Mapping age- and sex-specific HIV prevalence in adults in sub-Saharan Africa, 2000-2018.

BACKGROUND: Human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is still among the leading causes of disease burden and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and the world is not on track to meet targets set for ending the epidemic by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Precise HIV burden information is critical for effective geographic and epidemiological targeting of prevention and treatment interventions. Age- and sex-specific HIV prevalence estimates are widely available at the national level, and region-wide local estimates were recently published for adults overall. We add further dimensionality to previous analyses by estimating HIV prevalence at local scales, stratified into sex-specific 5-year age groups for adults ages 15-59 years across SSA. METHODS: We analyzed data from 91 seroprevalence surveys and sentinel surveillance among antenatal care clinic (ANC) attendees using model-based geostatistical methods to produce estimates of HIV prevalence across 43 countries in SSA, from years 2000 to 2018, at a 5 × 5-km resolution and presented among second administrative level (typically districts or counties) units. RESULTS: We found substantial variation in HIV prevalence across localities, ages, and sexes that have been masked in earlier analyses. Within-country variation in prevalence in 2018 was a median 3.5 times greater across ages and sexes, compared to for all adults combined. We note large within-district prevalence differences between age groups: for men, 50% of districts displayed at least a 14-fold difference between age groups with the highest and lowest prevalence, and at least a 9-fold difference for women. Prevalence trends also varied over time; between 2000 and 2018, 70% of all districts saw a reduction in prevalence greater than five percentage points in at least one sex and age group. Meanwhile, over 30% of all districts saw at least a five percentage point prevalence increase in one or more sex and age group. CONCLUSIONS: As the HIV epidemic persists and evolves in SSA, geographic and demographic shifts in prevention and treatment efforts are necessary. These estimates offer epidemiologically informative detail to better guide more targeted interventions, vital for combating HIV in SSA.

Effectiveness of CoronaVac and BNT162b2 COVID-19 mass vaccination in Colombia: A population-based cohort study.

Background: In February 2021, Colombia began mass vaccination against COVID-19 using mainly BNT162b2 and CoronaVac vaccines. We aimed to estimate vaccine effectiveness (VE) to prevent COVID-19 symptomatic cases, hospitalization, critical care admission, and deaths in a cohort of 796,072 insured subjects older than 40 years in northern Colombia, a setting with a high SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Methods: We identified individuals vaccinated between March 1st of 2021 and August 15th of 2021. We included symptomatic cases, hospitalizations, critical care admissions, and deaths in patients with confirmed COVID-19 as main outcomes. We calculated VE for each outcome from the hazard ratio in Cox proportionally hazards regressions (adjusted by age, sex, place of residence, diabetes, human immunodeficiency virus, cancer, hypertension, tuberculosis, neurological diseases, and chronic renal disease), with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Findings: A total of 719,735 insured participants of 40 and more years were followed. We found 21,545 laboratory-confirmed symptomatic COVID-19 among unvaccinated population, along with 2874 hospitalizations, 1061 critical care admissions, and 1329 deaths, for a rate of 207.2 per million person-days, 27.1 per million person-days, 10.0 per million person-days, and 12.5 per million person-days, respectively. We found CoronaVac was not effective for any outcome in subjects above 80 years old; but for people 40-79 years of age, we found two doses of CoronaVac reduced hospitalization (33.1%; 95% CI, 14.5-47.7), critical care admission (47.2%; 95% CI, 18.5-65.8), and death (55.7%; 95% CI, 32.5-70.0). We found BNT162b2 was effective for all outcomes in the entire population of subjects above 40 years of age, significantly declining for subjects ≥80 years. Interpretation: Two doses of either CoronaVac in population between 40 and 79 years of age, or BNT162b2 among vaccinated above 40 years old significantly reduced deaths of confirmed COVID-19 in a cohort of individuals from Colombia. Vaccine effectiveness for CoronaVac and BNT162b2 declined with increasing age. Funding: UK National Institute for Health Research, the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life Years for 29 Cancer Groups From 2010 to 2019: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.

IMPORTANCE: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019 (GBD 2019) provided systematic estimates of incidence, morbidity, and mortality to inform local and international efforts toward reducing cancer burden. OBJECTIVE: To estimate cancer burden and trends globally for 204 countries and territories and by Sociodemographic Index (SDI) quintiles from 2010 to 2019. EVIDENCE REVIEW: The GBD 2019 estimation methods were used to describe cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in 2019 and over the past decade. Estimates are also provided by quintiles of the SDI, a composite measure of educational attainment, income per capita, and total fertility rate for those younger than 25 years. Estimates include 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). FINDINGS: In 2019, there were an estimated 23.6 million (95% UI, 22.2-24.9 million) new cancer cases (17.2 million when excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) and 10.0 million (95% UI, 9.36-10.6 million) cancer deaths globally, with an estimated 250 million (235-264 million) DALYs due to cancer. Since 2010, these represented a 26.3% (95% UI, 20.3%-32.3%) increase in new cases, a 20.9% (95% UI, 14.2%-27.6%) increase in deaths, and a 16.0% (95% UI, 9.3%-22.8%) increase in DALYs. Among 22 groups of diseases and injuries in the GBD 2019 study, cancer was second only to cardiovascular diseases for the number of deaths, years of life lost, and DALYs globally in 2019. Cancer burden differed across SDI quintiles. The proportion of years lived with disability that contributed to DALYs increased with SDI, ranging from 1.4% (1.1%-1.8%) in the low SDI quintile to 5.7% (4.2%-7.1%) in the high SDI quintile. While the high SDI quintile had the highest number of new cases in 2019, the middle SDI quintile had the highest number of cancer deaths and DALYs. From 2010 to 2019, the largest percentage increase in the numbers of cases and deaths occurred in the low and low-middle SDI quintiles. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The results of this systematic analysis suggest that the global burden of cancer is substantial and growing, with burden differing by SDI. These results provide comprehensive and comparable estimates that can potentially inform efforts toward equitable cancer control around the world.

