Synthesis of Cyclodextrin-Based Multifunctional Biocompatible Hydrogels and Their Use in the Prevention of Intrauterine Adhesions (Asherman's Syndrome) after Surgical Injury.

Asherman's syndrome, which can occur during the regeneration of damaged uterine tissue after surgical interventions, is a significant health problem in women. This study aimed to acquire and characterize cyclodextrin-based hydrogels, which can be used to prevent Asherman's syndrome, and investigate their effectiveness with biomedical applications. A series of hydrogels were synthesized from the cross-linking of ß-cyclodextrin and different polyphenols with epoxy-functional PEG. Their chemical, physical, and biological properties were subsequently determined. The results demonstrated that the cyclodextrin-based hydrogels had a porous structure, high swelling ratio, good injectability, drug release ability, and antioxidant activity. Cell culture results illustrated that the hydrogels had no significant cytotoxicity toward L929 fibroblast cells. Considering all properties, the ß-CD-PEG-600-Ec hydrogel showed the most satisfactory properties rather than other ones. The potential of this hydrogel in preventing Asherman's syndrome was evaluated in a rat model. The results revealed that the ß-estradiol- and melatonin-loaded cyclodextrin-based multifunctional hydrogel group both structurally and mechanically showed an antiadhesion effect in the uterus and a therapeutic effect on the damage with the ß-estradiol and melatonin that it contains compared to the Asherman (ASH) group. This double drug-loaded hydrogel can be a promising candidate for preventing Asherman's syndrome due to its versatile properties.

Unveiling the effect of molecular weight of vanillic acid grafted chitosan hydrogel films on physical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties for application in food packaging.

Till now, a wide range of chitosan (CHS)-based food packaging films have been developed. Yet, the role of molecular weight (MW), which is an important physical property of CHS, in determining the physicochemical and biochemical properties of vanillic acid (VA)-grafted CHS hydrogel films synthesized using CHS with different MWs has not been investigated until now. Three kinds of CHS including low, medium, and high MWs were grafted separately with VA through a carbodiimide mediated coupling reaction. No significant difference in water resistance properties was observed with increasing MW of CHS, in contrast to obvious decrease in light transmittance and opacity. The VA-g-CHS hydrogel films exhibited significantly improved light blocking capacity. A significant improvement in antioxidant (~6-fold) and antimicrobial (~1.2-fold) activity was observed after grafting with VA. In contrast, the free radical scavenging and antimicrobial activity decreased with increasing MW of CHS. Most importantly, VA-g-CHS hydrogel films could maintain the freshness of cherry tomatoes for up to 10 days at ~25 °C. However, no significant difference was observed depending on the MW value of CHS. This pioneering work is of great importance in guiding the selection of MW of CHS biomacromolecule to design hydrogel films with desired physicochemical and biochemical properties.

The effects of pentoxifylline and caffeic acid phenethyl ester on TNF-α and lung histopathology in D-galactosamine-induced pulmonary injury in rats.

In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of pentoxifylline [PTX] and caffeic acid phenethyl ester [CAPE] in D-galactosamine [D-GAL]-induced pulmonary injury in rats. The rats were randomly divided into six groups: control, D-GAL, D-GAL+PTX, D-GAL+CAPE, PTX and CAPE. Each group included eight animals. Lung sections from the control, PTX and CAPE groups had a normal histological appearance. The D-GAL group showed histopathological changes in lung tissue, including haemorrhage, oedema, inter-alveolar septal thickening and widespread infiltration of inflammatory lymphocytes and macrophages. Administration of PTX and CAPE significantly reduced histopathological damage scores in the D-GAL+PTX and D-GAL+CAPE groups compared with the D-GAL group. PTX and CAPE treatment also significantly decreased malondialdehyde levels, increased levels of reduced GSH and increased catalase and superoxide dismutase activity in lung tissue samples. These results indicate that the destructive effects of D-GAL-induced inflammation in the rat lung are significantly reduced following administration of PTX and CAPE.

Tailor-made novel electrospun polycaprolactone/polyethyleneimine fiber membranes for laccase immobilization: An all-in-one material to biodegrade textile dyes and phenolic compounds.

