/ESI-MS/MS) method has been developed and validated for the quantitative determination and distribution of cisplatin (CP) in kidney and liver tissues after intravenous administration of drug to adult male Sprague Dawley rats. Oxaliplatin (OXP) was used as an internal standard. The tissue samples were homogenized and extracted using conventional liquid-liquid extraction method with phosphate buffer containing ethyl acetate and then subjected to LC-MS analysis. The chromatographic separation was achieved on an Agilent ZORBAX SB C-18 column (50 × 2.1 mm, 1.8 µm) using the mobile phase consisting of 0.1% formic acid in water (Solvent A) : methanol (Solvent B) (40 : 60; v/v) in an isocratic elution followed by detection with positive ion electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry using the transitions of m/z 301 > 265 for CP and m/z 398 > 310 for OXP in multiple reaction monitoring mode. The calibration curve was linear in the range of 5.0-7000 and 10.0-6000 ng/ml for kidney and liver tissue homogenates, respectively. The method revealed good performances in terms of within-batch, between-batch precision (1.31-5.70%) and accuracy (97.0-102.24%) for CP in both kidney and liver tissue homogenates including lower and upper limits of quantification. The recoveries from spiked control samples were >81.0% and >87.0 % for CP and OXP, respectively. Matrix effect was found to be negligible, and the stability data were within the acceptable limits. Further, the validated LC/ES-MS/MS method was successfully applied to investigate the distribution of CP in kidney and liver tissues after intravenous administration of CP to male Sprague Dawley rats. The results showed that the higher amount of CP was distributed in kidney followed by liver, which indicated that CP mainly accumulated in kidney tissues and renal excretion might be a primary and main elimination route. This is the first research approach focused on the quantitative determination and distribution of CP in rat kidney and liver tissue homogenates by using LC/ESI-MS/MS, which could provide essential information for further pharmacological and clinical studies of CP.

Hospitalization decreases serum prostate-specific antigen values compared with outpatient values in patients with benign prostatic diseases.

PURPOSE: To investigate whether hospitalization influences serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) values. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsies were performed for detecting prostate cancer in 2,017 patients between February 2001 and April 2011 at Ajou University Hospital. Of those patients, 416 patients who were hospitalized for prostate biopsies, whose serum PSA values were measured at the outpatient department within 1 month of admission and also just after admission, and who had negative prostate biopsy results were included in the present study. We retrospectively reviewed the data of the 416 patients and compared the serum PSA values measured in the outpatient department with those measured during hospitalization. RESULTS: Among all 416 patients, the interval between the two PSA measurements was 22.2 days (range, 3 to 30 days) and the prostate size measured by transrectal ultrasonography was 53.63 mL (range, 12.8 to 197.9 mL). Among all patients, mean serum PSA levels measured during hospitalization were significantly lower than those measured in the outpatient department (6.69 ng/mL vs. 8.01 ng/mL, p<0.001). When stratified according to age, the presence or absence of chronic prostatitis in the biopsy pathology, serum PSA levels, and prostate size, the serum PSA levels measured during hospitalization were significantly lower than those measured in the outpatient department in all subgroups, except in cases aged 20 to 39 years and those with PSA <4 ng/mL, in whom no significant differences were shown. CONCLUSIONS: Hospitalization decreases serum PSA values compared with those measured on an outpatient basis in patients with benign prostatic diseases. Therefore, serum PSA values should be checked on an outpatient basis for serial monitoring.

Predictive factors for bladder recurrence after radical nephroureterectomy for upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma.

INTRODUCTION: To identify predictive factors for developing subsequent bladder urothelial carcinoma (UC) in patients undergoing radical nephroureterectomy for the treatment of upper urinary tract UC (UUT-UC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 78 patients with clinically localized UUT-UC who had undergone operation at our institution between June 1994 and December 2009. Univariate and multivariate analyses were carried out to determine the predictive factors. RESULTS: Out of a total of 78 patients, 14 (17.9%) developed bladder UC after radical nephroureterectomy at a median interval of 10 months (range: 3-46). Of these 14 patients, 11 (78.6%) experienced bladder recurrence within the first 2 years of follow-up. All 14 patients (100%) had non-muscle-invasive bladder UC and 10 patients (71.4%) had high-grade tumors. The univariate analysis identified preoperative voided urine cytology, tumor configuration, and adjuvant systemic chemotherapy as significant predictive factors for bladder recurrence, whereas the multivariate analysis indicated that only preoperative voided urine cytology was an independent predictive factor. CONCLUSIONS: Positive preoperative voided urine cytology is an independent predictor for bladder recurrence after radical nephroureterectomy for UUT-UC. Therefore, closer surveillance of the bladder is necessary, especially in patients with positive preoperative urine cytology.