Mortalidad por enfermedades cerebrovasculars en Colombia: 30 años de observación / Cerebrovascular diseases mortality in Colombia: 30 years of observation

RESUMEN OBJETIVO: Determinar el comportamiento de las tasas de mortalidad por enfermedades cerebrovasculares en Colombia durante el período 1985 a 2014. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se consolidaron las defunciones no fetales de las bases de datos de mortalidad del Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadísticas (DANE) de 1985 a 2014, con los códigos de causa básica: 160-167, 169 (CIE-10) y 430-434, 436-438 (CIE-9). Se calcularon las tasas nacionales, regionales y departamentales (lugar de residencia), utilizando la población del periodo por grupos quinquenales de edad en cada uno de los seis quinquenios de 1985 a 2014. Las tasas fueron ajustadas por edad por el método directo. RESULTADOS: Fueron incluidos en el análisis 374.713 fallecidos. Las tasas estandarizadas por edad de mortalidad por 100.000 pasaron de 40,62 en 1985 a 1989, a 26,29 en 2010 a 2014. A medida que la edad avanza las tasas son mayores; las mayores tasas se encontraron en las regiones Andina y Pacífica con valores de 25,59 y 28,65 respectivamente, en 2010 a 2014. Por departamentos se encontraron tasas superiores a las nacionales en Antioquia, Atlántico, Bogotá, Caldas, Huila, Norte de Santander, Quindío, Risaralda, Santander, Valle del Cauca y San Andrés y Providencia. CONCLUSIONES: Colombia sigue un patrón similar al de los países de altos ingresos, ya que, la tendencia de la mortalidad es a la disminución. Se encontraron tasas similares a otros estudios realizados en el país y otros lugares del mundo.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To determine the behavior of cerebrovascular mortality rates in Colombia during the period 1985 to 2014. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The mortality information was consolidated from the non-fetal deaths of the mortality databases of the Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadísticas (DANE) from 1985 to 2014. With the basic cause codes: 160-167, 169 (ICD-10) and 430-434, 436-438 (ICD-9. National, regional and department (residence place) rates were calculated, using the population for the period quinquennial groups from 1985 to 2014. The mortality rates were adjusted for the age by the direct method. RESULTS: 374,713 deaths were included in the analysis. The age-standardized mortality rates per 100,000 went from 40.62 in 1985 to 1989 to 26.29 in 2010 to 2014. As age advances, the rates are higher; the highest rates were found in the Andina and Pacifica regions with values of 25.59 and 28.65 respectively, in 2010 to 2014. Findings by departments show that rates are higher than the national in Antioquia, Atlântico, Bogotá, Caldas, Huila, Norte de Santander, Quindío, Risaralda, Santander, Valle del Cauca, and San Andrés y Providencia. CONCLUSIONS: Colombia follows a similar pattern of the high-income countries, because the mortality trend is downward. Similar rates were found to other studies conducted in the country and other places in the world.

Epistemología del cáncer de mama: comprendiendo su origen para anticipar su desenlace / Epistemology of breast cancer: understanding its origin to anticipate its outcome

Resumen El cáncer de mama es uno de los de mayor incidencia y mortalidad a nivel mundial. Es necesario comprender su historia natural a través de una mirada epistemológica, integrando modelos clínicos, filosóficos y matemáticos para poder abordar una visión general del mismo, cómo se ha interpretado a lo largo de la historia, y el aporte que los estudios de detección y ensayos clínicos han dado a los tratamientos que reciben los pacientes, mostrando evidencia científica e histórica que pueda ser empleada como bitácora por parte de clínicos, salubristas y público en general.

Abstract Breast cancer has one of the highest incidence and mortality rates worldwide. It is necessary to examine its natural history through an epistemological framework, by integrating clinical, philosophical, and mathematical models, in order to have an overview of it, as well as to understand how it has been interpreted throughout history, and the contribution of screening and clinical trials to treatments received by patients, based on scientific and historical evidence that can be used as a guide by clinicians, health professionals, and the general public.

Iron status in late pregnancy is inversely associated with birth weight in Colombia.

OBJECTIVE: Gestational anaemia (GA) is common in developing countries. This study assessed the relationship of late GA and negative perinatal outcomes in participants recruited in a reference maternity unit of the Caribbean region of Colombia. DESIGN: Prospective analytical birth cohort study. Maternal Hb and serum ferritin (SF) levels were measured. GA was defined as Hb levels <6·82 mmol/l (<11 g/dl), SF depletion as SF levels <12 µg/l. Birth outcomes such as low birth weight (LBW), preterm birth (PB) and small for gestational age (SGA) were examined. SETTING: Mothers in the first stage of labour, living in urban or rural areas of Bolívar, were enrolled in an obstetrical centre located in Cartagena, Colombia. Blood and stool samples were taken prior delivery. Maternal blood count, SF levels and infant anthropometric data were recorded for analysis. PARTICIPANTS: 1218 pregnant women aged 18-42 years and their newborns. RESULTS: Prevalence of GA and SF depletion was 41·6 % and 41·1 %, respectively. GA was positively associated with poverty-related sociodemographic conditions. Prenatal care attendance lowered the risk of PB, LBW and SGA. Birth weight was inversely associated with Hb levels, observing a -36·8 g decrease in newborn weight per 0·62 mmol/l (or 1 g/dl) of maternal Hb. SF depletion, but not anaemia, was associated with PB. SGA outcome showed a significant association with anaemia, but not a significant relationship with SF depletion. CONCLUSIONS: Birth weight and other-related perinatal outcomes are negatively associated with Hb and SF depletion. Prenatal care attendance reduced the risk of negative birth outcomes.

Frequency of Health Care Resource Utilization and Direct Medical Costs Associated with Psoriatic Arthritis in a Rheumatic Care Center in Colombia.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the frequency of health care resource utilization and direct medical costs associated with Psoriatic Arthritis (PsA) in a rheumatic care center in Colombia. METHODS: A retrospective prevalence-based cost of illness study under the Colombian health care system perspective was conducted. We analyzed the frequency of health care resource utilization and estimated direct medical costs using anonymized medical records of adult patients (≥18 years) diagnosed with PsA at a rheumatology care center in Bogotá, Colombia. Patients were required to have at least one medical visit linked to a PsA diagnosis (ICD-10 L40.5) between October 2018 and October 2019 and a previous diagnose by the CASPAR criteria. Data on hospitalization episodes was not available. Direct medical costs were estimated in Colombian pesos (COP) and reported in US dollars (USD) using an exchange rate of 1USD = 3263.4 COP. A multivariate generalized linear model was used for identifying potential cost predictors. RESULTS: A sample of 83 patients was obtained. Of these, 54.2% were women and had a mean (SD) age of 58.7 (12) years at baseline. On average, they had 2.2 and 3.8 medical visits to the dermatologist and rheumatologist in the study period. The total direct medical cost was estimated at 410,985 US Dollars. Medical visits, therapies, laboratory and imaging represented 3.2% of total expenses and medications the remaining 96.8%. Patients receiving conventional DMARDs (cDMARDs) had an associated mean cost of 1020.1 USD (CI 701.4-1338.8) in a year. Among patients treated with cDMARDs and biological DMARDs (bDMARDs) the mean cost increase to 8113.9 USD (SD 5182.0-95% CI 6575.1-9652.8). CONCLUSION: A patient under biological therapy can increase their annual cost by 7.9 times the cost of a patient in conventional therapy. This provided updated knowledge on the direct medical costs, from the provision of a rheumatic care center service, to support epidemiologic or pharmacovigilance models.

