The impact of time from biopsy to radical prostatectomy on Gleason score undergrading and other related factors. / Impacto del tiempo desde la biopsia a la prostatectomía radical en la infragradación del grado de Gleason y análisis de factores relacionados.

INTRODUCTION: Gleason score biopsy undergrading (GSBU) can have an impact on the management and prognosis of patients with prostate cancer. We analyze the possible impact of time and other clinical and analytical factors in the appearance of GSBU in our series. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Ambispective, multicenter study of 1955 patients with localized prostate cancer undergoing radical prostatectomy between 2005 and 2018. Descriptive statistics and hypothesis testing are reported by univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: Mean age 63.69 (44-80) years, median PSA 8.70 ng / ml (1.23-99). GSBU was observed in 34.7% of the entire cohort. In 72.8% of the cases, the GSBU occurred in one consecutive Gleason score, with the progression from 3 + 3 to 3 + 4 being the most frequent (289 patients, 47.6%). Performing radical prostatectomy 90-180 days before or after the biopsy does not have an impact on its undergrading in any of the groups. In the univariate and multivariate analysis, the presence of tumor or pathological rectal examination in both lobes, the tumor load ≥50% of cylinders and a DPSA ≥0.20, showed independent discriminative capacity to select patients who presented GSBU. CONCLUSIONS: The time from biopsy to radical prostatectomy did not show impact on GSBU. The number of affected cylinders, bilateral tumor and DPSA are easily accessible parameters that can help us select patients with greater probability of presenting GSBU.

Actual incidence of prostate cancer in healthcare areas of the autonomous community of Castilla-Leon during 2014. CAPCYL registry data. / Incidencia real de cáncer de próstata en las áreas sanitarias de la comunidad autónoma de Castilla y León durante el año 2014. Datos del registro CAPCYL.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the actual incidence of prostate cancer (PC) in the healthcare areas of Castilla-Leon in 2014. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A multicentre study was conducted with the participation of 7 of the 9 healthcare areas of Castilla-Leon. We collected retrospective data that included 87.8% of the target population (men diagnosed with PC with histopathological confirmation in 2014). We calculated the raw and age-adjusted incidence rates based on the direct method and consulted the community and national epidemiological data in the Spanish National Institute of Statistics. RESULTS: A total of 1198 new cases of PC were diagnosed, with a raw incidence rate in the community of 109.54 cases per 100,000 men. The adjusted rates for the Spanish and European populations were 115.41 and 110.07, respectively. The age group with the highest diagnostic concentration was the 60-70-year group, with 41.97% of the diagnoses. The group with the highest incidence was the 70-80-year group, with 438.87 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. There were differences in the raw and age-adjusted incidence rates and in the age at diagnosis among the various included healthcare areas. CONCLUSIONS: The community raw incidence rate was higher than most existing data. We observed significant differences among the various geographical areas, which could be explained mainly by the age distribution and the opportunistic screening policies for each area.

Effect of natural antioxidants in Spanish salchichón elaborated with encapsulated n-3 long chain fatty acids in konjac glucomannan matrix.

The effect of natural antioxidants on physicochemical properties, lipid and protein oxidation, volatile compounds and free fatty acids (FFA) were determined in Spanish salchichón enriched with n-3 fatty acids encapsulated and stabilized in konjac matrix. Phenolic compounds of beer residue extract (BRE), chestnut leaves extract (CLE) and peanut skin extract (PSE) were also identified and quantified. Five batches of salchichón were prepared: control (CON, without antioxidants), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), BRE, CLE and PSE. The main phenolic compounds were catechin and benzoic acid for BRE, gallic acid and catechin for CLE and catechin and protocatechuic acid for PSE. Statistical analysis did not show significant differences on chemical composition among treatments. Reductions in luminosity (P<0.05) and pH (P<0.001) were observed with the CLE batch, whereas the other colour parameters were not affected by the addition of natural antioxidants. Finally, the inclusion of antioxidants (P<0.001) decreased the hexanal content, whereas the FFA content increased by the addition of natural extracts.

Haematopoiesis radioprotection in Balb/c mice by an aqueous mycelium extract from the Basidiomycete Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom.

The study examined the radioprotective activity of an aqueous extract from Pleurotus ostreatus mycelium administered to Balb/c mice. Male mice were whole-body irradiated on day 0 ((60)Co, at 0.43 Gy/min) and divided into two groups. The extract was administered intraperitoneally to one group (100 mg/kg) on days - 10 to - 6 and - 2 to +1 with respect to the irradiation. The irradiated-control group was injected with saline solution; non-irradiated mice were used as negative controls. The radioprotective effect was evident by increases in bone marrow cellularity (5.1 × 10(6)/femur vs. 1.1 × 10(6)/femur in saline-control mice, p < 0.05), leucocyte counts (10.5 × 10(9)/L vs. 4.5 × 10(9)/L, p < 0.05), and spleen cellularity (11.2 × 10(7)/spleen vs. 6.2 × 10(7)/spleen, p < 0.05). The extract stimulated macrophage phagocytic activity as judged by a faster rate of carbon clearance in terms of absorbance ratios (1.62 vs. 2.01, p < 0.05). Therefore, this extract may be a candidate therapeutic agent with radioprotective activity for haematopoiesis damage, particularly to cells involved in immune function.

