Respectful Children's Shoes: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Child footwear, both in pathologies and in normal situations, can affect the foot in various ways depending on its characteristics. Below, some features of child footwear are described, and how they can influence the foot, including suitable size, shape and design, flexibility, and transpirable material; inadequate footwear includes situations with flat foot, equine foot, and hammer toes. It is important to highlight that each child is unique and may have different footwear needs. In case of specific pathologies or concerns, it is recommended to consult a specialist in podology or foot medicine for personalized assessment and recommendations. METHODS: The present systematic review was conducted in accordance with the guidelines outlined in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. RESULTS: Children's footwear must adapt to all stages of children's growth, starting from when they begin to walk, to promote the correct evolution of their musculoskeletal system. For up to six months, they do not need to wear shoes; socks and similar clothing are enough to warm your feet like a second skin. The flexibility of respectful footwear is essential between six months and three or four years. From that age onwards, the soles can be somewhat thicker, and the buttress can have a certain firmness, but the shoes should remain flexible. CONCLUSIONS: Eco-friendly footwear, which typically comes from small businesses and factories, is sometimes described as "ergonomic footwear". However, there is some reluctance towards this term. When choosing this type of footwear for children, it is important to not just look at the label; rather, one should verify that it meets all the necessary characteristics to be considered respectful.

Total Effective Xenoestrogen Burden in Serum Samples and Risk of Endometrial Cancer in the Spanish Screenwide Case-Control Study.

BACKGROUND: Endometrial cancer is a hormone-dependent cancer, and estrogens play a relevant role in its etiology. However, little is known about the effects of environmental pollutants that act as xenoestrogens or that influence estrogenic activity through different pathways. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to assess the relationship between the combined estrogenic activity of mixtures of xenoestrogens present in serum samples and the risk of endometrial cancer in the Screenwide case-control study. METHODS: The total effective xenoestrogen burden (TEXB) attributable to organohalogenated compounds (TEXB-α) and to endogenous hormones and more polar xenoestrogens (TEXB-ß) was assessed in serum from 156 patients with endometrial cancer (cases) and 150 controls by combining chemical extraction and separation by high-performance liquid chromatography with the E-SCREEN bioassay for estrogenicity. RESULTS: Median TEXB-α and TEXB-ß levels for cases (0.30 and 1.25 Eeq pM/mL, respectively) and controls (0.42 and 1.28 Eeq pM/mL, respectively) did not significantly differ (p=0.653 and 0.933, respectively). An inverted-U risk trend across serum TEXB-α and TEXB-ß levels was observed in multivariate adjusted models: Positive associations were observed for the second category of exposure in comparison to the lowest category of exposure [odds ratio (OR)=2.11 (95% CI: 1.13, 3.94) for TEXB-α, and OR=3.32 (95% CI: 1.62, 6.81) for TEXB-ß], whereas no significant associations were observed between the third category of exposure and the first [OR=1.22 (95% CI: 0.64, 2.31) for TEXB-α, and OR=1.58 (95% CI: 0.75, 3.33) for TEXB-ß]. In mutually adjusted models for TEXB-α and TEXB-ß levels, the association of TEXB-α with endometrial cancer risk was attenuated [OR=1.45 (95% CI: 0.61, 3.47) for the second category of exposure], as well as estimates for TEXB-ß (OR=2.68; 95% CI: 1.03, 6.99). Most of the individual halogenated contaminants showed no associations with both TEXB and endometrial cancer. CONCLUSIONS: We evaluated serum total xenoestrogen burden in relation to endometrial cancer risk and found an inverted-U risk trend across increasing categories of exposure. The use of in vitro bioassays with human samples may lead to a paradigm shift in the way we understand the negative impact of chemical mixtures on human health effects. These results are relevant from a public health perspective and for decision-makers in charge of controlling the production and distribution of chemicals with xenoestrogenic activity. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13202.

