The relationship between weight change and inflammatory bowel disease. A population-based cohort study, the HUNT study.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is increasing. The prevalence of overweight and obesity is increasing in parallel with IBD and could contribute to IBD development. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between weight change and the risk for IBD. METHODS: Data gathered from 55,896 adult participants in the three first population-based Trøndelag Health Studies (HUNT1-3), Norway, performed in 1984-2008 was used. The exposure was change in body mass index between two HUNT studies. The outcome was a new IBD diagnosis recorded during a ten-year follow-up period after the exposure assessment. The risk of IBD by weight change was assessed by Cox regression analyses reporting hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusted for sex, age, and smoking status. RESULTS: There were 334 new cases of ulcerative colitis (UC) and 54 of Crohn's disease (CD). Weight loss decreased the risk of a new UC diagnosis by 38% (adjusted HR 0.62, 95% CI 0.39-0.97) and seemed to double the risk of getting a new CD diagnosis (adjusted HR 2.01, 95% CI 0.91-4.46). Weight gain was not associated with a new diagnosis of neither UC (adjusted HR 1.00, 95% CI 0.78-1.26) nor CD (adjusted HR 1.08, 95% CI 0.56-2.08). CONCLUSION: In this study, weight loss was associated with decreased risk of UC. However, no associations were seen between weight gain and the risk of UC or CD, suggesting that the increasing weight in the general population cannot explain the increasing incidence of IBD.

Early loosening of a press-fit cup with ceramic-on-ceramic articulation: our early results.

INTRODUCTION: In this study, we present the short-term results of the Selexys TH+ cup with the Ceramys inlay which is a press-fit cup with a ceramic-on-ceramic articulation. (Mathys, Bettlach, Switzerland). We compared the results with a retrospective-matched control group with a Delta PF cup (Lima, Udine, Italy), which is also a press-fit cup with a ceramic-on-ceramic articulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 257 elective hip arthroplasties with the Selexys TH+ cup in 250 patients placed in 2009 and 2010 were analyzed and compared with a control group retrospective analysis of the uncemented Delta PF cup (Lima, Udine, Italy) placed in 2007 and 2008 in 208 patients (222 hips). Surgical technique and surgeons were identical in both groups. RESULTS: During a follow-up period of 3-21 months, 19 aseptic loosenings (7.4 %) were found for the Selexys TH+ cup. The survival plotted by a Kaplan-Meier curve shows a 1-year survival of 87.4 %. The Lima Delta PF cup showed a 1-year survival of 99.5 %. Failure analysis showed no clear explanation for this early loosening. CONCLUSION: The Selexys TH+ cup combined with the Ceramys ceramic-on-ceramic inlay coupling show an unacceptable high early revision rate. Therefore, we advice against using this combination.

Above- or below-elbow casts for distal third forearm fractures in children? A meta-analysis of the literature.

INTRODUCTION: Fractures of the distal third forearm are common fractures in childhood. Most of these fractures can be treated non-operatively by means of closed reduction and immobilization. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to investigate whether above- or below-elbow cast should be considered the first-choice for conservative treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A search was performed in multiple databases to identify all the studies comparing above- and below-elbow cast for the treatment of distal third forearm fractures in children. All RCT's or CCT's were assessed for eligibility. Quality was assessed by the Cochrane Musculoskeletal Injuries Group assessment. Data were pooled using RevMan 5.0 RESULTS: Three trials involving a total of 300 participants were included. A total of 142 fractures were treated with a below-elbow cast (BEC) versus 158 with an above-elbow cast (AEC). Loss of reduction was encountered in 17 and 36 cases, respectively [odds ratio 0.44 (0.22-0.87)]. For combined radius and ulna fractures 15 of 97 in the BEC group and 34 out of 122 in the AEC group showed loss of reduction [odds ratio 0.55 (0.26-1.15)]. Children treated with BEC missed less school days [mean difference 1.12 (-1.52 to -0.59)], and encountered less difficulties in daily living [odds ratio 112.41 (6.58-1920.77)]. CONCLUSION: Due to heterogeneity, the trials are not fully compared. Based on the presented meta-analysis, we conclude that BEC is not inferior to AEC so that this is a valid treatment option for distal third forearm fractures.

Spectral features of electroencephalogram in characterizing various brain states under anesthesia.