In spite of many works on the biodegradation of textile dyes and phenolic compounds, we propose a new, inexpensive, environmentally friendly, and sustainable material based on electrospun fiber and immobilized laccase. The polycaprolactone (PCL)/polyethyleneimine (PEI) electrospun fibers were optimized and prepared by electrospinning technique according to the operational parameters like PCL concentration (12 wt%), PEI concentration (10 wt%), voltage (16 kV), needle tip-collector distance (20 cm), and injection speed (0.7 mL/h). Next, characterization studies were performed to investigate the morphology and structure of the electrospun fibers without and with laccase. The crude laccase was obtained by cultivating the white rot fungus T. trogii (TT), and T. versicolor (TV). The resulting electrospun fibers showed a smooth surface with a mean diameter of around 560 nm, and larger diameters were observed after laccase immobilization. According to the results, immobilization increased the stability properties of laccase such as storage, and operational. For instance, the residual activity of the PCL/PEI/TTL and PCL/PEI/TVL after 10 repeated cycles, was 33.2 ± 0.2% and 26.0 ± 0.9%, respectively. After 3 weeks of storage, they retained around 30% of their original activity. Moreover, the PCL/PEI/TTL and PCL/PEI/TVL were found to possess high decolorization yield to remove Orange II and Malachite Green textile dyes from solutions imitating polluted waters. Among them, the PCL/PEI/TTL exhibited the highest decolorization efficiencies of Orange II and Malachite Green after 8 continuous uses at pH 5 and a temperature of 50 °C, reaching over 86%, and 46%, respectively. Moreover, PCL/PEI/TTL and PCL/PEI/TVL effectively degraded the 2,6-dichlorophenol phenolic compound at an optimal pH and temperature range and exhibited maximum removal efficiency of 52.6 ± 0.1% and 64.5 ± 7.6%, respectively. Our approach combines the advantageous properties of electrospun fiber material and immobilization strategy for the efficient use of industrial scale important enzymes such as laccase in various enzymatic applications.

Novel hybrid isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione compounds containing a 1H-tetrazole moiety: Synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular docking studies.

In this study, novel hybrid isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione compounds (10 and 11) carrying a 1H-tetrazole moiety were synthesized, characterized and their inhibitory properties against xanthine oxidase (XO) and carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes (hCA I and hCA II) were investigated. Allopurinol for XO and acetazolamide for carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes were used as positive standards in inhibition studies. In addition, compounds 8 and 9, which were obtained in the intermediate step, were also investigated for their inhibition effects against the three enzymes. According to the enzyme inhibition results, hybrid isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione derivatives 10 and 11 showed significant inhibitory effects against all three enzymes. Surprisingly, compound 8, containing a SCN functional group, exhibited a greater inhibitory effect than the other compounds against hCA I and hCA II. The IC50 values of compound 8 against hCA I and hCA II were found to be 3.698 ± 0.079 and 3.147 ± 0.083 µM, respectively. Compound 8 (IC50 = 4.261 ± 0.034 µM) showed higher activity than allopurinol (IC50 = 4.678 ± 0.029 µM) and the other compounds against XO, as well. These results clearly show the effect of the SCN group on the inhibition. In addition, in silico molecular docking studies were performed to understand the molecular interactions between each compound and enzymes, and the results were evaluated.

Protective effects of naringin on valproic acid-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.

Valproic acid (VPA) is mainly prescribed to treat epilepsy. VPA has been reported to be associated with many adverse effects, including hepatotoxicity. Naringin (NRG) is a natural, therapeutically active flavanone glycoside with anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and antioxidant. The current study was therefore designed to investigate the protective effect of NRG against the VPA-induced experimental hepatotoxicity model. For this purpose, 24 Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into three groups as control (Vehicle), VPA (500 mg/kg), and NRG + VPA (100 mg/kg NRG + 500 mg/kg VPA) groups. The agents were administered via oral gavage for 14 days. Blood and liver tissue samples were taken on the end of the experiment. Biochemical analyzes were performed on the blood and liver samples. Also, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme, glutathione (GSH) content, catalase (CAT) enzyme levels were examined in the liver tissue samples. Histopathological changes (hydropic degeneration and congestion) in the VPA group were increased significantly when compared to the control group (p < 0.05). We also found a decrease in enzymes of serum liver function in the VPA group. However, NRG has been shown not to prevent histopathological changes in the VPA group. According to our results with this experiment protocol, NRG could not exert sufficient protection against VPA-induced hepatotoxicity.