Calidad de vida de pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 en Colombia. Revisión sistemática y metaanálisis acumulativo / Quality of Life of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in Colombia. Systematic Review and Cumulative Meta-analysis

Resumen Antecedentes: La calidad de vida (CV) relacionada con la salud es un indicador de desempeño de los sistemas sanitarios; no obstante, se desconoce su estado en personas con diabetes tipo 2, lo que limita la implementación y evaluación de intervenciones dirigidas a mejorar su salud. Objetivo: Identificar los dominios más afectados en la CV de pacientes con diabetes tipo 2. Método: Búsqueda sistemática en las bases de datos LILACS, Pubmed, Embase y Google Académico, de estudios observacionales que midieron de manera cuantitativa la CV de pacientes con diabetes tipo 2, sin importar la comorbilidad o estado funcional, en el contexto ambulatorio u hospitalario en Colombia. Para identificar los dominios más afectados se realizó un metaanálisis acumulativo de estudios observacionales que midieron la CV con los Cuestionarios de Salud SF-36 (Short Form-36) y SF-8 (Short Form-8), y se realizó un modelo de efectos aleatorios que permitió la estimación de las medias como medida de efecto combinado. Resultados: Se identificaron siete artículos, de los cuales cuatro fueron incluidos en la síntesis cuantitativa. Los dominios de la CV de los pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 más afectados según los Cuestionarios SF-36 y SF-8 fueron salud general 49,7 (IC 95%: 37,3 a 62,0), rol físico 53,6 (IC 95%: 35,6 a 71,6) y función física 53,8 (IC 95%: 34,8 a 72,8). Conclusión: Los programas preventivos y de atención a personas con diabetes tipo 2 deben enfocarse en un manejo integral que contribuya al mejoramiento de su CV relacionada con su salud.

Abstract Background: The quality of life related to health is an indicator performance of health system; however, its condition in people with type 2 diabetes is unknown, which limits the implementation and evaluation of interventions aimed at improving their health. Objectives: To identify the most affected domains in the quality of life in people with 2 type diabetes. Methods: Systematic search in LILACS, Pubmed, Embase and Google Scholar data bases for observational studies that measure quantitatively the quality of life for patients with diabetes type 2, despite comorbidity or functional status, in the ambulatory or hospital setting in Colombia. In order to identify the most affected domains, it was carried out a cumulative meta-analysis of observational studies aimed to measure life quality through the Health Questionnaires SF-36 (Short Form-36) and SF-8 (Short Form-8), and also, a Random effects model was conducted, which allowed the average as a measure of combined effect. Results: Seven articles were identified, of which four were included in the quantitative synthesis, the most affected domains according to SF-36 and SF-8 were general health 49.7 (95% CI: 37.3 to 62.0), physical role 53.6 (95% CI: 35.6 to 71.6), physical function 53.8 (95% CI: 34.8 to 72.8). Conclusion: Preventive and care programs for people with type 2 diabetes should focus on comprehensive management that contributes to quality of life improvement concerned health. It is still required to expand the investigation to account for the results in people's health.

Global, Regional, and National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life-Years for 29 Cancer Groups, 1990 to 2017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study.

Importance: Cancer and other noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are now widely recognized as a threat to global development. The latest United Nations high-level meeting on NCDs reaffirmed this observation and also highlighted the slow progress in meeting the 2011 Political Declaration on the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases and the third Sustainable Development Goal. Lack of situational analyses, priority setting, and budgeting have been identified as major obstacles in achieving these goals. All of these have in common that they require information on the local cancer epidemiology. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study is uniquely poised to provide these crucial data. Objective: To describe cancer burden for 29 cancer groups in 195 countries from 1990 through 2017 to provide data needed for cancer control planning. Evidence Review: We used the GBD study estimation methods to describe cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). Results are presented at the national level as well as by Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income, educational attainment, and total fertility rate. We also analyzed the influence of the epidemiological vs the demographic transition on cancer incidence. Findings: In 2017, there were 24.5 million incident cancer cases worldwide (16.8 million without nonmelanoma skin cancer [NMSC]) and 9.6 million cancer deaths. The majority of cancer DALYs came from years of life lost (97%), and only 3% came from years lived with disability. The odds of developing cancer were the lowest in the low SDI quintile (1 in 7) and the highest in the high SDI quintile (1 in 2) for both sexes. In 2017, the most common incident cancers in men were NMSC (4.3 million incident cases); tracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancer (1.5 million incident cases); and prostate cancer (1.3 million incident cases). The most common causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for men were TBL cancer (1.3 million deaths and 28.4 million DALYs), liver cancer (572 000 deaths and 15.2 million DALYs), and stomach cancer (542 000 deaths and 12.2 million DALYs). For women in 2017, the most common incident cancers were NMSC (3.3 million incident cases), breast cancer (1.9 million incident cases), and colorectal cancer (819 000 incident cases). The leading causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for women were breast cancer (601 000 deaths and 17.4 million DALYs), TBL cancer (596 000 deaths and 12.6 million DALYs), and colorectal cancer (414 000 deaths and 8.3 million DALYs). Conclusions and Relevance: The national epidemiological profiles of cancer burden in the GBD study show large heterogeneities, which are a reflection of different exposures to risk factors, economic settings, lifestyles, and access to care and screening. The GBD study can be used by policy makers and other stakeholders to develop and improve national and local cancer control in order to achieve the global targets and improve equity in cancer care.

Antimicrobial resistance trends in methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates obtained from patients admitted to intensive care units. 2010-2015 / Tendencias de resistencia antimicrobiana en Staphylococcus aureus y Staphylococcus epidermidis resistentes y susceptibles a meticilina aislados, obtenidos en unidades de cuidados intensivos, 2010-2015

Absctract Introduction: The emergence and spread of antimicrobial-resistant strains in hospitals, mainly in intensive care units (ICU), has become a serious public health problem. Objective: To analyze the temporal trends of bacterial resistance phenotypes of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates obtained from ICU patients of a tertiary hospital in Cartagena, Colombia, between 2010 and 2015. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out between January 2010 and December 2015. Methicillin-resistant and Methicillin-susceptible S. aureus and S. epidermidis isolates (MRSA, MSSA, MRSE and MSSE) were used. Culture medium microdilution technique was used to detect minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). Results: 313 Staphylococcus spp. isolates were identified, and most of them were methicillin-resistant (63.6%). Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis (MRSE) strains represented 13.7% and 27.8%, respectively, of the total sample. The highest antibiotic resistance values in MRSA and MRSE isolates were observed for the following antibiotics: erythromycin (57.6% and 81.2%, respectively), clindamycin (54.6% and 71.0%), ciprofloxacin (48.4% and 36.4%) and trimethoprim-sulfametoxazole (36.4% and 51.4%). Conclusions: The results reported here suggest the need to rethink the control strategies designed to minimize antibiotic resistance in the hospital in which the study was conducted.

