The importance of cell uptake in photothermal treatments mediated by biomimetic magnetic nanoparticles.

Biomimetic magnetic nanoparticles (BMNPs) mediated by MamC have proven to be photothermal agents able to allow an optimized cytotoxicity against tumoral cells when used simultaneously as drug nanotransporters and as hyperthermia agents. However, it remains unclear whether BMNPs need to be internalized by the cells and/or if there is a threshold for internal Fe concentration for the photothermal therapy to be effective. In this study, three different situations for photothermal treatments have been simulated to disentangle the effect of BMNPs cell uptake on cell viability after photothermal treatments. Human hepatoblastoma (HepG2) cell line was treated with suspensions of BMNPs, and protocols were developed to have only intracellular BMNPs, only extracellular BMNPs or both, followed by photothermal exposure of the treated cell cultures. Our data demonstrate that: (1) Although the heating efficiency of the photothermal agent is not altered by its location (intra/extracellular), the intracellular location of BMNPs is crucial to ensure the cytotoxic effect of photothermal treatments, especially at low Fe concentration. In fact, the concentration of BMNPs needed to reach the same cytotoxic effect following upon laser irradiation of 0.2 W/cm2 is three times larger if BMNPs are located extracellularly compared to that needed if BMNPs are located intracellularly; (2) For a given location of the BMNPs, cell death increases with BMNPs (or Fe) concentration. When BMNPs are located intracellularly, there is a threshold for Fe concentration (∼ 0.5 mM at laser power intensities of 0.1 W/cm2) needed to affect cell viability following upon cell exposure to photothermia. (3) Bulk temperature rise is not the only factor accounting for cell death. Actually, temperature increases inside the cells cause more damage to cell structures and trigger cell death more efficiently than an increase in the temperature outside the cell.

Mechanistic interrogation of mutation-independent disease modulators of RDEB identifies the small leucine-rich proteoglycan PRELP as a TGF-ß antagonist and inhibitor of fibrosis.

Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) is a genetic extracellular matrix disease caused by deficiency in type VII collagen (Col VII). The disease manifests with devastating mucocutaneous fragility leading to progressive fibrosis and metastatic squamous cell carcinomas. Although Col VII abundance is considered the main predictor of symptom course, previous studies have revealed the existence of mutation-independent mechanisms that control disease progression. Here, to investigate and validate new molecular modifiers of wound healing and fibrosis in a natural human setting, and toward development of disease-modulating treatment of RDEB, we performed gene expression profiling of primary fibroblast from RDEB siblings with marked phenotypic variations, despite having equal COL7A1 genotype. Gene enrichment analysis suggested that severe RDEB was associated with enhanced response to TGF-ß stimulus, oxidoreductase activity, and cell contraction. Consistently, we found an increased response to TGF-ß, higher levels of basal and induced reactive oxygen species (ROS), and greater contractile ability in collagen lattices in RDEB fibroblasts (RDEBFs) from donors with severe RDEB vs mild RDEB. Treatment with antioxidants allowed a reduction of the pro-fibrotic and contractile phenotype. Importantly, our analyses revealed higher expression and deposition in skin of the relatively uncharacterized small leucine-rich extracellular proteoglycan PRELP/prolargin associated with milder RDEB manifestations. Mechanistic investigations showed that PRELP effectively attenuated fibroblasts' response to TGF-ß1 stimulus and cell contractile capacity. Moreover, PRELP overexpression in RDEBFs enhanced RDEB keratinocyte attachment to fibroblast-derived extracellular matrix in the absence of Col VII. Our results highlight the clinical relevance of pro-oxidant status and hyper-responsiveness to TGF-ß in RDEB severity and progression. Of note, our study also reveals PRELP as a novel and natural TGF-ß antagonist with a likely dermo-epidermal pro-adhesive capacity.

Infection and infectivity: Utility of rapid antigen tests for the diagnosis of COVID-19.