The administration of the anesthetic agents is known to alter the electroencephalogram (EEG) signal significantly with the brain being their primary target. In this study, we analyzed the EEG recorded from six ASA I/II patients undergoing a 1-2 hour surgery. The EEG was collected before and during induction, maintenance and recovery of anesthesia using the 10/20 lead-system. A combination of fentanyl and propofol (± rocuronium) was used for induction and a Sevoflurane in air/O(2) mixture was administered through an endotracheal tube to achieve the steady minimum alveolar concentration (MAC). This study showed that 0 to 4 Hz signal power was most sensitive to the changes associated with induction of anesthesia whereas the 4 to 12 Hz power was important in classifying states during maintenance of anesthesia. Anesthesia also promoted heightened phase coherence in 8 to 16 Hz and 16 to 30 Hz ranges during maintenance and induction of anesthesia, respectively. Additionally, strong cross-frequency coupling between 7 to 20 Hz and 10 to 40 Hz was observed during anesthesia suggesting alteration of neural coding.

Screw fixation of the syndesmosis: a cadaver model comparing stainless steel and titanium screws and three and four cortical fixation.

We assessed syndesmotic set screw strength and fixation capacity during cyclical testing in a cadaver model simulating protected weight bearing. Sixteen fresh frozen legs with artificial syndesmotic injuries and a syndesmotic set screw made of stainless steel or titanium, inserted through three or four cortices, were axially loaded with 800 N for 225,000 cycles in a materials testing machine. The 225,000 cycles equals the number of paces taken by a person walking in a below knee plaster during 9 weeks. Syndesmotic fixation failure was defined as: bone fracture, screw fatigue failure, screw pullout, and/or excessive syndesmotic widening. None of the 14 out of 16 successfully tested legs or screws failed. No difference was found in fixation of the syndesmosis when stainless steel screws were compared to titanium screws through three or four cortices. Mean lateral displacement found after testing was 1.05 mm (S.D. = 0.42). This increase in tibiofibular width exceeds values described in literature for the intact syndesmosis loaded with body weight. Based on this laboratory study it is concluded that the syndesmotic set screw cannot prevent excessive syndesmotic widening when loaded with a load comparable with body weight. Therefore, we advise that patients with a syndesmotic set screw in situ should not bear weight.

Stent coronario en el infarto agudo del miocardio / Coronary stent in acute myocardial infraction

De diciembre de 1995 a marzo de 1997 se implantaron en 50 pacientes, durante la fase aguda del infarto del miocardio, un total de 57 stents en 50 arterias relacionadas con el infarto (ARI). El tiempo de evolución de este último fue de 3.7 ñ 2.9 hrs. Arterias con diámetro = 2.5 mm, y aquéllas con trombo grande agregado > 20 mm fueron excluídas. Las indicaciones para implante de los 57 stents utilizados fueron: "de novo" en 24 casos, resultado sub-óptimo en 17, amenaza de cierre en 5 y disección compleja en otros once. Las ARI tratadas con stent fueron: la descendente anterior en el 42 por ciento de los casos, la coronaria derecha en 42 por ciento, la circunfleja en 10 por ciento, injertos venosos en 4 por ciento, el ramo intermedio en 1 por ciento y la obtusa marginal en 1 por ciento. Los stents utilizados fueron en su mayoría AVE (67 por ciento de los casos), seguidos de Palmaz-Schatz, Wiktor, Crown, Gianturco-Roubin y Wallstent. El flujo snguíneo coronario pre-procedimiento fue TIMI O en el 66 por ciento, TIMI 1 en 10 por ciento y TIMI 2 en el 24 por ciento de las ARI. Después del procedimientos se obtuvo TIMI 3 en el 92 por ciento y en otras 4 ARI hubo fenómeno de "no-reflow". El grado de estenosisi inicial fue de 96 por ciento ñ 3.1 y post-stent de 1.76 por ciento ñ 2.6, con una relaciónstent/diámetro vascular de 1.01. Existio técnico se obtuvo en el 100 por ciento de los casos y éxito clínico en 48/50 enfermos (96 por ciento). Dos pacientes fallecieron como con secuencia del procedimiento: uno por oclusión trombótica aguda del stent y otro por choque cardiogénico dos días después de implante exitoso de un stent en la arteria descendente anterior. No hubo necesidad de cirugía urgente, ni re-infarto o re-angioplastía en el resto de los enfermos analizados. Otros dos sujetos murieron por causas no relacionadas con el procedimiento: pancreatitis aguda en uno y septicemia en otro. Al egreso, el 96 por ciento de los enfermos fueron tratados con aspirina y ticlopidina. Una hematoma inguinal mayor se presentó en un solo caso. El seguimiento clinico promedio en 45 sujetos fue de 5.6 ñ 4.2 meses y mostró que el 73 por ciento se encontraban en clase funcional I y en ninguno había habido eventos de re-infarto, re-revascularización o muerte. En conclusión el stent implantado en la fase aguda del infarto en un método eficaz y seguro con una tasa baja de eventos isquémicos recurrentes