Recent Progress and Perspectives on Polyurethane Membranes in the Development of Gas Sensors.

In today's technology, gas sensors are of great importance in areas such as assessing environmental impacts, monitoring gas production facilities, measuring natural gas, controlling mines and gas leaks. Improving sensor sensitivity and decreasing the determination time is among the subjects that are continuously investigated. The use of polymeric membranes to make such improvements is common practice in the gas sensor field. By the development of polymeric membrane-based gas sensors and increasing the measurement sensitivity, accurate, sensitive, precise and fast measurements of toxic gases, volatile organic gases, and trace gases have been possible. Therefore, polyurethane membranes have been promising in the development of next-generation gas sensors based on membrane diffusion to ensure real-time and continuous monitoring of gases in industry and academic studies. This study aims to evaluate, compare and discuss the recent developments in the use of polyurethane membranes in existing gas detection technologies with chemical, electrical and optical measurement methods. In these measurement methods, polyurethane structures act as a selectively permeable membrane, an ideal matrix material for conductive additives or a suitable film structure for coating the conductive polymeric films. Conductive additives or conductive film structures for gas sensors play an important role in the detection of the gas structure with the change in electrical properties during the passage of gas molecules. This review has focused on important properties such as selectivity, detection time and measurement sensitivity concerning gas detection technology containing polyurethane, which has been used so far.

Water Soluble Coumarin Quaternary Ammonium Chlorides: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation.

In the present study, coumarin-bearing three pyridinium and three tetra-alkyl ammonium salts were synthesized. The compounds were fully characterized by 1 H- and 13 C-NMR, LC/MS and IR spectroscopic methods and elemental analyses. The cytotoxic properties of all compounds were tested against human liver cancer (HepG2), human colorectal cancer (Caco-2) and non-cancer mouse fibroblast (L-929) cell lines. Some compounds performed comparable cytotoxicity with standard drug cisplatin. Antibacterial properties of the compounds were tested against Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis bacteria, but the compounds did not have any antibacterial effect against both bacteria. Enzyme inhibitory properties of all compounds were tested on the activities of human carbonic anhydrase I and II, and xanthine oxidase. All compounds inhibited both enzymes more effectively than standard drugs, acetazolamide and allopurinol, respectively. The biological evaluation results showed that ionic and water soluble coumarin derivatives are promising structures for further investigations especially on enzyme inhibition field.

Chitosan/polypropylene glycol hydrogel composite film designed with TiO2 nanoparticles: A promising scaffold of biomedical applications.

The present study explores the preparation and characterization of chitosan/poly (propylene glycol)/titanium dioxide (CH/PPG/TiO2) composite hydrogels in view of their developing applications such as antimicrobial packaging, wound dressing and antibacterial materials. The prepared CH/PPG/TiO2 films were comprehensively characterized by several methods. The size distribution showed the average size of the TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) was about 40 nm. Additionally, other properties including swelling ratio, water retention, water contact angle, porosity, water uptake, in vitro enzymatic degradation, water vapor transmission rate, in vitro biomineralization studies, and mechanical tests were evaluated in detailed. Besides these characterizations, the antimicrobial activity of CH/PPG/TiO2 composite film against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida lipolytica was evaluated by using disc diffusion method. Based on the obtained results, the CH/PPG/TiO2 composite hydrogels showed enhanced water vapor permeability, porosity, water retention, and swelling ratio. An improvement was observed in the examined mechanical and thermal properties with the addition of TiO2 NPs. The tensile strength and elongation at break values of CH/PPG/TiO2 were 3.0 MPa and 31%, respectively. Most importantly, the CH/PPG/TiO2 composite hydrogels showed strong antimicrobial properties. Finally, the developed composite scaffold prepared in this study may possess potentially useful in biomedical applications.