Detection of SARS-CoV-2 proteins is commercially available in the form of lateral-flow rapid antigen test for the point-of-care diagnosis of COVID-19. This platform has been validated for symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, for diagnosis or screening, and as part of single or sequential diagnostic strategies. Although in general less sensitive than amplification techniques, antigen tests may be particularly valid during the first days of symptoms and to detect individuals with greater viral load, thereby with enhanced chances of viral transmission. The simplicity of antigen tests make them very suitable to discard infection in settings with low pretest probability, and to detect infection in case of higher chances of having COVID-19.

The importance of integrative approaches in nematode taxonomy: the validity of Parapharyngodon and Thelandros as distinct genera.

Despite the advances of molecular tools, new nematode species are still described mainly based on morphological characters. Parapharyngodon and Thelandros are two genera of oxyurids with unclear related taxonomic histories. Here we use morphological characters (linear measurements and categorical variables) and genetic information (18S rRNA, 28S rRNA and COI partial gene sequences) to confirm the relationships between representatives of these two genera and to determine whether they can be discriminated morphologically. Genetic results confirm the existence of two main clades, mostly congruent with Parapharyngodon and Thelandros genera but with several discordances. Thelandros is polyphyletic, with two of the species analysed (T. filiformis and T. tinerfensis) being part of the Thelandros clade, but with a third one (T. galloti) falling within the Parapharyngodon clade. Regarding the Parapharyngodon clade, P. cubensis, P. scleratus and Parapharyngodon sp. from Mexico form congruent lineages, while most P. echinatus samples cluster in another group, with one exception. Interestingly, P. micipsae samples are scattered across the Parapharyngodon clade, suggesting that they were misidentified or rather represent alternative morphotypes of other species. Morphological analysis identified the length of the tail, number of caudal papillae, position of the nerve ring, presence of caudal alae and length of the lateral alae as reliable characters to distinguish between Parapharyngodon and Thelandros genetic clades. Our study highlights the current taxonomic inconsistency in these groups, mainly derived from the exclusive use of morphological data. As such, we advocate for the routine implementation of molecular data in nematode taxonomic studies.

Soliton driven angiogenesis.

Angiogenesis is a multiscale process by which blood vessels grow from existing ones and carry oxygen to distant organs. Angiogenesis is essential for normal organ growth and wounded tissue repair but it may also be induced by tumours to amplify their own growth. Mathematical and computational models contribute to understanding angiogenesis and developing anti-angiogenic drugs, but most work only involves numerical simulations and analysis has lagged. A recent stochastic model of tumour-induced angiogenesis including blood vessel branching, elongation, and anastomosis captures some of its intrinsic multiscale structures, yet allows one to extract a deterministic integropartial differential description of the vessel tip density. Here we find that the latter advances chemotactically towards the tumour driven by a soliton (similar to the famous Korteweg-de Vries soliton) whose shape and velocity change slowly. Analysing these collective coordinates paves the way for controlling angiogenesis through the soliton, the engine that drives this process.

In vitro neuroprotective potential of the monoterpenes α-pinene and 1,8-cineole against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in PC12 cells.

Oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Natural products are considered as therapeutically useful antioxidant agents against reactive oxygen species (ROS). We have evaluated the antioxidant and protective potential of the monoterpenes 1,8-cineole and α-pinene against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in PC12 (rat pheochromocytoma) cells. Pretreatment with these monoterpenes was found to attenuate the loss of cell viability and the changes in cell morphology. Moreover, they inhibited the intracellular ROS production and markedly enhanced the expression of antioxidant enzymes including catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR) and heme-oxygenase 1 (HO-1). In addition, they were able to decrease apoptosis as is evident from reduced capase-3 activity. The mechanisms of their antioxidant action appear to involve ROS scavenging and induction of the nuclear Nrf2 factor. This study demonstrates the potential beneficial therapeutic effect of these common monoterpenes on the oxidant/antioxidant balance in diseases of the nervous system.