Prostate-specific antigen nadir and time to prostate-specific antigen nadir following maximal androgen blockade independently predict prognosis in patients with metastatic prostate cancer.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the influence of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) kinetics following maximal androgen blockade (MAB) on disease progression and cancer-specific survival in patients with metastatic, hormone-sensitive prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred thirty-one patients with metastatic, hormone-sensitive prostate cancer treated with MAB at our institution were included in this study. Patients' characteristics, PSA at MAB initiation, PSA nadir, time to PSA nadir (TTN), and PSA decline were analyzed by using univariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: At a median follow-up of 30 months, 97 patients (74.0%) showed disease progression and 65 patients (49.6%) died. Fifty-nine patients (45.0%) died from prostate cancer. In the univariate analysis, PSA at MAB initiation, PSA nadir, TTN, and PSA decline were significant predictors of progression-free survival. Also, PSA nadir, TTN, and PSA decline were significant predictors of cancer-specific survival. In the multivariate analysis, higher PSA nadir (≥0.2 ng/ml) and shorter TTN (<8 months) were independent predictors of shorter progression-free and cancer-specific survival. In the combined analysis of PSA nadir and TTN, patients with higher PSA nadir and shorter TTN had the worst progression-free survival (hazard ratio [HR], 14.098; p<0.001) and cancer-specific survival (HR, 14.050; p<0.001) compared with those with lower PSA nadir and longer TTN. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that higher PSA nadir level and shorter TTN following MAB are associated with higher risk of disease progression and poorer survival in patients with metastatic, hormone-sensitive prostate cancer. Furthermore, these two variables have a synergistic effect on the outcome.

Prognostic Significance of Substaging according to the Depth of Lamina Propria Invasion in Primary T1 Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the prognostic significance of the depth of lamina propria invasion in primary T1 transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 183 patients with primary T1 TCC of the bladder who had undergone transurethral resection (TUR) at our institution. Substaging was defined according to the depth of lamina propria invasion as follows: T1a, superficial invasion of lamina propria; T1b, invasion into the muscularis mucosa (MM); T1c, invasion beyond the MM but not to the muscularis propria. The prognostic significance of various clinicopathological variables for recurrence and progression was analyzed. RESULTS: Of the 183 patients, substaging was T1a in 119, T1b in 57, and T1c in 7 patients. The recurrence rate was 32.8% for T1a and 40.6% for T1b/c, but there was no significant difference between the two groups. The progression rate was significantly different between the two groups: 5.8% in T1a and 21.9% in T1b/c (p=0.003). The cancer-specific mortality rate was also significantly different: 4.2% in T1a and 14.0% in T1b/c (p=0.036). In the univariate analysis, microscopic tumor architecture was the only significant prognostic factor for recurrence. In the univariate and multivariate analysis concerning progression, depth of lamina propria invasion and concomitant carcinoma in situ were significant prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS: Substaging according to the depth of lamina propria invasion in primary T1 TCC of the bladder was an independent prognostic factor for progression. This suggests that substaging would be helpful for guiding decisions about adjuvant therapies and follow-up strategies.

Extensive systemic sarcoidosis with testicular involvement mimicking metastatic testicular cancer.

Sarcoidosis is an idiopathic, multisystem disease that rarely involves the genitourinary tract. Here we present an unusual case of testicular sarcoidosis with extensive lymphadenopathy that mimicked a metastatic testicular tumor. A 27-year-old male presented with a palpable right testicular mass accompanied by multiple palpable inguinal lymph nodes. The scrotal ultrasound showed a hypoechoic lesion at the inferior portion of the right testis. Extensive enlarged lymph nodes were noted in multiple areas on the abdominal computed tomography. Preoperative testicular tumor markers were within the normal range. Exploration of the right testis with a frozen section analysis of the right testicular mass and of a palpable right inguinal lymph node showed granulomatous inflammation. The testis was salvaged and the final pathological diagnosis was sarcoidosis. Treatment with high-dose corticosteroids resulted in complete resolution of the intratesticular mass and a significant decrease in the extent of the lymphadenopathy.

Testicular microlithiasis: prevalence and clinical significance in a population referred for scrotal ultrasonography.