Chemistry, structure, and biological roles of Au-NHC complexes as TrxR inhibitors.

In recent years, the preparation of metal complexes and the introduction of biologically active organometalic compounds are new strategies in drug development. For this purpose, generally N-heterocyclic pharmaceutical agents have been used as promising nuclei. Au-containing N-heterocyclic carbene (Au-NHC) derivatives are among the compounds used for this purpose, and their enzyme inhibition, antioxidant activity, antimicrobial and anticancer properties are widely studied. In these studies, the anticancer property of Au-NHC complexes is the most widely studied area. The common result in different studies has been revealed that mitochondrial thioredoxin reductases (TrxR) inhibition is the main pathway in the powerful anticancer effect of many Au-NHC complexes. In TrxR inhibition, the high affinity of gold to sulfur is considered to be the main component of the effect. This review includes the discussions releated to the anticancer activities and TrxR inhibition properties of Au-NHC compounds.

Therapeutic potential of coumarin bearing metal complexes: Where are we headed?

The successfully application of some metallodrugs such as salvarsan, silver sulfadiazine and cisplatin in modern medicine launched the biological investigation of organometallic and metal-organic complexes. The availability and tunability of various ligands including N-heterocycles, phosphines, N-heterocyclic carbenes present an extended research area to chemists. In recent years, the preparation of the metal complexes of bioactive organic compounds is a new strategy. Coumarin derivatives are one of the classes of compounds used for this purpose, and many complexes of coumarin derivatives were prepared for enhanced biological activity, especially anticancer and antimicrobial. In this paper, we discuss the current situation of this topic.

Synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular docking studies of bis-chalcone derivatives as xanthine oxidase inhibitors and anticancer agents.

In this study, a series of B-ring fluoro substituted bis-chalcone derivatives were synthesized by Claisen-Schmidt condensation reactions and evaluated for their ability to inhibit xanthine oxidase (XO) and growth inhibitory activity against MCF-7 and Caco-2 human cancer cell lines, in vitro. According to the results obtained, the bis-chalcone with fluoro group at the 2 (4b) or 2,5-position (4g) of B-ring were found to be potent inhibitors of the enzyme with IC50 values in the low micromolar range. The effects of these compounds were about 7 fold higher than allopurinol. The binding modes of the bis-chalcone derivatives in the active site of xanthine oxidase were explained using molecular docking calculations. Also, compound 4g and 4h showed in vitro growth inhibitory activity against a panel of two human cancer cell lines 1.9 and 6.8 µM of IC50 values, respectively.

Investigation of toxic effects of amorphous SiO2 nanoparticles on motility and oxidative stress markers in rainbow trout sperm cells.

In this study, we investigated the effects of SiO2 nanoparticles (SiO2-NPs) (1, 10, 25, 50, and 100 mg/L) for 24 h in vitro on the motility parameters and oxidative stress markers such as total glutathione (TGSH), catalase (CAT), and malondialdehyde (MDA) of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss sperm cells. Therefore, SiO2-NPs were synthesized with sol-gel reaction from tetraethoxy orthosilicate (TEOS). The prepared nanoparticle structures were characterized for chemical structure, morphology and thermal behavior employing Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron micrograph, and thermal analysis (DTA/TGA/DSC) techniques. After exposure, there was statistically significant (p < 0.05) decreases in velocities of sperm cells. CAT activity significantly (p < 0.05) decreased by 9.6% in sperm cell treated with 100 mg/L. In addition, MDA level significantly increased by 70.4% and 77.5% in sperm cell treated with 50 and 100 mg/L SiO2-NPs, respectively (p < 0.05). These results showed that SiO2-NPs may have toxic effect on rainbow trout sperm cells in 50 mg/L and more.