Resumen Introducción. La aparición y la diseminación de cepas resistentes en hospitales, principalmente en unidades de cuidado intensivo (UCI), se han convertido en un serio problema de salud pública. Objetivo. Analizar la tendencia de los fenotipos de resistencia de Staphylococcus aureus y Staphylococcus epidermidis resistentes y susceptibles a meticilina aislados en pacientes atendidos en UCI de un hospital de alta complejidad de Cartagena, Colombia, del 2010 al 2015. Materiales y métodos. Estudio analítico transversal realizado entre enero de 2010 y diciembre de 2015. Se utilizaron aislamientos de S. aureus y S. epidermidis meticilino-susceptibles y meticilino-resistentes (SARM, SASR, SERM y SESM). La técnica de susceptibilidad empleada fue el método microdilución en caldo para la detección de la concentración mínima inhibitoria. Resultados. Se identificaron 313 aislamientos de Staphylococcus spp., la mayoría resistentes a meticilina (63.6%). Las cepas SARM y SERM correspondieron al 13.7% y al 27.8% del total de aislamientos, respectivamente. Los mayores porcentajes de resistencia en SARM y SERM correspondieron a eritromicina (57.6% y 81.2%, respectivamente), clindamicina (54.6% y 71.0%), ciprofloxacina (48.4% y 36.4%) y trimetoprima-sulfametoxazol (36.4% y 51.4%). Conclusión. Los resultados encontrados sugieren el replanteamiento de las estrategias de control de la resistencia antimicrobiana en el hospital objeto de estudio.

Determinantes de estancia prolongada de neonatos en una unidad de cuidados intensivos / Determinants of Prolonged Stay of Neonates in Intensive Care Unit / Determinantes de estadia prolongada de neonatos em uma unidade de cuidados intensivos

Resumen Objetivo : determinar los factores asociados con estancias prolongadas en uci neonatal. Materiales y métodos : estudio de tipo retrospectivo, de corte transversal, descriptivo y analítico a partir de los Registros Individuales de Prestación de Servicios (RIPS) y la facturación de una Empresa Prestadora de Servicios de Salud (EPS) de Colombia. Se estimó un modelo logístico binomial tomando como variable dependiente estancias prolongadas. Resultados : la mediana de la duración en estancia en uci de los 947 neonatos incluidos en el análisis fue de 3 días y una estancia promedio de 4.8 días (amplitud intercuartílica de 1-5 días). Respecto a los determinantes, la edad gestacional, el peso al nacer y la edad de la madre mantienen una relación inversa con la probabilidad de generar días estancias, residir en zonas urbanas y contar con un buen control prenatal se convierten en factores protectores. Conclusión : el control prenatal es una intervención eficiente y efectiva para la gestión del riesgo de la salud, así como disminuir los embarazos en las mujeres jóvenes (<18 años) y mayores (>35 años) cumplirían un papel fundamental en la reducción de estancias prolongadas en uci neonatal.

Abstract Objective : To determine the factors associated with prolonged stays in neonatal icu. Materials and Methods : This is a retrospective, cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study based on the Individual Service Delivery Registries (RIPS) and the billing of a Health Services Provider Company (EPS) of Colombia. A binomial logistic model was estimated using prolonged stays as a dependent variable. Results : The median length of stay in the icu of the 947 neonates included in the analysis was three days with an average sojourn of 4.8 days (interquartile range of 1-5 days). Regarding the determinants: gestational age, birth weight and age of the mother, they have an inverse relationship with the probability of ge nerating stays, while living in urban areas and having accurate prenatal control become protective factors. Conclusion : Prenatal control is an efficient and effective intervention for managing health risk, also reducing pregnancies in young (<18 years) and older women (> 35 years) would play a key role in decreasing prolonged stays in neonatal icu.

Resumo Objetivo : determinar os fatores associados a estadias prolongadas na uci neonatal. Materiais e métodos : estudo de tipo retrospectivo, de corte transversal, descritivo e analítico a partir dos Registros Individuais de prestação de serviços (RIPS) e a faturação de uma Empresa Prestadora de Serviços de Saúde (EPS) da Colômbia. Se estimou um modelo logístico binomial tomando como variável dependente estadias pro longadas. Resultados : a mediana da duração em estadias na uci dos 947 neonatos incluídos na análise foi de 3 dias e uma estadia média de 4.8 dias (amplitude interquartílica de 1-5 dias). Respeito aos deter minantes, a idade gestacional, o peso ao nascer e a idade da mãe mantêm uma relação inversa com a probabilidade de gerar dias estadias, residir em zonas urbanas e contar com um bom controle pré-natal tornam-se em fatores protetores. Conclusão : o controle pré-natal é uma intervenção eficiente e efetiva para a gestão do risco da saúde, assim como diminuir as gravidezes nas mulheres jovens (<18 anos) e maiores (>35 anos) teriam um papel fundamental na redução de estadias prolongadas na uci neonatal.

Costs of acute otitis media in children in a city of the Colombian Caribbean coast. / Costos de la otitis media aguda en niños de una ciudad de la costa caribe colombiana

INTRODUCTION: Acute otitis media is the main cause of consultation, antibiotic use, and ambulatory surgery in developed countries; besides, it is associated with an important economic burden. However, non-medical indirect costs of acute otitis media, which are relevant in this pathology, have been underestimated. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the costs of acute otitis media in pediatric patients in Cartagena, Colombia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a prospective study of micro-costing between 2014 and 2015. The direct and indirect costs of acute otitis media were determined through forms applied to parents or caregivers. Loss of productivity was estimated based on the monthly legal minimum wage of 2014 (COP $616.000) (USD $308). RESULTS: A total of 62 episodes of acute otitis media occurred. The total economic costs attributed per episode was COP $358,954 (standard deviation: SD ± COP $254,903, i.e., USD $179). The total economic burden was COP $22,503,141 (USD $11,250), the indirect costs per episode were COP $101,402 (USD $51), and the average care time spent by parents was 3.7 days. CONCLUSION: The estimated costs of acute otitis media in this study were lower than the costs estimated in a review of high-income countries and similar to those of low-income countries such as Nigeria. Information on total costs (direct and indirect) of acute otitis media is necessary for public health decision-making and for full cost-effectiveness assessments.