Stochastic model of tumor-induced angiogenesis: Ensemble averages and deterministic equations.

A recent conceptual model of tumor-driven angiogenesis including branching, elongation, and anastomosis of blood vessels captures some of the intrinsic multiscale structures of this complex system, yet allowing one to extract a deterministic integro-partial-differential description of the vessel tip density [Phys. Rev. E 90, 062716 (2014)]. Here we solve the stochastic model, show that ensemble averages over many realizations correspond to the deterministic equations, and fit the anastomosis rate coefficient so that the total number of vessel tips evolves similarly in the deterministic and ensemble-averaged stochastic descriptions.

Solitonlike attractor for blood vessel tip density in angiogenesis.

Recently, numerical simulations of a stochastic model have shown that the density of vessel tips in tumor-induced angiogenesis adopts a solitonlike profile [Sci. Rep. 6, 31296 (2016)2045-232210.1038/srep31296]. In this work, we derive and solve the equations for the soliton collective coordinates that indicate how the soliton adapts its shape and velocity to varying chemotaxis and diffusion. The vessel tip density can be reconstructed from the soliton formulas. While the stochastic model exhibits large fluctuations, we show that the location of the maximum vessel tip density for different replicas follows closely the soliton peak position calculated either by ensemble averages or by solving an alternative deterministic description of the density. The simple soliton collective coordinate equations may also be used to ascertain the response of the vessel network to changes in the parameters and thus to control it.

Evaluation of the acrosomal status in Lama glama sperm incubated with acrosome reaction inducers.

UNLABELLED: The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of different acrosome reaction (AR) inducers on viability and acrosomal status in llama spermatozoa, by using the FITC-PNA/PI technique and evaluate if there is a positive correlation between the FITC-PNA/PI and the Coomassie blue (CB) staining techniques. After incubating twenty ejaculates in 0.1% collagenase the centrifuged pellets were resuspended in TALP-BSA medium. An aliquot was sonicated to remove the acrosomal content (positive control). The rest of the sample was incubated for 3h at 38 °C with 5% CO2 and 100% humidity. TREATMENTS: Three aliquots were further incubated 1h with one of the following AR inducers: calcium ionophore, ionomycin or progesterone. CONTROLS: One without inducers and the other, incubated with dimethyl sulfoxide (vehicle of the inducing agents). Acrosomes were evaluated at time 0 and after 4h incubation. Calcium ionophore was the most potent agent for inducing the AR (67.2 ± 14.4% live+dead AR sperm) (P < 0.05). These samples showed no motility and viability was very low (0-30%). Both ionomycin and progesterone presented significantly higher (P < 0.05) percentages of total AR sperm than the controls, but had similar percentages of dead reacted sperm to the controls. A positive correlation was observed between the intact acrosome FITC-PNA/PI pattern (live+dead sperm) and the acrosome-present CB pattern (r = 0.64; P = 0.000) in all the evaluated samples. CONCLUSIONS: the FITC-PNA/PI technique simultaneously evaluates viability and acrosomal status in llama spermatozoa and calcium ionophore could be used as a control of AR.

Protective properties of Salvia lavandulifolia Vahl. essential oil against oxidative stress-induced neuronal injury.

Salvia lavandulifolia Vahl., known as "Spanish sage", has potential value in dementia for its sedative, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticholinesterase properties. This work aimed to evaluate the in vitro neuroprotective activity of S. lavandulifolia essential oils, obtained from plants at different phenological stages (vegetative and flowering phases) and plants grown at different densities, against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in PC12 cells. The effect on cell viability and morphology, lipid peroxidation, GSH/GSSG ratio, intracellular ROS levels, antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD, GR, GPx, HO-1) and apoptotic enzymes was investigated. Comparing with H2O2-treated PC12 cells, pretreatments with essential oil samples attenuated morphological changes and loss of cell viability, decreased MDA levels and intracellular ROS production and increased GSH/GSSG ratio. Moreover, Spanish sage increased antioxidant status as evidenced in an increase of antioxidant enzyme activity and protein expression and inhibited caspase-3 activity. Furthermore, our results suggest that S. lavandulifolia essential oils are able to activate Nrf2 transcription factor. Collectively, the sample of essential oil obtained with the highest densities of planting and at flowering phase exerted the major neuroprotective activity. Our findings demonstrate that S. lavandulifolia essential oils may have therapeutic value for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases associated with oxidative stress-induced neuronal injury.