PURPOSE: Testicular microlithiasis (TM) is an uncommon pathologic condition that is commonly diagnosed by scrotal ultrasonography. Indirect evidence suggests that this syndrome may be associated with an increased risk of testicular malignancy and infertility. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 1,439 patients undergoing scrotal ultrasound during a 6-year, 5-month period (January 2003 to May 2009) were retrospectively reviewed. Any possible association of TM with pathologic findings was assessed. Among patients with TM, further grading of TM with testicular cancer and semen analysis of the infertile group with TM were also performed. RESULTS: TM was diagnosed in 87 patients (6.0%) out of a total of 1,439. Of all established pathologic entities, only testicular malignancy and infertility were meaningfully associated with TM. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of testicular cancer between each grade. Seminal profiles (sperm count, motility, morphology, and white blood cell count) were not found to be statistically different between infertile men with and without TM. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of TM in symptomatic men was found to be 6.0% with significant co-occurrence of TM, testicular cancer, and infertility. Further grading of TM does not seem to be essential with regard to the detection of patients with testicular cancer and TM. TM showed no significant effect on the seminal profiles of infertile men.

Prognostic significance of preoperative C-reactive protein elevation and thrombocytosis in patients with non-metastatic renal cell carcinoma.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the association of preoperative C-reactive protein (CRP) elevation and thrombocytosis with the prognosis of patients with non-metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective review of the medical records of 177 patients (130 men and 47 women) with non-metastatic RCC who underwent a radical nephrectomy between March 2000 and May 2008 and for whom preoperative CRP and platelet data were available for analysis. Preoperative CRP elevation and thrombocytosis were compared with clinical and pathological variables. RESULTS: There were 38 patients with CRP elevation and 11 patients with thrombocytosis. The mean follow-up time was 48.3 months (median, 48.0; range, 13-111 months). Twenty-three patients (13.0%) developed metastases and six patients died during the follow-up period. CRP elevation was significantly correlated with anemia (p=0.001), T stage (p=0.004), grade (p=0.025), and metastasis (p<0.001). Thrombocytosis was significantly correlated with anemia (p=0.003), T stage (p=0.002), and metastasis (p=0.001). The univariate analysis identified anemia, CRP elevation, thrombocytosis, tumor histology subtype, tumor size, T stage, and grade as significant prognostic factors associated with recurrence-free survival, whereas the multivariate analyses showed that CRP elevation (p=0.033) and tumor size (p=0.007) were independent prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative CRP elevation and thrombocytosis were associated with a poorer prognosis and a higher recurrence rate in patients with non-metastatic RCC. Moreover, preoperative CRP elevation appeared to be an independent predictor of tumor recurrence and prognosis. Preoperative thrombocytosis, however, was not an independent prognostic factor for tumor recurrence and prognosis.

Expression of coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor isoforms in developing mouse bladder uroepithelium.

OBJECTIVES: Tight junctions are important for uroepithelial paracellular permeability barriers. In the present study, we examined the developmental changes in the expression of coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) isoforms in mouse bladder uroepithelium. METHODS: Multiplex reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction using CAR isoform-specific primer sets and Western blotting were conducted on gestational day 19 and postnatal days 1, 7, and 55. Subcellular localization of CAR was examined, together with occludin and zonula occludens-1, in neonatal and adult bladder using light microscopy and immunofluorescence microscopy. RESULTS: The total CAR and short CAR isoform mRNA were significantly increased from gestational day 19 to birth. Long CAR isoform mRNA was transiently decreased on postnatal day 7 and had recovered during adulthood. On Western blotting, molecular weight 46-kDa CAR was abundant in the mucosa and increased postnatally. In the neonatal, as well as the adult, bladder uroepithelium, CAR immunoreactivity was observed, together with occludin and zonula occludens-1 at the apical tight junctions and basolateral contacts between the adjacent uroepithelial cells. In adult bladder uroepithelium, CAR was increased at the interface between the basal cells and basal lamina. CONCLUSIONS: The expression patterns of CAR isoforms changed during the late fetal to adult development of the mouse bladder. CAR at the apical tight junctions and cellular adhesions between the uroepithelial cells and the interfaces between the basal cells and basal lamina might support the paracellular permeability barrier and structural integrity of the uroepithelium in the mouse bladder. The expression of CAR in the uroepithelial cells can be integrated as a part of the strategy for virus-mediated gene therapy in the bladder uroepithelium.

Risk factors for acute prostatitis after transrectal biopsy of the prostate.