Introducción. La otitis media aguda es la principal causa de consultas médicas, de uso de antibióticos y de cirugías ambulatorias en los países desarrollados. Está asociada con una significativa carga económica, pero sus costos indirectos no médicos, los cuales son relevantes en esta enfermedad, se han subestimado. Objetivo. Estimar los costos de la otitis media aguda en pacientes pediátricos en Cartagena, Colombia. Materiales y métodos: Se hizo un estudio prospectivo de microcosteo entre el 2014 y el 2015. Se determinaron los costos directos e indirectos de la otitis media aguda mediante encuestas a los padres o cuidadores. La pérdida de productividad se estimó con base en el salario mínimo legal vigente mensual del 2014 (COP $616.000) (USD $308). Resultados. Se presentaron 62 episodios de otitis media aguda. Los costos económicos totales por episodio fueron de COP $358.954 (desviación estándar, DE: ± $254.903) (USD $179). La carga económica total fue de COP $22'503.141 (USD $11.250), los costos indirectos por episodio fueron de COP $101.402 (USD $51) y el tiempo promedio empleado por los padres en el cuidado fue de 3,7 días. Conclusiones. Los costos estimados de la otitis media aguda en el presente estudio fueron menores a los estimados en países con ingresos altos y similares a los de países con ingresos bajos como Nigeria, según una revisión bibliográfica. La información sobre los costos totales directos e indirectos de la otitis es necesaria para la adopción de decisiones en salud pública y para hacer evaluaciones económicas completas de costo-efectividad.

Concentración del gasto sanitario en una aseguradora colombiana del régimen subsidiado, 2014 / Concentration of Health Spending in a Subsidized-scheme Colombian Insurance Company, 2014

Resumen Objetivo: Estimar la concentración del gasto sanitario según grupos de patologías y tipos de servicios en una aseguradora subsidiada que afilia personas pobres (estratos socioeconómicos 1 y 2) al Sistema de Salud de Colombia en 2014. Métodos: Se analizó el gasto sanitario en 1 666 477 afiliados, por grupos de patología y tipos de servicios, en el año 2014. Para la descripción de la concentración del gasto se utilizó el coeficiente de Gini y la curva de Lorenz. Resultados: El gasto sanitario de la aseguradora fue de usd 418 millones. De este, el 81 % se aplicó a servicios contenidos en el Plan Obligatorio de Salud (pos). Los grupos de patologías que concentraron el 43,4 % del gasto sanitario fueron cardiovascular (14,3 %), cáncer (7,8 %), enfermedades respiratorias (7,3 %), enfermedades urinarias (7 %) y traumatismos (6,9 %). Los servicios diagnósticos, curativos y de rehabilitación representaron el 77,8 % del gasto sanitario. La hospitalización fue el grupo de servicio que más impactó el costo (47 %), y las consultas, el más utilizado. Las curvas de Lorenz demostraron que el 70 % del gasto en salud se concentra en aproximadamente el 20 % de los afiliados, generando un coeficiente de Gini de 0,58. Conclusión: El diagnóstico y el tratamiento de las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles concentran una alta proporción del gasto sanitario, lo cual genera una competencia de recursos para servicios preventivos y de promoción de la salud.

Abstract Objective: to estimate the concentration of health spending depending on pathology groups and types of services in a subsidized insurance company which enrolled low-income people (social economic strata 1 and 2) in the Colombian Healthcare System in 2014. Methodology: Health spending was analyzed in 1 666 477 members, set up by pathologies and types of services during 2014. To describe the concentration of health spending, researchers used the Gini coefficient and the Lorenz curve. Results: the health spending of the insurance company was US$418 million. Out of this, 81 % was used in service contained in the mandatory Health Plan (in Spanish, Plan Obligatorio de Salud -POS). The pathology groups that concentrated 43.4% of health spending were cardiovascular (14.3%), cancer (7.8%), respiratory diseases (7.3%), urinary diseases (7%) and trauma (6.9%). Diagnostic, healing and rehabilitation services represented 77.8% of health spending. Hospitalization was the service group with the highest impact on costs (47%), and consultations, the most used. The Lorenz curves showed that 70% of the health spending is concentrated in approximately 20% the Affiliated people, resulting in a 0.58 Gini coefficient. Conclusion: Diagnostic and treatment of chronic non-transmittable diseases concentrate a vast part of health spending, which produces a competition of resources for preventive services and healthcare promotion.

Carga económica de la enfermedad renal crónica en Colombia, 2015-2016 / Economic burden of Chonic Kidney Disease in Colombia, 2015-2016

RESUMEN Objetivo: Estimar la carga económica asociada a la enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) en Colombia, para el periodo 2015-2016. Materiales y métodos: Se estimó la carga económica de la ERC en Colombia a partir de datos de terceros pagadores. Se realizó un costeo de los estadios de la ERC mediante la técnica de macro-costeo o top-down, con el fin de conocer el impacto económico de cada estadio en la carga global de la enfermedad. Se construyó un modelo de Markov que simulara la historia natural de la enfermedad. Se utilizó una tasa de descuento del 5% y ciclos anuales. A cada estado de la ERC se le asignó un costo relacionado con la atención, con lo cual se obtuvo un estimado del costo y de la carga de enfermedad de todos los pacientes con ERC. Resultados: Al final de los ciclos de todos los pacientes desde el estadio 1-5, incluyendo el trasplante, se estimó una carga económica que asciende a COP 10,5 billones (IC 95% COP 8,7- COP 14,4). En el escenario con tasa de descuento del 5%, la carga económica asciende a COP 7,8 billones. Conclusión: La ERC representa una alta carga económica al sistema de salud colombiano, la cual oscila entre COP 8,7 y COP 14,4 billones, que representarían entre el 1,6% y el 2,7% del producto interno bruto de Colombia en el 2015.

ABSTRACT: Objective: Estimate the economic burden due to chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Colombia, for 2015-2016. Methods: We estimated the economic burden of CKD through third payer's data. A top-down technique was used to estimate the costs related to CKD as input to estimate the economic burden of the disease. A Markov model was conducted to simulate the natural history of the disease. A 5% discount rate and annual cycles were used. Each stage of the disease had a cost associated with the disease, producing and estimation of the economic burden of all patients with CKD. Results: At the end of the modeling from stages 1-5, including transplantation, the economic burden of CKD was COP $10.5 billion (IC 95% $8.7-$14.4). In the discount rate scenario, the economic burden was COP $7.8 billons. Conclusion: CKD represents a high economic burden on the Colombian health system, which ranges from COP $ 8.7- $ 14.4 billion that would represent between 1.6% and 2.7% of Colombia's Gross Domestic Product, 2015.