Occupational exposure to pesticides and endometrial cancer in the Screenwide case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Endometrial cancer is the most common gynaecological tumour in developed countries and disease burden is expected to increase over the years. Identifying modifiable risk factors may help developing strategies to reduce the expected increasing incidence of these neoplasms. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluates the association between occupational exposure to pesticides and endometrial cancer using data from a recent case-control study in Spain. METHODS: The analyses included data from 174 consecutive incident endometrial cancer cases and 216 hospital controls frequency-matched by age. Data were collected through structured epidemiological questionnaires and exposure to pesticides was assessed using a Spanish job-exposure matrix (MatEmESp). RESULTS: Overall, 12% of controls and 18% of cases were occupationally exposed to pesticides. We observed a positive association between occupational exposure to pesticides and endometrial cancer (OR = 2.08; 95% CI = 1.13-3.88 compared to non-exposed). In general, exposures that occurred farther in the past were significantly associated with endometrial cancer. Exposure to insecticides, fungicides and herbicides were positively associated with endometrial cancer (OR = 2.08; 95% CI = 1.13-3.88, OR = 4.40; 95% CI = 1.65-13.33, and OR = 5.25; 95% CI = 1.84-17.67, respectively). The agricultural, poultry and livestock activities scenario was associated with endometrial cancer (OR = 4.16; 95% CI = 1.59-12.32), while the cleaning exposure scenario was not (OR = 1.22; 95% CI = 0.55-2.67). CONCLUSIONS: Assessment of occupational exposure to pesticides assessed using a Spanish job-exposure matrix revealed a positive association with endometrial cancer. The elucidation of the role of pesticide compounds on endometrial cancer should shed a light on the aetiology of this tumour.

Evaluation of somatic mutations in cervicovaginal samples as a non-invasive method for the detection and molecular classification of endometrial cancer.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of endometrial cancer is increasing worldwide. While delays in diagnosis reduce survival, case molecular misclassification might be associated with under- and over-treatment. The objective of this study was to evaluate genetic alterations to detect and molecularly classify cases of endometrial cancer using non-invasive samples. METHODS: Consecutive patients with incident endometrial cancer (N = 139) and controls (N = 107) from a recent Spanish case-control study were included in this analysis. Overall, 339 cervicovaginal samples (out of which 228 were clinician-collected and 111 were self-collected) were analysed using a test based on next-generation sequencing (NGS), which targets 47 genes. Immunohistochemical markers were evaluated in 133 tumour samples. A total of 159 samples were used to train the detection algorithm and 180 samples were used for validation. FINDINGS: Overall, 73% (N = 94 out of 129 clinician-collected samples, and N = 66 out of 90 self-collected samples) of endometrial cancer cases had detectable mutations in clinician-collected and self-collected samples, while the specificity was 80% (79/99) for clinician-collected samples and 90% (19/21) for self-collected samples. The molecular classifications obtained using tumour samples and non-invasive gynaecologic samples in our study showed moderate-to-good agreement. The molecular classification of cases of endometrial cancer into four groups using NGS of both clinician-collected and self-collected cervicovaginal samples yielded significant differences in disease-free survival. The cases with mutations in POLE had an excellent prognosis, whereas the cases with TP53 mutations had the poorest clinical outcome, which is consistent with the data on tumour samples. INTERPRETATION: This study classified endometrial cancer cases into four molecular groups based on the analysis of cervicovaginal samples that showed significant differences in disease-free survival. The molecular classification of endometrial cancer in non-invasive samples may improve patient care and survival by indicating the early need for aggressive surgery, as well as reducing referrals to highly specialized hospitals in cancers with good prognosis. Validation in independent sets will confirm the potential for molecular classification in non-invasive samples. FUNDING: This study was funded by a competitive grant from Instituto de Salud Carlos III through the projects PI19/01835, PI23/00790, and FI20/00031, CIBERESP CB06/02/0073 and CIBERONC CB16/12/00231, CB16/12/00234 (Co-funded by European Regional Development Fund. ERDF: A way to build Europe). Samples and data were provided by Biobank HUB-ICO-IDIBELL, integrated into the Spanish Biobank Network, and funded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PT20/00171) and by Xarxa de Bancs de Tumors de Catalunya (XBTC) sponsored by Pla Director d'Oncologia de Catalunya. This work was supported in part by the AECC, Grupos estables (GCTRA18014MATI). It also counts with the support of the Secretariat for Universities and Research of the Department of Business and Knowledge of the Generalitat de Catalunya, and grants to support the activities of research groups 2021SGR01354 and 2021SGR1112.