Major selected monoterpenes α-pinene and 1,8-cineole found in Salvia lavandulifolia (Spanish sage) essential oil as regulators of cellular redox balance.

CONTEXT: Salvia lavandulifolia has been employed in folk medicine for the treatment of memory and dementia problems. This specie contains numerous bioactive terpenes which may contribute to its effectiveness. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the composition of essential oil of S. lavandulifolia and to investigate the potential in vitro cytoprotective and antioxidant activities of its major compounds, α-pinene and 1,8-cineole, against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in the U373-MG cell line. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Chemical composition was analyzed by gas chromatography; antioxidant capacity was measured using the ORAC assay, and cytoprotective activity was evaluated using the MTT assay (for cell viability) (range of concentrations: 10-400 µM), DCFH-DA assay (for intracellular ROS generation), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) method (for lipid peroxidation), and spectrofometric techniques and Western blot (for enzymatic activity and protein expression, respectively) at 10 and 25 µM. RESULTS: α-Pinene (18.39%) and 1,8-cineole (19.57%) were identified as major compounds in S. lavandulifolia essential oil. Pretreatments with these monoterpenes protected U373-MG cells against H2O2-induced oxidative injury by attenuating the loss of cell viability (IC50 : 79.70 µM to α-pinene and 66.23 µM to 1,8-cineole) and cell morphology, inhibiting ROS production (the most active compound was 1,8-cineole by decreasing the ROS production over 30-45% at 10 and 25 µM) and lipid peroxidation and increasing the endogenous antioxidant status (glutathione levels and CAT, SOD, GR, GPx, and HO-1 activity and protein expression). CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate for the first time the effects of the monoterpenes 1,8-cineole and α-pinene identified in S. lavandulifolia essential oil as regulators of cellular redox balance in astrocytes.

Phenolic content, antioxidant and astroprotective response to oxidative stress of ethanolic extracts of Mentha longifolia from Sinai.

The aerial parts ofMentha longifolia L. are used as herbal remedies for curing different diseases through traditional Bedouin medicine. The antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extracts of M longifolia was investigated measuring peroxyl radical-scavenging activity by ORAC assay, with Trolox (a water-soluble analogue of α-tocopherol) employed as reference compound. In addition, the total content of phenolic compounds estimated by the Folin-Ciocalteau method and the identification of the polyphenols using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) have been performed. Furthermore, the effect of these extracts on cell viability and intracellular ROS production was assayed using the U373-MG human astrocytoma cell line in a H2O2-induced oxidative stress model. Results showed that the major type of polyphenols found were benzoic acids, cinnamic acids, flavones and flavanones. The total phenolic content was 37.7 mg gallic acid/g sample and the ORAC value was 1.355 .mol TE/mg sample. The data obtained in cellular assays demonstrated that these ethanolic extracts protected H2O2-induced astrocyte damage by increasing cell viability and inhibiting production of intracellular ROS. These results suggest that the investigated extracts obtained from the aerial parts of M longifolia have antioxidant potential related to their phenol content which have important beneficial health effects, especially in those disease associated with ROS.

Biological activity of HPLC-characterized ethanol extract from the aerial parts of Haplophyllum tuberculatum.