Costs of acute otitis media in children in a city of the Colombian Caribbean coast / Costos de la otitis media aguda en niños de una ciudad de la costa caribe colombiana

Abstract Introduction: Acute otitis media is the main cause of consultation, antibiotic use, and ambulatory surgery in developed countries; besides, it is associated with an important economic burden. However, non-medical indirect costs of acute otitis media, which are relevant in this pathology, have been underestimated. Objective: To estimate the costs of acute otitis media in pediatric patients in Cartagena, Colombia. Materials and methods: We conducted a prospective study of micro-costing between 2014 and 2015. The direct and indirect costs of acute otitis media were determined through forms applied to parents or caregivers. Loss of productivity was estimated based on the monthly legal minimum wage of 2014 (COP $616.000) (USD $308). Results: A total of 62 episodes of acute otitis media occurred. The total economic costs attributed per episode was COP $358,954 (standard deviation: SD ± COP $254,903, i.e., USD $179). The total economic burden was COP $22,503,141 (USD $11,250), the indirect costs per episode were COP $101,402 (USD $51), and the average care time spent by parents was 3.7 days. Conclusion: The estimated costs of acute otitis media in this study were lower than the costs estimated in a review of high-income countries and similar to those of low-income countries such as Nigeria. Information on total costs (direct and indirect) of acute otitis media is necessary for public health decision-making and for full cost-effectiveness assessments.

Resumen Introducción. La otitis media aguda es la principal causa de consultas médicas, de uso de antibióticos y de cirugías ambulatorias en los países desarrollados. Está asociada con una significativa carga económica, pero sus costos indirectos no médicos, los cuales son relevantes en esta enfermedad, se han subestimado. Objetivo. Estimar los costos de la otitis media aguda en pacientes pediátricos en Cartagena, Colombia. Materiales y métodos: Se hizo un estudio prospectivo de microcosteo entre el 2014 y el 2015. Se determinaron los costos directos e indirectos de la otitis media aguda mediante encuestas a los padres o cuidadores. La pérdida de productividad se estimó con base en el salario mínimo legal vigente mensual del 2014(COP$616.000) (USD$308). Resultados. Se presentaron 62 episodios de otitis media aguda. Los costos económicos totales por episodio fueron de COP $358.954 (desviación estándar, DE: ± $254.903) (USD $179). La carga económica total fue de COP $22'503.141 (USD $11.250), los costos indirectos por episodio fueron de COP $101.402 (USD $51) y el tiempo promedio empleado por los padres en el cuidado fue de 3,7 días. Conclusiones. Los costos estimados de la otitis media aguda en el presente estudio fueron menores a los estimados en países con ingresos altos y similares a los de países con ingresos bajos como Nigeria, según una revisión bibliográfica. La información sobre los costos totales directos e indirectos de la otitis es necesaria para la adopción de decisiones en salud pública y para hacer evaluaciones económicas completas de costo-efectividad.

Inequalities on mortality due to acute respiratory infection in children: A Colombian analysis / Desigualdades en la mortalidad debidas a la infección respiratoria aguda en niños: análisis de la situación en Colombia

Introduction: Acute respiratory infections (ARI) are a leading public health issue worldwide. Objective: To explore the inequalities in ARI mortality rates in under-5, according to socioeconomic characteristics. Materials and methods: We conducted an ecological analysis to study inequalities at municipal level due to ARI mortality in children under 5 years. The data were obtained from official death records of the Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística. The analysis of inequalities in the under-5 mortality rate (U5MR) included: 1) Classification of the population in different socio-economic strata, and 2) measurement of the degree of inequality. We used the ARI-U5MR as an outcome measurement. The mortality rates were estimated at national and municipal levels for the years 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2013. Rate ratios, rates differences, and concentration curves were calculated to observe the inequalities. Results: A total of 18,012 children under 5 years died by ARI in Colombia from 2000 to 2013. ARIU5MR was greater in boys than in girls. During this period, an increase in the infant mortality relative gap in both boys and girls was observed. In 2013, the U5MR evidenced that for boys from municipalities with the highest poverty had a 1.6-fold risk to die than those in municipalities with the lowest poverty (low tercile). In girls, the ARI-U5MR for 2005 and 2013 in the poorest tercile was 1.5 and 2 times greater than in the first tercile, respectively. Conclusion: Colombian inequalities in the ARI mortality rate among the poorest municipalities compared to the richest ones continue to be a major challenge in public health.

Introducción. Las infecciones respiratorias agudas (IRA) son un importante problema de salud pública a nivel mundial. Objetivo. Explorar las desigualdades de la tasa de mortalidad debida a IRA en niños menores de 5 años según las variables socioeconómicas. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un análisis ecológico para estudiar las desigualdades a nivel municipal de las tasas de mortalidad por IRA en menores de 5 años. Los datos se obtuvieron a partir de los registros de muertes del Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística. El análisis de desigualdades incluyó la clasificación de la población por estatus socioeconómico y la medición del grado de desigualdad. Como resultado en salud se utilizó la tasa de mortalidad por IRA en menores de 5 años. Se estimaron tasas a nivel nacional y municipal para 2000, 2005, 2010 y 2013. Se calcularon razones y diferencias de tasas y curvas de concentración para observar las desigualdades. Resultados. Entre 2000 y 2013 murieron por IRA en Colombia 18.012 menores de 5 años. La tasa de mortalidad por ARI fue mayor en niños que en niñas. En el periodo, se observó un incremento en la brecha de mortalidad infantil en ambos sexos. En el 2013, la tasa de niños que murieron en municipios con mayor pobreza fue 1,6 veces mayor que la de niños en aquellos con menos pobreza. En niñas, en el 2005 y el 2013, la tasa en el tercil más pobre fue 1,5 y 2 veces mayor que la del primer tercil, respectivamente. Conclusión. Las desigualdades en la tasa de mortalidad por IRA de los municipios más pobres en comparación con la de los más ricos, continúan siendo un reto importante en salud pública.

Gasto de bolsillo y gasto catastrófico en salud en los hogares de Cartagena, Colombia / Out-of-pocket and catastrophic health expenditure in households of Cartagena, Colombia