Efficacy of an Online Educational Intervention in Reducing Body Weight in the Pre-Diabetic Population of 18-45 Years Old, a Randomized Trial Protocol.

Aim: to analyze the efficacy of an educational online intervention focused on lifestyle changes in reducing body weight from baseline to 6 months in the pre-diabetic population of 18−45 years old in Extremadura (Spain). Methods: a single-blind, multicenter randomized parallel-comparison trial with two intervention groups in a 1:1 ratio will be carried out. Participants will be randomly assigned to intervention A or B with 37 cases in each group according to inclusion criteria of being enrolled or working at Extremadura University, scoring >7 points on the Findrisc test and not having diagnosed diabetes mellitus or physical disabilities. Intervention-A group will have access to online information about healthy diet and exercise. Intervention-B group will have access to a six-session educational program regarding behavioral changes in diet and exercise habits. They will complete follow-up activities and have a personal trainer and motivation. The primary outcome will be identifying changes in body weight from baseline to 1 and 6 months and between groups. The secondary outcomes will be accomplishing regular physical activity (>30 min/day or >4 h/week), decreasing sugary food intake or avoiding it altogether, increasing vegetable/fruit intake and lowering HbA1c levels to non-diabetic status when necessary.

An Integrated Approach for the Early Detection of Endometrial and Ovarian Cancers (Screenwide Study): Rationale, Study Design and Pilot Study.

Screenwide is a case-control study (2017−2021) including women with incident endometrial and ovarian cancers (EC and OC), BRCA1/2 and MMR pathogenic variant carriers, and age-matched controls from three centers in Spain. Participants completed a personal interview on their sociodemographic factors, occupational exposure, medication, lifestyle, and medical history. We collected biological specimens, including blood samples, self-collected vaginal specimens, cervical pap-brush samples, uterine specimens, and, when available, tumor samples. The planned analyses included evaluation of the potential risk factors for EC/OC; evaluation of molecular biomarkers in minimally invasive samples; evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of molecular tests; and the generation of predictive scores to integrate different epidemiologic, clinical, and molecular factors. Overall, 182 EC, 69 OC, 98 BRCA pathogenic variant carriers, 104 MMR pathogenic variant carriers, and 385 controls were enrolled. The overall participation rate was 85.7%. The pilot study using 61 samples from nine EC cases and four controls showed that genetic variants at the variant allele fraction > 5% found in tumors (n = 61 variants across the nine tumors) were detected in paired endometrial aspirates, clinician-collected cervical samples, and vaginal self-samples with detection rates of 90% (55/61), 79% (48/61), and 72% (44/61) by duplex sequencing, respectively. Among the controls, only one somatic mutation was detected in a cervical sample. We enrolled more than 800 women to evaluate new early detection strategies. The preliminary data suggest that our methodological approach could be useful for the early detection of gynecological cancers.

Night work, chronotype and risk of endometrial cancer in the Screenwide case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Circadian disruption caused by night work has been associated with hormonal-related cancers such as breast and prostate cancer. Data on the role of circadian factors in the aetiology of endometrial cancer, an oestrogen-associated cancer, are scarce. METHODS: We examined the association between endometrial cancer and night shift work, chronotype (a characteristic correlating with preference for morning or evening activity) and sleep duration, in 180 incident cases and 218 hospital controls. Participants were interviewed face-to-face by trained interviewers to collect information on sociodemographic factors, familial, medical, occupational history (including work shifts), sleep duration and chronotype, and other lifestyle factors. We used logistic regression models adjusted for potential confounders to estimate ORs and 95% CIs. RESULTS: After adjustment by potential confounders, we found an inverse not statistically significant association between ever worked in night shifts and endometrial cancer (OR=0.64; 95% CI=0.35 to 1.16). Associations were irrespective of shift type (permanent or rotating nights) or duration of night work. We did not observe any statistically significant association between endometrial cancer and sleep duration, while inconsistent patterns were observed for chronotype and endometrial cancer risk. CONCLUSIONS: These data do not support a role for circadian disruption in the carcinogenesis of endometrial cancer.