The Toxicity Assessment of Iron Oxide (Fe3O4) Nanoparticles on Physical and Biochemical Quality of Rainbow Trout Spermatozoon.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effect of different doses (50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 mg/L) of Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) at 4 °C for 24 h on the kinematics of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum, 1792) spermatozoon. Firstly, Fe3O4 NPs were prepared at about 30 nm from Iron (III) chloride, Iron (II) chloride, and NH3 via a co-precipitation synthesis technique. Then, the prepared Fe3O4 NPs were characterized by different instrumental techniques for their chemical structure, purity, morphology, surface properties, and thermal behavior. The size, microstructure, and morphology of the prepared Fe3O4 NPs were studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS). The thermal properties of the Fe3O4 NPs were determined with thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) analysis techniques. According to our results, there were statistically significant (p < 0.05) decreases in the velocities of spermatozoon after treatment with 400 mg/L Fe3O4 NPs. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities were significant (p < 0.05) decrease after 100 mg/L in after exposure to Fe3O4 NPs in 24 h. As the doses of Fe3O4 NPs increases, the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and total glutathione (tGSH) significantly (p < 0.05) increased at doses of 400 and 800 mg/L.

The in vitro toxicity analysis of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles on kinematics and biochemical quality of rainbow trout sperm cells.

In recent years, titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) as metal oxide nanoparticles are widely used in industry, agriculture, personal care products, cosmetics, sun protection and toothpaste, electronics, foodstuffs and food packaging. This use of nano-TiO2 has been associated with environmental toxicity concerns. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effect of different doses of TiO2 NPs (∼30-40 nm) (0.01, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 10 and 50 mg/L) at 4oC for 3 h on the sperm cell kinematics as velocities of Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum, 1792) sperm cells. Furthermore, oxidative stress markers (total glutathione (TGSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were assessed in sperm cells after exposure to TiO2 NPs. According to the obtained results, there were statistically significant (P < 0.05) decreasing in the velocities of sperm cells after 10 mg/L TiO2 NPs and an increase the activity of SOD (P < 0.05) and TGSH levels were determined.

Immobilization of l-Asparaginase on Carrier Materials: A Comprehensive Review.

There are two major applications of l-asparaginase (L-ASNase): leukemia therapy and the food industry. Especially, its chemotherapeutic effect has attracted interest from the scientific community and individual scientists. Therefore, to protect the intrinsic activity and half-time of L-ASNase, several carriers and immobilization techniques for immobilization of L-ASNase have been described in articles. Unfortunately, a comprehensive review about immobilization of L-ASNase has not been written until now. In this review, we have thoroughly discussed the carriers for L-ASNase by illustrating immobilization findings including both past and present applications. In addition, we have revealed advantages and disadvantages of immobilized enzyme and related it to free form. We believe that this review will not only provide background information, but also guide future developments.

Design of starch functionalized biodegradable P(MAA-co-MMA) as carrier matrix for l-asparaginase immobilization.

We prepared biodegradable P(MAA-co-MMA)-starch composite as carrier matrix for the immobilization of l-asparaginase (l-ASNase), an important chemotherapeutic agent in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Chemical characteristics and thermal stability of the prepared composites were determined by FT-IR, TGA, DTA and, DSC, respectively. Also, biodegradability measurements of P(MAA-co-MMA)-starch composites were carried out to examine the effects of degradation of the starch. Then, l-ASNase was immobilized on the P(MAA-co-MMA)-starch composites. The surface morphology of the composite before and after immobilization was characterized by SEM, EDX, and AFM. The properties of the immobilized l-ASNase were investigated and compared with the free enzyme. The immobilized l-ASNase had better showed thermal and pH stability, and remained stable after 30days of storage at 25°C. Thus, based on the findings of the present work, the P(MAA-co-MMA)-starch composite can be exploited as the biocompatible matrix used for l-ASNase immobilization for medical applications due to biocompatibility and biodegradability.

Design of Xylose-Based Semisynthetic Polyurethane Tissue Adhesives with Enhanced Bioactivity Properties.

