Lzts1 controls both neuronal delamination and outer radial glial-like cell generation during mammalian cerebral development.

In the developing central nervous system, cell departure from the apical surface is the initial and fundamental step to form the 3D, organized architecture. Both delamination of differentiating cells and repositioning of progenitors to generate outer radial glial cells (oRGs) contribute to mammalian neocortical expansion; however, a comprehensive understanding of their mechanisms is lacking. Here, we demonstrate that Lzts1, a molecule associated with microtubule components, promotes both cell departure events. In neuronally committed cells, Lzts1 functions in apical delamination by altering apical junctional organization. In apical RGs (aRGs), Lzts1 expression is variable, depending on Hes1 expression levels. According to its differential levels, Lzts1 induces diverse RG behaviors: planar division, oblique divisions of aRGs that generate oRGs, and their mitotic somal translocation. Loss-of-function of lzts1 impairs all these cell departure processes. Thus, Lzts1 functions as a master modulator of cellular dynamics, contributing to increasing complexity of the cerebral architecture during evolution.

The coexistence of renal cell carcinoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with hypercalcemic crisis as the initial presentation.

INTRODUCTOIN: Severe hypercalcemia can be life threatening. The causes of hypercalcemia can be divided into seven categories: hyperparathyroidism, vitamin D-related causes, malignancy, medications, other endocrine disorders, genetic disorders, and miscellaneous causes. Evaluation of a patient with hypercalcemia should include a careful history and physical examination focusing on clinical manifestations of hypercalcemia, risk factors for malignancy, causative medications, and a family history of hypercalcemia-associated conditions (e.g. kidney stones). Hypercalcemia was clasified as serum levels of calcium: 1) mild hypercalcemia (calcium 14 mg/dl). We should keep in mind that severe hypercalcemia was originated from two or more causes. This is the first report in the literature; renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) presented severe paraneoplastic hypercalcemia. CASE PRESENTATION: We report a case of a 63-year-old Turkish man with RCC and DLBCL who showed severe hypercalcemia (calcium=15.01 mg/dl) accompanied by elevation of serum parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTH-rP) as the initial presentation. While hypercalcemia is one of the complications of various types of cancerous diseases, it has not been reported still as the first presentation of the coexistence of RCC and DLBCL. After radical nephrectomy, the patient underwent six courses of chemotherapy consisting of rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisolone and achieved a complete remission that lasts 2 years. CONLUSION: This case report describes a patient with two different malignancies (RCC and DLBCL) with the unusual presentation of hypercalcemia. We review the differential diagnosis and treatment of malignant hypercalcemia. We suggest that coexistence of DLBCL with RCC, although rare, should be considered as a possible causative in hypercalcemia of unknown underlying disease.

Is vitamin D supplementation a new hope for the therapy of the septic shock?

Vitamin D is mainly known for its traditional role in the bone mineralization and calcium homeostasis. Recent studies have shown that vitamin D receptors (VDR) are present in almost all the tissues and cells in the human body. In addition, several studies have revealed that vitamin D is important in immunomodulation, regulation of inflammation and cytokines, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, muscle strength, and muscle contraction. Patients with sepsis have high mortality rate and high deficiency in vitamin D. In addition, septic patients have decreased vitamin D binding-protein (DBP) levels which further exacerbate the vitamin D deficiency. The role of vitamin D treatment in sepsis syndrome has been evaluated in animal model of sepsis where 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] administration was associated with improved blood coagulation parameters in sepsis associated with a disseminated intravascular coagulation. Vitamin D treatment in vitro has also been demonstrated to modulate levels of the systemic inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6), as well as inhibit the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced activation and vasodilation of vascular endothelium. Vitamin D may enhance the induction of the antimicrobial peptides, cathelicidin and b-defensin, which have been described on mucosal and epithelial surfaces acting as the body's first line of defense against viral and bacterial pathogens. Vitamin D supplementation may divert attention from relatively simple, natural, and low-costmethods of preventing severe sepsis and septic shock. Further prospective, randomized and controlled clinical trials of adjunctive vitamin D therapy in patients who are vitamin D deficient are needed in the management of human sepsis syndrome.

An unusual complication following eyelid ptosis surgery: superior rectus paralysis.

Blepharoptosis (ptosis) is one of the most common eyelid disorders encountered in ophthalmology. Several procedures have been developed to correct ptosis. The most common complications of ptosis surgery are well defined in the literature. Herein, we report a rare complication of superior rectus muscle paralysis following levator resection surgery for a blepharoptosis. Surgeons may well be aware of its occurrence.

[Cryosurgical ablation of bone tissue with a newly developed miniature cryoprobe--adaptation of the method for use in bones in vitro and in vivo]. / Die kryochirurgische Ablation von Knochengewebe mittels einer neuartigen Miniaturkryosonde--Adaptation der Methodik für die Anwendung am Knochen in vitro und in vivo.

AIM: Up to now, modern miniature cryoprobes have been used successfully for local destruction of soft tissue tumors without damaging adjacent healthy tissue. In this study, the methodology of cryoablation was applied to bone and the freezing effect as well as the cooling capacity of the probe was examined in vivo and in vitro. METHODS: Freezing was performed by cooling one or two probes, with a diameter of 3.2 mm to -180 degrees C with liquid nitrogen. The cooling capacity of the probes was determined under thermic control by an in vitro measurement on human bone, followed by an in vivo measurement on femoral and tibia bones of a sheep. RESULTS: The in vitro freezings achieved a sufficient tissue cooling using one or two cryoprobes. The simultaneous use of 2 probes resulted in a synergistic effect between the probes. According to the body heat, the registered temperature curves, during the in vivo freezings, showed a more flat trend. Nevertheless, temperatures below -50 degrees C were achieved at a distance of 1 cm from the probe due to the synergistic effect. Local or systematical intraoperative complications have not been observed. CONCLUSION: An adequate tissue cooling of bone matrix can be achieved within in vivo freezings through the use of one or more miniature cryoprobes so that the use of this probe could possibly become an alternative or supplement to the surgical resection of pathologic bone processes.