CONTEXT: The search for new sources of natural antioxidants from plant material may have beneficial therapeutic potential for those diseases associated with oxidative stress. The medicinal plant Haplophyllum tuberculatum (Forsskal) A. Juss. (Rutaceae) contains phenolic compounds as main phytochemicals; however, there are no reports on its antioxidant properties. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate antioxidant and cytoprotective potential of ethanol extract of Haplophyllum tuberculatum aerial parts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Total phenol content was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent; antiradical activity was measured using ORAC assay and the analysis of the major polyphenols was carried out using a HPLC-MS method. The antioxidant and cytoprotective effect were also investigated by the MTT assay and DCFH-DA method. The human astrocytoma U373-MG cell line was pretreated with ethanol extract (from 0.025 to 250 µg/mL) for 24 h, prior to 1 mM H2O2 exposure (30 min). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Total phenol content was 46.2 mg gallic acid/g sample and ORAC value was 1.283 µmol TE/mg sample. Chemical constituents were methoxyflavones, flavonols (mainly quercetin derivatives), cinnamic acids and benzoic acids. In cell system model of oxidative stress, pretreatments with ethanol extract at the concentrations of 2.5, 0.25 and 0.025 µg/mL significantly attenuated H2O2-induced loss in viability by 13.5, 17 and 20.5%, respectively. Furthermore, these ethanol extract concentrations markedly inhibited intracellular ROS production with IC50 0.026 µg/mL. These findings demonstrate the beneficial properties of ethanol extract of Haplophyllum tuberculatum aerial parts, rich in phenolic compounds, as antioxidant and radical scavenger ameliorating ROS-related processes and diseases such as several neurodegenerative disorders.

Hybrid modeling of tumor-induced angiogenesis.

When modeling of tumor-driven angiogenesis, a major source of analytical and computational complexity is the strong coupling between the kinetic parameters of the relevant stochastic branching-and-growth of the capillary network, and the family of interacting underlying fields. To reduce this complexity, we take advantage of the system intrinsic multiscale structure: we describe the stochastic dynamics of the cells at the vessel tip at their natural mesoscale, whereas we describe the deterministic dynamics of the underlying fields at a larger macroscale. Here, we set up a conceptual stochastic model including branching, elongation, and anastomosis of vessels and derive a mean field approximation for their densities. This leads to a deterministic integropartial differential system that describes the formation of the stochastic vessel network. We discuss the proper capillary injecting boundary conditions and include the results of relevant numerical simulations.

Compositional analysis and in vitro protective activity against oxidative stress of essential oils from egyptian plants used in traditional medicine.

The Sinai desert in Egypt contains great variability in plants extensively used for traditional medicines such as Achillea fragrantissima, Chiliadenus montanus, Mentha longifolia and Haplophyllum tuberculatum. The essential oils extracted by hydrodistillation from the aerial parts have been analyzed. Subsequently, their potential protective activity against oxidative stress has been evaluated, employing H2O2 as oxidant inductor and astrocytes as the cell model. The chemical composition of the essential oils was analyzed by GC/MS. Most of the compounds identified in A. fragrantissima and M. longifolia samples were oxygenated monoterpene derivatives, whereas for H. tuberculatum they were monoterpenes hydrocarbons and oxygenated compounds, and for C. montanus oxygenated monoterpenes and oxygenated sesquiterpenes predominated. The in vitro evaluation of antioxidant properties, using ORAC assay, revealed that M. longifolia essential oil possessed the highest scavenging activity against peroxyl radicals, following by H. tuberculatum, A. fragrantissima and C. montanus. Under oxidative stress conditions, M. longifolia and H. tuberculatum essential oils were the only ones that protected human astrocytoma U373-MG cells against H2O2 damage. Both essential oils prevented cell death and inhibited ROS production caused by H2O2. M. longifolia essential oil was the most active, suggesting an interesting prevention role in those CNS disorders associated with oxidative stress.

Kaurane diterpenes from Sideritis spp. exert a cytoprotective effect against oxidative injury that is associated with modulation of the Nrf2 system.