RESUMEN Objetivo Estimar el gasto de bolsillo y la probabilidad de gasto catastrófico de los hogares y sus determinantes socioeconómicos en Cartagena, Colombia. Materiales y Métodos Estudio transversal en una muestra poblacional estratificada aleatoria de hogares de Cartagena. Se estimaron dos modelos de regresión cuyas variables dependientes fueron gasto de bolsillo y probabilidad de gasto catastrófico en salud de los hogares. Resultados El gasto de bolsillo promedio anual en hogares pobres fue 1 566 036 COP (US$783) (IC95% 1 117 597-2 014 475); en hogares de estrato medio 2 492 928 COP (US$1246) (IC95% 1 695 845-3 290 011) y en hogares ricos 4 577 172 COP (US$2 288) (IC95% 1 838 222-7 316 122). Como proporción del ingreso, el gasto de bolsillo en salud fue de 14,6% en los hogares pobres, de 8,2% en los hogares de estrato medio y de 7,0% en los hogares ricos. La probabilidad de gasto catastrófico en salud de los hogares pobres fue 30,6% (IC95% 25,6-35,5%), de los de estrato medio del 10,2% (IC95% 4,5-15,9%) y de los hogares de estrato alto del 8,6% (IC95% 1,823,0%). El estrato socioeconómico, la educación y la ocupación fueron los principales determinantes del gasto de bolsillo en salud y de la probabilidad de incurrir en gasto catastrófico en salud. Conclusiones En el sistema de salud persisten desigualdades en la protección financiera de los hogares contra el gasto de bolsillo y la probabilidad de gasto catastrófico. El presente estudio genera evidencia para revisar la política de protección social de los hogares socioeconómicamente más vulnerables.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To estimate out-of-pocket (OOP) health expenditure and the probability to incur in catastrophic health expenditure, as well as the socio-demographic determinants of households in Cartagena, Colombia. Materials and Methods Population-based cross-sectional study on a randomized stratified sample of Cartagena households. Two regression models were developed using OOP health expenditure and the probability to incur in catastrophic health expenditure as dependent variables. Results The average annual OOP health expenditure was $1 566 036 COP (US$783) (95%CI: $1 117 597 - $2 014 475) in poor households, $2 492 928 COP (US$1 246) (95%CI: $1 695 845 - $3 290 011) in middle class households, and $4 577 172 COP (uS$2 288) (95%CI: $1 838 222 - $7 316 122) in upper class households. Regarding the household income ratio, the OOP health expenditure was 14.6% in poor households, 8.2% in middle class, and 7.0% in upper class households. The probability to incur in catastrophic health expenditure was 30.6% (95%CI: 25.6% - 35.5%), 10.2% (95%CI: 4.5%-15.9%) and 8.6% (95%CI: 1.8%-23%) in the low, middle- and high-class households, respectively. Educational attainment, socioeconomic strata and employment were the main determinants of OOP and the probability to incur in catastrophic health expenditure. Conclusions The health system has persistent inequalities regarding the financial protection of households related to out-of-pocket expenditure and the probability of catastrophic expenditure. This study provides evidence to review the social protection policy for the most socio-economically vulnerable households.(AU)

Hospitalization costs due to severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) in three Central American countries / Costos de hospitalización de infección respiratoria aguda grave (IRAG) en tres países de América Central

Objective: To estimate the direct medical costs of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) in children and adults from three Central American countries with a bottom-up costing approach. Methods: The costs of inpatients treatment were estimated through the retrospective bottom-up costing in a randomized sample of clinical records from SARI patients treated in teaching tertiary hospitals during 2009 - 2011 period. Activities incurred per patient were registered and a setting-specific cost per activity was acquired. Average cost per patient in the group of children and elderly adults was estimated for each country. In Nicaragua, only the pediatric population was included. Costs were expressed in local currency (2011), American dollars, and international dollars (2005) for country comparison. Results: The care cost per case in children in Guatemala was the cheaper (I$971.95) compared to Nicaragua (I$1,431.96) and Honduras (I$1,761.29). In adults, the treatment cost for Guatemala was the more expensive: I$4,065.00 vs. I$2,707.91 in Honduras. Conclusion: Bottom-up costing of SARI cases allowed the mean estimates per treated case that could have external validity for the target population diagnosed in hospitals with similar epidemiological profiles and level of complexity for the study countries. This information is very relevant for the decision-making.

Objetivo: Estimar los costos directos de la atención de infección respiratoria aguda (IRAG) en niños y adultos en tres países de América Central. Métodos: Los costos de pacientes hospitalizados fueron estimados a través de análisis retrospectivo en una muestra aleatoria de registros de historias clínicas de casos de IRAG tratado en hospitales universitarios durante el periodo 2009-2011. Las actividades incurridas por paciente fueron registradas y un costo especifico para cada sitio fue estimado. El costo por cada niño y adulto mayor fue estimado para cada país. En Nicaragua sólo se incluyó población pediátrica. Los costos fueron expresados en moneda local (2011), dolar americano y dolar internacional (2005). Resultados: El costo por caso en niños en Guatemala fue el más barato (I$971.95) comparado al de Nicaragua (I$1,431.96) y Honduras (I$1,761.29). En adultos, el costo de tratamiento para Guatemala fue el más costoso: I$4,065.00 vs. I$2,707.91 en Honduras. Conclusión: Los costos de tratar casos IRAG estimados a partir de costos promedios pro caso pueden tener validez externa para hospitales con perfiles epidemiologicos similares y nivel de complejidad de atención para los países del estudio. Esta información es muy relevante para la toma de decisiones.

Severity factors of Acquired Pneumonia Community in a children's hospital in the Colombian Caribbean / Factores de severidad de Neumonía Adquirida en la Comunidad en un hospital infantil del Caribe colombiano

Abstract Objective: To identify predisposing factors to developing severe pneumonia in hospitalized children diagnosed with community-acquired pneumonia hospitalized in Cartagena's Napoleón Franco Pareja children's Hospital. Methods: Analytical observational cross-sectional study performed in patients under 18 years. Data from surveys and records were analyzed. Univariate and bivariate analysis was performed. The variables are grouped according to the presence or absence of complications and analyzed by jisquare test. We calculated OR of each of the dummy variables to evaluate their association with complications. A P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant for all analyses. Results: 301 patients with severe pneumonia were included. Riskfactors related to severity: age less than 3 months (OR: 4.86; CI 95%: 1,5 -14.3; p = 0.004); exclusive breastfeeding for less than 6 months (CI:95% 7,7-1,4; p = 0.0019); heart disease (OR: 5.37; CI 95%: 1,28-19,88, p = 0.010); prematurity (OR: 1.62, CI 95%: 0.93- 6.69, p = 0.034); Incomplete vaccination (OR: 2.32; CI: 95% 1.07 - 5.10; p = 0.015). Conclusions: It was found increased severity risk, statistically significant, in patients less than 6 months breastfeeding, prematurity, heart disease, incomplete vaccination scheme, and positive blood culture with Sp. pneumonia

Resumen Objetivo: Identificar factores predisponentes a desarrollar neumonía severa en niños hospitalizados con diagnóstico de NAC en el Hospital Infantil Napoleón Franco Pareja de Cartagena Colombia. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional transversal analítico en pacientes menores de 18 años hospitalizados con neumonía adquirida en la comunidad. Se analizaron datos obtenidos de encuestas y registros clínicos. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo univariado y bivariado. Las variables se agruparon según la presencia o no de complicación y se analizaron a través de la prueba ji cuadrado. Se realizó el cálculo de OR de cada una de las variables dicotómicas para evaluar su asociación a complicaciones. Una P<0,05 fue considerada como estadísticamente significativa para todos los análisis. Resultados: Se incluyeron 301 pacientes con neumonía grave. Los factores de riesgo más relacionados con severidad fueron: edad menor de 3 meses (OR: 4,86; IC 95%: 1,5-14,3; p 0,004); la lactancia materna exclusiva menor a 6 meses (IC 95%: 1,4- 7,7; p 0,0019); cardiopatía (OR: 5,37; IC 95%: 1,28-19,88; p: 0,010); prematurez (OR: 1,62; IC: 0,93-6,69; p: 0,034); esquema incompleto de vacunación (OR: 2,32; IC 95%: 1,07-5,10: p: 0,015). Conclusiones: Se encontró aumento de riesgo de severidad en pacientes con lactancia materna menor de 6 meses, prematurez, cardiopatía, esquema de vacunación incompleto, y hemocultivo con Sp. Neumoniae positivo.