Hepatic manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multi-organic autoimmune disease with a wide variety of clinical manifestations. However, hepatic dysfunction is not included in the diagnostic criteria for the disease and has not been recognized properly. The spectrum of hepatic involvement described in these patients ranges from abnormalities in liver function tests (LFTs) to fulminant hepatic failure. Usually, abnormalities in LFTs are only mild and transient, have a hepatocellular pattern and are not related to SLE but rather are mostly drug related. The most frequent finding on liver biopsy is steatosis (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease). Patients do not frequently progress to advanced chronic liver disease, and their outcome is favourable. Those who develop cirrhosis have traditional risk factors, such as other non-SLE-related conditions. In this work, we aim to review hepatic manifestations in patients with SLE, as well as the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches used for different liver diseases in these patients.

Atrophic and Microcystic Limited Prostatic Adenocarcinomas.

Atrophic carcinoma and microcystic carcinoma have previously been classified as variants of conventional acinar adenocarcinoma. In this article, we studied 4 cases of atrophic carcinoma and 4 cases of limited microcystic carcinoma. We found an incidence of 0.8% in 250 needle prostatic biopsies and 1.3% of atrophic carcinoma in 150 radical prostatectomies. Microcystic carcinomas were found in 3 prostatectomies (1.2%) and in 1 needle biopsy (0.67%). The useful histological criteria for atrophic carcinoma included the irregular disposition of the glands, infiltrative pattern, "rigid" luminal borders, and intraluminal secretions. Cytological changes included scant cytoplasm, nucleomegaly, hyperchromatic nuclei, and visible nucleoli. The glands of the microcystic carcinoma differ from the benign glands because the malignant ones show a markedly greater dilatation and exhibit rigidity of glandular lumens. In some cases of microcystic carcinoma, the nuclei were flattened, small, and hyperchromatic; therefore, they can be difficult to recognize as malignant.

Nódulo doloroso en glúteo. A propósito de un caso / Painful nodule in the buttock. About a case...

Se presenta el caso clínico de un paciente con calcinosis cutis distrófica en glúteo, una pa- tología infrecuente e infra-diagnosticada por la falta de sospecha clínica. Es de vital importancia que a quienes presenten calcificaciones cutáneas se les realice una detallada anamnesis y un estudio analítico con función renal, metabolismo del calcio y fósforo y autoinmunidad para descartar la existencia de una patología subyacente como las enfermedades autoinmunes o renales..(AU)

We present the clinical case of a patient with calcinosis dystrophic skin on the buttock, an infre- quent and infradiagnosed pathology due to the lack of clinical suspicion. It is very important that those patients with skin calcifications have a detalied anamnesis and analytical study with renal function, calcium and phosphrus metabolism and autoinmmunity to rule out the existence of un- derlying pathology such an autoimmune or renal diseases..(AU)

A comparative study of machine learning and deep learning algorithms to classify cancer types based on microarray gene expression data.

Cancer classification is a topic of major interest in medicine since it allows accurate and efficient diagnosis and facilitates a successful outcome in medical treatments. Previous studies have classified human tumors using a large-scale RNA profiling and supervised Machine Learning (ML) algorithms to construct a molecular-based classification of carcinoma cells from breast, bladder, adenocarcinoma, colorectal, gastro esophagus, kidney, liver, lung, ovarian, pancreas, and prostate tumors. These datasets are collectively known as the 11_tumor database, although this database has been used in several works in the ML field, no comparative studies of different algorithms can be found in the literature. On the other hand, advances in both hardware and software technologies have fostered considerable improvements in the precision of solutions that use ML, such as Deep Learning (DL). In this study, we compare the most widely used algorithms in classical ML and DL to classify the tumors described in the 11_tumor database. We obtained tumor identification accuracies between 90.6% (Logistic Regression) and 94.43% (Convolutional Neural Networks) using k-fold cross-validation. Also, we show how a tuning process may or may not significantly improve algorithms' accuracies. Our results demonstrate an efficient and accurate classification method based on gene expression (microarray data) and ML/DL algorithms, which facilitates tumor type prediction in a multi-cancer-type scenario.

Report of a case of giant cell ependymoma with unusual clinical and pathological presentation.