Developing biocompatible tissue adhesives with high adhesion properties is a highly desired goal of the tissue engineering due to adverse effects of the sutures. Therefore, our work involves synthesis, characterization, adhesion properties, protein adsorption, in vitro biodegradation, in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility properties of xylose-based semisynthetic polyurethane (NPU-PEG-X) bioadhesives. Xylose-based semisynthetic polyurethanes were developed by the reaction among 4,4'-methylenebis(cyclohexyl isocyanate) (MCI), xylose and polyethylene glycol 200 (PEG). Synthesized polyurethanes (PUs) showed good thermal stability and high adhesion strength. The highest values in adhesion strength were measured as 415.0 ± 48.8 and 94.0 ± 2.8 kPa for aluminum substrate and muscle tissue in 15% xylose containing PUs (NPU-PEG-X-15%), respectively. The biodegradation of NPU-PEG-X-15% was also determined as 19.96 ± 1.04% after 8 weeks of incubation. Relative cell viability of xylose containing PU was above 86%. Moreover, 10% xylose containing NPU-PEG-X (NPU-PEG-X-10%) sample has favorable tissue response, and inflammatory reaction between 1 and 6 weeks implantation period. With high adhesiveness and biocompatibility properties, NPU-PEG-X can be used in the medical field as supporting materials for preventing the fluid leakage after abdominal surgery or wound closure.

Protective effects of melatonin and quercetin on experimental lung injury induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats.

INTRODUCTION: Exposure to carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), a well-known toxicant, causes tissue damage by inducing oxidative stress via formation of free radicals. The fundamental structure of the organs of rats and humans is similar, so administration of CCl4 to rats is an accepted experimental model to produce oxidative damage to various tissues including pulmonary tissue. In this study, we evaluated the protective capacity of melatonin and quercetin against CCl4-induced oxidative lung damage in rats. MATERIAL-METHODS: Rats were divided into five groups each containing seven rats as follows: Control group, Olive oil group CCl4 group, CCl4+Melatonin, and CCl4+Quercetin group. The tissue samples were processed by routine histological and biochemical procedures. Sections were stained with Hematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome. Histopathologic damage score was calculated. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels and catalase (CAT) activities were assayed. RESULTS: The lung sections of control groups showed normal histological characteristics. Fibrosis, interstitial hemorrhage, epithelial desquamation in bronchiole and alveoli, intra-alveolar edema, leukocyte, and macrophage infiltration were observed in lung sections of rats exposed to CCl4 alone. The findings were reduced in the treatments groups. The MDA level in the CCI4 group were significantly higher than in the other groups (p < .001), and the CAT and GSH levels in the CCI4+Mel and CCI4+Quer groups were significantly higher than in the CCI4 group (p < .05). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, we suggest that agents with antioxidant properties such as melatonin and quercetin may have positive effects in the treatment of pulmonary diseases characterized by especially edema, inflammation, and fibrosis.

Effects of ozone therapy on cyclophosphamide-induced urinary bladder toxicity in rats.

PURPOSE: This study investigated the efficacy of ozone therapy (OT) in a rat model of cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis (HC). METHODS: Forty Wistar Albino male rats were divided into five groups: sham, OT, cyclophosphamide (CP), OT+CP and CP+OT. Hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) was induced by intraperitoneal (i.p) administration a single dose of 100 mg/kg CP. OT was performed once daily for three days. The CP+OT group received OT (0.2 mg/kg) i.p 24 h after CP administration. CP was injected to the OT+CP group the day after the third course of OT. All animals were killed four days after CP administration. Bladder injury and oxidative stress parameters were determined from tissue samples. RESULTS: We found small, but non-statistically significant biochemical and histological changes in the animals treated with OT alone. CP administration induced cystitis, as manifested by a marked loss of urothelial cells, as well as hemorrhaging and edema in the bladder as determined by histopathological examination. It also caused a significant decrease in the endogenous antioxidant compound glutathione (GSH) and elevation of lipid peroxidation, and nitric oxide (NO) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels in the rats' urinary bladder tissue. OT was able to ameliorate these changes; however these effects were prominent in the CP+OT group when compared with the OT+CP group.: For example, the NO level in the CP+OT group was 68% of the OT+CP group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: OT prevented CP-induced urothelial damage by diminishing bladder oxidative stress, inflammation and NO levels. OT may help to ameliorate bladder damage induced by CP in the clinical setting.