Effects of Enteromyxum scophthalmi experimental infection on the neuroendocrine system of turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.).

Enteromyxum scophthalmi is an intestinal myxosporean parasite responsible for serious outbreaks in turbot Scophthalmus maximus (L.) culture, in North-western Spain. The disease affects the digestive tract, provokes severe catarrhal enteritis, emaciation and high rates of mortality. The digestive parasitization triggers a response with the coordinate participation of immune and neuroendocrine systems through the action of peptides released by enteroendocrine cells and present in nervous elements, acting as neuro-immune modulators. The present study was designed to assess the response of the turbot neuroendocrine system against E. scophthalmi infection. Immunohistochemical tests were applied to sections of the gastrointestinal tract of uninfected and E. scophthalmi-infected turbot to characterize the presence of bombesin (BOM), glucagon (GLUC), somatostatin (SOM), leu-enkephalin (LEU) and met-enkephalin (MET). The occurrence of E. scophthalmi in the turbot gastrointestinal tract increased the number of enteroendocrine cells immunoreactive to SOM, LEU and MET. On the other hand, BOM and GLUC immunoreactive cells were less numerous in the gastrointestinal tract of the parasitized turbot. Scarce immunoreactivity to BOM, GLUC and SOM was observed in nerve fibres and neurons of the myenteric plexus of control and infected fish. The results indicate that E. scophthalmi infection in turbot induced changes in the neuroendocrine system, with the diminution of the anorexigenic peptides BOM and GLUC; the increase of enkephalins, related to pro-inflammatory processes; and the increase of SOM, which may cause inhibitory effects on the immune response, constituting a compensatory mechanism to the exacerbated response observed in E. scophthalmi-infected turbot.

[Consensus document: recommendations for the use of equations to estimate glomerular filtration rate in children]. / Documento de consenso: recomendaciones sobre la utilización de ecuaciones para la estimación del filtrado glomerular en niños.

The appearance of the K/DOQI guidelines in 2002 on the definition, evaluation and staging of chronic kidney disease (CKD) have led to a major change in how to assess renal function in adults and children. These guidelines, recently updated, recommended that the study of renal function is based, not only on measuring the serum creatinine concentration, but this must be accompanied by the estimation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) obtained by an equation. However, the implementation of this recommendation in the clinical laboratory reports in the paediatric population has been negligible. Numerous studies have appeared in recent years on the importance of screening and monitoring of patients with CKD, the emergence of new equations for estimating GFR, and advances in clinical laboratories regarding the methods for measuring plasma creatinine and cystatin C, determined by the collaboration between the departments of paediatrics and clinical laboratories to establish recommendations based on the best scientific evidence on the use of equations to estimate GFR in this population. The purpose of this document is to provide recommendations on the evaluation of renal function and the use of equations to estimate GFR in children from birth to 18 years of age. The recipients of these recommendations are paediatricians, nephrologists, clinical biochemistry, clinical analysts, and all health professionals involved in the study and evaluation of renal function in this group of patients.

First description of an olfactory neuroblastoma in goldfish Carassius auratus: a case report.

An external pinkish growing mass that emerged from the right nostril of an adult goldfish Carassius auratus L. was evaluated by means of light microscopy and immunohistochemistry. The neoplasm presented a well-developed fibrovascular stroma associated with solid cell nests and a large number of Flexner-Wintersteiner rosettes. Myelinated fibres were observed around them. Neoplastic cells showed a prominent degree of nuclear atypia and low mitotic activity. The latter was in agreement with the low reactivity of tumour cells to anti-proliferating cell nuclear antigen antibody. Immunohistochemistry also revealed anti-neuronal nitric oxide synthase, anti-S100 protein, antineuropeptide Y, and anti-cytokeratin immunoreactivity in tumour cells as well as in normal olfactory epithelium of goldfish control sections. Histopathological and immunohistochemical findings strongly suggest a diagnosis of an olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB). To our knowledge this is the first description of ONB in goldfish.

Development of rodlet cells in the gut of turbot (Psetta maxima L.): relationship between their morphology and S100 protein immunoreactivity.