Giant cell ependymoma (GCE) is a very uncommon variant of ependymoma, known for having varying degrees of nuclear pleomorphism. There are only 34 reported cases of GCE in the English literature. We describe an additional case of a young woman who presented with a tumor located in sacral soft tissue, which was not connected to the spinal cord and did not show additional lesions in the central nervous system. Complete tumor resection was performed and no recurrences or metastasis were detected after 5 months of follow-up. Only one of all the reported GCE was located in the sacral subcutaneous region, where ependymomas are rarely found and usually have myxopapillary histology. Ours is the second report showing microscopic features of GCE in the soft-tissue region. GCE should be considered in the differential diagnosis of lumbosacral subcutaneous tumors to avoid misdiagnosing it as a malignant lesion. Since GCE could be an extraspinal extension of an intraneural ependymoma, it would be important to evaluate whether it is connected to the spinal cord.

Skeletal manifestations of Marfan syndrome associated to heterozygous R2726W FBN1 variant: sibling case report and literature review.

BACKGROUND: FBN1 (15q21.1) encodes fibrillin-1, a large glycoprotein which is a major component of microfibrils that are widely distributed in structural elements of elastic and non-elastic tissues. FBN1 variants are responsible for the related connective tissue disorders, grouped under the generic term of type-1 fibrillinopathies, which include Marfan syndrome (MFS), MASS syndrome (Mitral valve prolapse, Aortic enlargement, Skin and Skeletal findings, Acromicric dysplasia, Familial ectopia lentis, Geleophysic dysplasia 2, Stiff skin syndrome, and dominant Weill-Marchesani syndrome. CASE PRESENTATION: Two siblings presented with isolated skeletal manifestations of MFS, including severe pectus excavatum, elongated face, scoliosis in one case, and absence of other clinical features according to Ghent criteria diagnosis, were screened for detection of variants in whole FBN1 gene (65 exons). Both individuals were heterozygous for the R2726W variant. This variant has been previously reported in association with some skeletal features of Marfan syndrome in the absence of both tall stature and non-skeletal features. These features are consistent with the presentation of the siblings reported here. CONCLUSION: The presented cases confirm that the R2726W FBN1 variant is associated with skeletal features of MFS in the absence of cardiac or ocular findings. These findings confirm that FBN1 variants are associated with a broad phenotypic spectrum and the value of sequencing in atypical cases.

Microbial status of apical root canal system of human mandibular first molars with primary apical periodontitis after "one-visit" endodontic treatment.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the in vivo intracanal microbial status of apical root canal system of mesial roots of human mandibular first molars with primary apical periodontitis immediately after one-visit endodontic treatment. The residual intracanal infection was confirmed by correlative light and transmission electron microscopy. STUDY DESIGN: Sixteen diseased mesial roots of mandibular first molars were treated endodontically, each in one visit. Mesio-buccal canals were instrumented using stainless steel hand files and mesio-lingual canals with a nickel-titanium rotary system. The canals were irrigated with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) during the instrumentation procedures, rinsed with 10 mL of 17% ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), and obturated with gutta-percha and zinc oxide eugenol cement. Thereafter, the apical portion of the root of each tooth was removed by flap-surgery. The specimens were fixed, decalcified, subdivided in horizontal plane, embedded in plastic, processed, and evaluated by correlative light and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS: Fourteen of the 16 endodontically treated teeth revealed residual intracanal infection after instrumentation, antimicrobial irrigation, and obturation. The microbes were located in inaccessible recesses and diverticula of instrumented main canals, the intercanal isthmus, and accessory canals, mostly as biofilms. CONCLUSIONS: The results show (1) the anatomical complexity of the root canal system of mandibular first molar roots and (2) the organization of the flora as biofilms in inaccessible areas of the canal system that cannot be removed by contemporary instruments and irrigation alone in one-visit treatment. These findings demonstrate the importance of stringent application of all nonantibiotic chemo-mechanical measures to treat teeth with infected and necrotic root canals so as to disrupt the biofilms and reduce the intraradicular microbial load to the lowest possible level so as to expect a highly favorable long-term prognosis of the root canal treatment.