Prevalencia y factores socioeconómicos asociados al consumo de alcohol en jóvenes de hogares pobres en la subregión Montes de María, en el Caribe colombiano / Prevalence and Socioeconomic Factors Associated to Alcohol Consumption by Youngsters from Low-income Homes in the Montes de María Sub-region, in the Colombian Caribbean / Prevalência e fatores socioeconômicos associados ao consumo de álcool em jovens de lares pobres na sub-região Montes María, no Caribe colombiano

Resumen Objetivo: Estimar la prevalencia de consumo semanal de alcohol en población joven y sus determinantes socioeconómicos en la subregión Montes de María, del Caribe colombiano. Metodología: Estudio analítico transversal de 10 667 jóvenes encuestados de 10 a 24 años. Se utilizaron tablas de frecuencias y medidas de tendencia central, dispersión y posición, con estratificación de la muestra por sexo y grupos edad. Se usó un modelo logístico de respuesta dicotómica para la prevalecía, explorando factores de riesgo. Resultados: La prevalencia de consumo de alcohol de alguna vez por semana es 9,4 %. La prevalencia en hombres es 14,5 % y en mujeres es 5,6 %. En menores de edad es 3,9 % y en mayores de edad es 19,0 %. El municipio de San Onofre presenta la mayor prevalecía (14,9 %). Además, ser hombre, ser empleado, tener una mala relación con los padres, tener familiares víctimas del conflicto o asesorías psicológicas previas incrementó el riesgo de consumo de alcohol. En las mujeres, pero no en los hombres, tener pensamientos suicidas se relacionó con un mayor riesgo de consumo de alcohol. Para ambos sexos, tener de 18 a 24 años, perder años escolares, consumir sustancias psicoactivas y comportarse como agresor en casos de matoneo escolar incrementan el riesgo de consumo de alcohol. Discusión: La prevalencia de consumo de alcohol de alguna vez a la semana de los jóvenes de Montes de María está a 1,5 puntos porcentuales de la prevalencia de consumo perjudicial a nivel nacional (11,07 %). Los jóvenes de 18 a 24 años tienen una prevalencia igual al consumo de alcohol riesgoso y perjudicial nacional para el mismo rango de edad (18,76 %). Los factores de riesgo encontrados denotan problemas familiares, desinterés escolar y problemas psicológicos. Conclusiones: Hay alta prevalencia de consumo de alcohol en jóvenes de Montes de María, donde es necesario afianzar programas preventivos de consumo de alcohol en edades tempranas.

Abstract Objective: to estimate the prevalence of weekly alcohol composition in the young population and its socioeconomic determinants, in the Montes de María sub-region, Colombian Caribbean. Methodology: analytic cross-sectional study with 10667 surveys on youngsters aged 10-24 years. Frequency grids and measures of central tendency, dispersion and position were used, classifying the sample by sex and age groups. A logistic model of dichotomous questions was used for the prevalence, studying risk factors. Results: the prevalence of alcohol consumption at least once a week is 9.4%. In males, the prevalence is 14.5%, and in women, it is 5.6%. Underage prevalence is 3.9% and adult prevalence is 19.0%. The municipality of San Onofre has the highest prevalence (14.9%). Additionally, the risk of alcohol consumption increased in male who were employees, had dysfunctional family relationship, relatives who were victims of the armed conflict or who received previous psychological attention. In women, but not in men, having suicidal thoughts was associated with higher risk of alcohol consumption. For all the participants, being between 18 and 24 years of age, having failed school years, consuming psychoactive substances being a school bully increased the risk of alcohol consumption. Discussion: the prevalence of atleast- once-a-week alcohol consumption in the youngsters of Montes de María is 1.5% below the national harmful alcohol consumption level (11.07%). The sample's youngsters aged 18-24 years have the same prevalence of high-risk and harmful alcohol consumption as the national level for the same age range (18.76%). The risk factors found reveal family issues, a lack of interest in school and psychological problems. Conclusions: there is a high prevalence of alcohol consumption in the youngsters of Montes de María and it is necessary to enforce programs to prevent alcohol consumption at young ages.

Resumo Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência de consumo semanal de álcool na população jovem e seus determinantes socioeconômicos na sub-região Montes de María, do Caribe colombiano. Metodologia: foi um estudo analítico transversal de 10 667 jovens de 10 a 24 anos que foram indagados. Utilizaram-se grelhas de frequência e medidas de tendência central, dispersão e posição, com estratificação da amostra por sexo e grupos de idade. Utilizou-se um modelo logístico de resposta dicotómica para a prevalência, estudando fatores de risco. Resultados: a prevalência de consumo de álcool de alguma vez por semana é de 9,4%. A prevalência em homes é 14,5% e 5,6% em mulheres. Em menores de idade é 3,9% e em adultos é 19,0%. O município San Onofre tem a prevalência mais alta (14,9%). Além disso, ser homem, ser empregado, ter uma relação ruim com os pais, ter família vítima do conflito ou assessorias psicológicas anteriores aumentou o risco de consumo de álcool. Nas mulheres, não nos homens, ter pensamentos suicidas esteve relacionado com mais risco de consumo de álcool. Para todos, ter entre 18 e 24 anis, perder anos da escola, consumir substâncias psicoativas e ter comportamento agressor em casos de bullying na escola aumentam o risco de consumo de álcool. Discussão: a prevalência do consumo de álcool de alguma vez por semana dos jovens de Montes de Ma ría fica a 1,5 pontos de percentagem da prevalência do consumo prejudicial a nível nacional (11,07%). Os jovens de 18 a 24 anos têm uma prevalência igual ao consumo de álcool de risco e pre judicial nacional no mesmo intervalo de idade (18,76%). Os fa tores de risco achados revelam problemas familiares, desinteresse escolar e problemas psicológicos. Conclusões: há uma prevalên cia alta de consumo de álcool nos jovens de Montes de María, sendo necessário fortalecer programas de prevenção de consumo de álcool nas idades precoces.