PURPOSE: To investigate the incidence, clinical features, pathogenic bacteria, and risk factors associated with acute prostatitis after transrectal prostate biopsy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 923 transrectal ultrasound-guided needle biopsies of the prostate in 878 patients performed at our institution from June 2004 to May 2009. The indications for biopsy were generally serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) elevation, abnormal findings on a digital rectal examination, or both. All biopsies were performed with the patient hospitalized except for 10 patients who refused to be hospitalized, and ciprofloxacin was administered as an antibiotic prophylaxis. The incidence, clinical features, pathogenic bacteria, and potential risk factors associated with acute prostatitis after prostate biopsy were evaluated. RESULTS: Acute prostatitis developed in 18 (2.0%) cases after prostate biopsy. Among them, 9 (1.0%) had bacteremia and 2 (0.2%) showed clinical features of sepsis. Of the total 50 urine or blood specimens sent for culture study, 27 (54.0%) specimens showed positive cultures, including E. coli in 25. Among the 27 culture-positive specimens, 26 (96.3%) were resistant to ciprofloxacin. Among the potential risk factors for acute prostatitis after prostate biopsy, biopsy performed as an outpatient procedure without a cleansing enema (p=0.001) and past history of cerebrovascular accident (p=0.048) were statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Fluoroquinolone is effective as an antibiotic prophylaxis for transrectal prostate biopsy in most cases. The incidence of acute prostatitis after transrectal prostate biopsy was 2.0%, and almost all cases were caused by fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli. A cleansing enema is recommended before transrectal prostate biopsy.

Bioelectrical impedance may predict cell viability during ischemia and reperfusion in rat liver.

Ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury is a major cause of hepatic failure after liver surgery, but no method could monitor or predict it real-time during surgery. We measured bioelectrical impedance (BEI) and cell viability to assess the usefulness of BEI during I/R in rat liver. A 70% partial liver ischemia model was used. BEI was measured at various frequencies. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content, and palmitic acid oxidation rate were measured, and histological changes were observed in order to quantify liver cell viability. BEI changed significantly during ischemia at low frequency. In the ischemia group, BEI increased gradually during 60 min of ischemia and had a tendency to plateau thereafter. The ATP content decreased below 20% of the baseline level. In the I/R group, BEI recovered to near baseline level. After 24 hr of reperfusion, the ATP contents decreased to below 50% in 30, 60 and 120 min of ischemia and the palmitic acid metabolic rates decreased to 91%, 78%, and 74%, respectively, compared with normal liver. BEI may be a good tool for monitoring I/R during liver surgery. The liver is relatively tolerant to ischemia, however after reperfusion, liver cells may be damaged depending upon the duration of ischemia.

The effect of transarterial prostate embolization in hormone-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia in dogs: a pilot study.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the feasibility of transarterial prostate embolization for reducing the volume in hormone-induced canine prostate hyperplasia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nine beagle dogs were included in this study. Prostate hyperplasia was induced by administering dihydrotestosterone and beta-estradiol. The hormones were given for 12 weeks in group A (n = 4) and 24 weeks in group B (n = 5). Twelve weeks after initiating the hormone treatment, two animals in group A and three in group B underwent prostate embolization with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) particles. The volume of each prostate was measured three times with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging: once before hormone treatment and at 12 and 24 weeks after initiation of hormone administration. The prostates and bladders were harvested after the third MR study and were grossly and microscopically evaluated. RESULTS: The mean volume of the prostate increased by 156.13% +/- 110.01% in the nine dogs after 12 weeks of hormone administration. In group A (n = 4), the third MR study showed a 67.74% mean decrease in prostate volume in nonembolized dogs and an 81.04% mean decrease in embolized dogs compared with the second MR study. In group B (n = 5), the mean increases in prostate volume between the second and third MR studies were 40.79% in embolized dogs (n = 3) and 75.15% in nonembolized dogs. There was no gross or microscopic change in the bladders except for a focal hemorrhage in one specimen. CONCLUSIONS: Transcatheter arterial embolization is feasible for reducing prostate volume without serious complications in hormone-induced canine prostate hyperplasia.

Impact of caveolin-1 expression on the prognosis of transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship of caveolin-1 expression with prognosis in patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract (TCCUUT). Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections of TCC-UUT from 98 patients, who had undergone radical nephroureterectomy, were stained immunohistochemically using antibodies against caveolin-1. The expression pattern of caveolin- 1 was compared with the clinicopathological variables. The caveolin-1 expression was significantly correlated with T stage (p<0.001) and grade (p=0.036). The survival rate of patients with caveolin-1 positive tumors was significantly lower than that of patients with caveolin-1 negative tumors (p<0.0001). The univariate analyses identified T stage, grade, and caveolin-1 expression as significant prognostic factors for cancer-specific survival, whereas the multivariate analyses indicated that T stage and caveolin-1 expression were independent prognostic factors. These results show that the increased expression of caveolin-1 is associated with tumor progression and poor prognosis in TCC-UUT, suggesting that caveolin-1 may play an important role in the progression of TCC-UUT.