[Evaluation of predisposing factors for mediastinal bleeding in myocardial revascularization surgery. Role of acetylsalicylic acid, other platelet adhesion inhibitors, and anticoagulants]. / Evaluación de factores predisponentes para el sangrado mediastinal en cirugía de revascularización miocárdica. Papel del ácido acetilsalicílico, otros antiagregantes plaquetarios, y anticoagulantes.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the main factors for perioperative mediastinal bleeding during coronary artery by-pass grafting and to establish the role of acetylsalicylic acid, other inhibitors of platelet adhesion, and anticoagulants in its occurrence. METHODS: A multivariate analysis was performed to the data obtained from 251 patients subjected to coronary artery by-pass grafting in the year 2002. RESULTS: There were no significant differences for the occurrence of perioperative bleeding induced by the preoperative administration of acetylsalicylic acid. No significant increment in the need for blood, platelet, or cryoprecipitates transfusion existed. Patients receiving non-fractionated or low molecular weight heparin had a significantly greater (p < 0.001) transoperative bleeding than patients without this drug. Administration of the other studied drugs did not increase either mediastinal bleeding or the need for blood derivatives. CONCLUSIONS: No statistical evidence was found to suspend administration of inhibitors of platelet adhesion in patients with coronary syndromes, subjected to coronary artery by-pass grafting. However, data obtained suggest the convenience of suspending administration of low molecular weight or non-fractionated heparin to patients subjected electively to coronary artery by-pass grafting.

Evaluación de factores predisponentes para el sangrado mediastinal en cirugía de revascularización miocárdica: Papel del ácido acetilsalicílico, otros antiagregantes plaquetarios, y anticoagulantes / Evaluation of Predisposing Factors for Mediastinal Bleeding in Myocardial Revascularization Surgery: Role of Acetylsalicylic Acid, Other Platelet Adhesion Inhibitors, and Anticoagulants

Propósito del trabajo: Determinar los factores predisponentes para sangrados perioperatorios en cirugía de revascularización miocárdica y establecer el papel de ácido acetilsalicílico, otros antiagregantes plaquetarios, y anticoagulantes, en la ocurrencia de estos sangrados. Método: Se realizó un análisis multivariado de 251 pacientes sometidos a cirugía de revascularización miocárdica en el año 2002. Resultados: En la administración prequirúrgica de ácido acetilsalicílico no se encontró diferencia significativa para la ocurrencia de sangrado perioperatorio importante. No existió incremento significativo en la transfusión de unidades de paquetes globulares, plaquetas, crioprecipitados. Los pacientes con administración de heparina no fraccionada y de bajo peso molecular, tuvieron un sangrado transoperatorio significativamente mayor (p < 0.001) que los pacientes sin este fármaco. El empleo del resto de los fármacos estudiados, no incrementó la cantidad de sangrado ni la administración de hemoderivados. Conclusiones: No existe evidencia estadística que justifique suspender la administración de antiagregantes plaquetarios en los pacientes con síndromes coronarios urgentes o electivos, a quienes se les someta a cirugía de revascularización miocárdica. Sin embargo, resultaría conveniente suspender la administración de heparina no fraccionada y de bajo peso molecular, a pacientes sometidos a cirugía de revascularización miocárdica en forma electiva.

Objective: To determine the main factors for perioperative mediastinal bleeding during coronary artery by-pass grafting and to establish the role of acetylsalicylic acid, other inhibitors of platelet adhesion, and anticoagulants in its occurrence. Methods: A multivariate analysis was performed to the data obtained from 251 patients subjected to coronary artery by-pass grafting in the year 2002. Results: There were no significant differences for the occurrence of perioperative bleeding induced by the preoperative administration of acetylsalicylic acid. No significant increment in the need for blood, platelet, or cryoprecipitates transfusion existed. Patients receiving non-fractionated or low molecular weight heparin had a significantly greater (p < 0.001) transoperative bleeding than patients without this drug. Administration of the other studied drugs did not increase either mediastinal bleeding or the need for blood derivatives. Conclusions: No statistical evidence was found to suspend administration of inhibitors of platelet adhesion in patients with coronary syndromes, subjected to coronary artery by-pass grafting. However, data obtained suggest the convenience of suspending administration of low molecular weight or non-fractionated heparin to patients subjected electively to coronary artery by-pass grafting.