Rodlet cells are an enigmatic cell type described in tissues of both marine and freshwater teleosts. Although their structure is well established, up to date their function remains subject of debate. However, there is consensus among the majority of researchers that rodlet cells play an important role within immune system, and this function is probably related with the release of rodlets due to contractile capability of their fibrous layer. Regulation of the contraction mechanism would require proteins that modulate Ca(++) intracellular concentration to be expressed in rodlet cells. We performed a morphological and immunohistochemical study at light and electron microscopy levels to assess S100 protein immunoreactivity in developing rodlet cells. Immature stages did not exhibit immunoreactive signal; however, immunoreactivity was observed in the fibrous layer of both transitional and mature rodlet cells. The latter stage also showed immunosignal within the rodlets. These findings suggest a clear association between S100 protein expression and rodlet cell development that could be linked to the regulation of rodlet activity and contractile property of their fibrous layer. Furthermore, S100 protein antibody constitutes a novel marker for rodlet cells that could be used in future studies of this particular cell type.

Prognostic value of survivin in locally advanced prostate cancer: study based on RTOG 8610.

PURPOSE: To examine the prognostic value of nuclear and cytoplasmic survivin expression in men with locally advanced prostate cancer who were enrolled in Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) protocol 8610. METHODS AND MATERIALS: RTOG 8610 was a Phase III randomized study comparing the effect of radiotherapy plus short-term androgen deprivation with radiotherapy alone. Of the 456 eligible patients, 68 patients had suitably stained tumor material for nuclear survivin analysis and 65 patients for cytoplasmic survivin. RESULTS: Compared with patients with nuclear survivin intensity scores of 191.2 had significantly improved prostate cancer survival (hazard ratio [HR], 0.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.20-1.00, p = 0.0452). On multivariate analysis, nuclear survivin intensity scores >191.2 were significantly associated with improved overall survival (HR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.25-0.86; p = 0.0156) and prostate cancer survival (HR, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.16-0.84; p = 0.0173). On univariate analysis, compared with patients with cytoplasmic survivin integrated optical density 82.7 showed a significantly increased risk of local progression (HR, 2.49; 95% CI, 1.03-6.01; p = 0.0421). CONCLUSION: Nuclear overexpression of survivin was associated with improved overall and prostate cancer survival on multivariate analysis, and cytoplasmic overexpression of survivin was associated with increased rate of local progression on univariate analysis in patients with locally advanced prostate cancer treated on RTOG 8610. Our results might reflect the different functions of survivin and its splice variants, which are known to exist in distinct subcellular compartments.

Validation of a second generation competitive enzyme immunoassay (CELISA) for the diagnosis of brucellosis in various species of domestic animals.

A second generation competitive enzyme immunoassay (CELISA) for detection of bovine antibody to Brucella abortus was developed to eliminate reagent variables in the assay. This assay was different from earlier CELISA formats in that it used recombinant protein A and protein G immunoglobulin receptors (PAG), labelled with horseradish peroxidase, thus eliminating the requirement for polyclonal anti-mouse-enzyme conjugate for detection. This allowed standardization of the assay. The CELISA uses a monoclonal antibody specific for a common epitope of the O-polysaccharide (OPS) of smooth lipopolysaccharide (SLPS) derived from B. abortus S1119.3. This antibody did not react with PAG. This monoclonal antibody was used to compete with antibody in the bovine test serum to the smooth lipopolysaccharide (SLPS) antigen. Reaction of bovine antibody was then measured directly with the PAG enzyme conjugate. In this case, development of colour in the reaction indicated a positive reaction. The performance characteristics of the new CELISA, sensitivity, specificity and exclusion of antibody of B. abortus S19 vaccinated animals, were very similar to those of the classical CELISA and to the indirect enzyme immunoassay (IELISA) when using sera deemed positive by isolation of the bacterium, either from individual animals or from some animals on the premises. All sera were tested by the buffered antigen plate agglutination test (BPAT) and the complement fixation test (CFT). Only samples positive on both BPAT and CFT were considered as positive and only samples negative on both tests were used considered negative. Sufficient samples from cattle, swine, sheep and goats to validate the test were included based on OIE guidelines suggesting inclusion of a minimum of 300 positive and 1000 negative samples.

State-of-the-art radiotherapy in the management of clinically localized prostate carcinoma.

Four Phase III trials demonstrating higher prostate-specific antigen control rates in prostate cancer patients treated with higher doses of radiation have changed the standard of care. Emerging on-line technologies, improved imaging and computer algorithms, combined with an improved understanding of how best to apply them, have allowed radiation oncologists to move ever closer to the optimal application of curative radiation. This technology allows a higher dose to be delivered to tumor-bearing areas while minimizing the dose delivered to surrounding normal tissues. Real-time adaptive techniques have made each step more accurate, and commercialization has increasingly moved these advances further into the community setting. Phase III trials have also helped to define the role of hormonal therapy in combination with radiation and the benefits of prophylactic pelvic nodal radiotherapy in subsets of patients. We have also learnt how to optimize the use of prostate-specific antigen to better determine success and failure following radiotherapy.

Immunohistochemical study on the neuroendocrine system of the digestive tract of turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.), infected by Enteromyxum scophthalmi (Myxozoa).

In recent years a new parasite, causing severe losses, has been detected in farmed turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.), in Northwestern Spain. Dead fish showed emaciation and cachexia caused by severe necrotizing enteritis, which affected all areas of the digestive tract. The parasite was classified as a myxosporean and named Enteromyxum scophthalmi. This study was designed to assess the response of the turbot neuroendocrine system against E. scophthalmi infection. Immunohistochemical tests were applied to sections of the gastrointestinal tract of uninfected and E. scophthalmi-infected turbot, and the presence of cholecystokinin (CCK-8), serotonin (5-HT), substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) were documented. A higher abundance of both endocrine epithelial cells (ECs) and nerve cell bodies and fibres for CCK-8, 5-HT and SP were recorded in the gastrointestinal tract of infected turbot, whereas VIP-like substance decreased. The results indicate that E. scophthalmi infection in turbot induced changes in the neuroendocrine system, which may cause alterations in gut motility, electrolyte and fluid secretion, and vascular and immune functions.

Astigmatismo en niños / Astigmatism in children

Para prescribir corrección en niños, además de considerar agudeza visual, integridad del segmento anterior y estado motor, se debe relacionar la magnitud y orientación del astigmatismo con la edad y el grupo étnico al cual pertenece el paciente.En ausencia de anisometropia, los astigmatismos con la regla deberían corregirse si son mayores de 2.50 dioptrías. Puesto que los astigmatismos contra la regla y oblicuos conllevan un mayor riesgo ambliopizante, se deben tener en cuenta magnitudes inferiores al dar la prescripción. En caso de anisometropías iguales o mayores a 1 dioptría se debe dar la corrección.

In order to prescribe correction in children, and afterconsidering visual sharpness, integrity of theanterior segment and motor state, there must beconsidered the magnitude and the orientation ofastigmatism regarding age and ethnic group of thepatient. When there is lack of anisometropy,astigmatism with rule should be corrected if theyare higher than 2.50 dioptres. As obliqueastigmatisms and against rule have a higherambliopizante risk, lower magnitudes might be takeninto account when giving prescription. In case ofanisometropy equal or higher to 1 dioptre correctionhas to be provided.

Response of Ig-positive cells to Enteromyxum scophthalmi (Myxozoa) experimental infection in turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.): A histopathological and immunohistochemical study.

In recent years, a new parasite that causes severe losses has been detected in farmed turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.), in Northwestern Spain. Dead fish showed emaciation and cachexia caused by severe necrotizing enteritis that affected all portions of the digestive tract. The parasite was classified as a myxosporean and named Enteromyxum scophthalmi. This study was set up to gain insights into the immune response of fish against this parasitic infection. The kinetics of immunoglobulin positive (Ig+) cells in spleen, kidney and intestine from turbot experimentally infected with E. scophthalmi was studied. For evaluating both the progress of infection and the lesions induced by the parasite, we performed histopathological studies and for detecting Ig+ cells in situ we used an indirect immunohistochemical method. In fish exposed to the parasite, the number of Ig+ cells significantly increased in the intestine, the target organ of the parasite, whereas in spleen and kidney, haematopoietic organs where the parasite was not detected, the number of Ig+ cells decreased. Furthermore, the pattern of distribution of Ig+ cells changed in all three organs examined in recipient/infected fish compared with control fish (not exposed to the parasite). The results obtained in this study indicate that the infection by E. scophthalmi in turbot induced an immune response that involved changes in the number and distribution of Ig+ cells.

Resultado preliminar de cirugías múltiples simultáneas en pacientes con parálisis cerebral con base en el análisis computarizado de la marcha / Preliminary results of simultaneous multiple surgeries in patients with cerebral palsy based on computer analysis of gait

Con el objetivo de establecer el resultado funcional del tratamiento quirúrgico de los pacientes afectados de parálisis cerebralm fundamentado en el análisis computarizado de la marcha (ACM) en el Instituto Roosevelt, se diseñó un estudio retrospectivo tipo serie de casos evaluando 24 características de la marcha, índice de consumo de energía, nivel funcional, evaluaciones de padres y pacientes, y destrezas ganadas o perdidas, basándonos en informes del laboratorio de marcha. Se evidenció mejoría en muchos de los parámetros, y deterioro en algunas características de la marcha. En su mayoría, los problemas residuales obedecieron a dificultades en la rehabilitación postoperatoria. Hubo altos niveles de satisfacción en el resultado obtenido. A pesar de las restricciones de diseño del estudio, los resultados indican que la intervención quirúrgica fundamentada en el ACM es efectiva y segura para los pacientes con PC.