Kaurane diterpenes have been shown to possess antioxidant properties. As a part of our ongoing studies on the identification of biologically active diterpenes from Sideritis spp., we have previously isolated and structurally elucidated the major kaurane diterpenes foliol, linearol and sidol, in a previous study from the aerial parts of Sideritis linearifolia and Sideritis leucantha. We have now examined the ability of these compounds to protect PC12 cells in an H2O2-induced oxidative stress model. Linearol and sidol (5 and 10 µM, 24 h) significantly attenuated loss of mitochondrial function (MTT assay) and membrane integrity (LDH assay) and morphological changes associated with H2O2-mediated cytotoxicity. Moreover, pretreatments with linearol and sidol effectively reduced intracellular ROS production, decreased MDA levels (lipid peroxidation product) and restored GSH/GSSG ratio. Furthermore, analysis of the effect of diterpenes on antioxidant enzymes showed that linearol and sidol induced the upregulation and protein expression of the main antioxidant enzymes CAT, SOD, GPx, GR and HO-1. Considering molecular mechanisms for maintaining cellular redox homeostasis by linearol and sidol, it would appear that the Nrf2 transcription factor seems to be involved. These results indicate that linearol and sidol are potential cytoprotective compounds, through antioxidant mechanisms, under H2O2-induced oxidative stress.

[Elaboration and validation of an informative document on adenoamigdalectomy for patients]. / Elaboración y validación de un documento informativo sobre adeno-amigdalectomía para pacientes.

BACKGROUND: Access to up-to-date and understandable health information is a growing citizen demand, as well as an ethical duty and a legal regulation. Written information reinforces information transmitted orally during the consultation and improves recall capacity. Adenoamigdalectomy is an intervention that affects a high number of patients, the majority from the child population that has a high emotional sensitivity, and it is experienced by parents with considerable anxiety. An informative guide on adenoamigdalectomy was elaborated and validated. The aim of this article is to describe the process of elaborating the document, emphasizing its validation and results. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The document was validated in three phases: A) Clinical content validated by professionals with a checklist and a consensus meeting; B) Analysis of grammatical legibility according to the Flesch index; C) Validation of lexical legibility with citizens by means of a validation guide and interviews. RESULTS: The validation by professionals and citizens was highly positive. The professionals stressed the accuracy of the content and corrected some imprecisions. They made suggestions concerning format, writing style and length. The citizens stressed understandable language, resolution of doubts, respectful tone and their satisfaction with the initiative. They also differed on aspects such as their opinion of the document's length. CONCLUSIONS: The validation of informative documents by both professionals and patients is a process of great interest. Lack of agreement in their analyses makes it clear why it is important to include both sectors. The document was improved by their contributions.

Nrf2-dependent neuroprotective activity of diterpenoids isolated from Sideritis spp.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The species of the genus Sideritis are extensively used in the Mediterranean area in folk medicine for their digestive, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, among others. Moreover, Sideritis species as tea infusions are popularly known for improving memory function and cognitive ability. Diterpenoids are one of the most abundant and important pharmacological interest of the classes of natural products presented in these medicinal plants. AIM OF THE STUDY: To determine for the first time the neuroprotective effects, based on their antioxidant properties, of the three isolated major diterpenoids andalusol, conchitriol and lagascatriol in an oxidative stress model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: H2O2 was used as oxidant inductor and rat adrenal pheochromocytoma PC12 cells as cellular model. Cell viability was measured using MTT and LDH assays, lipid peroxidation was determined by HPLC, GSH and GSSG levels assessed by fluorometric techniques, enzymatic activity and protein expression were determined by spectrofometric techniques and Western blot, respectively. RESULTS: Pretreatments with the three diterpenoids significantly attenuated H2O2-induced changes in mitochondrial integrity and activity (MTT assay), in cell membrane integrity (LDH assay) and in cell morphology. Moreover, these diterpenoids inhibited intracellular ROS production H2O2-induced, reduced lipid peroxidation and counteracted GSH/GSSG changes. Furthermore, both activities and protein expression of the endogenous antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD, GR, GPx and HO-1) were increased. The Nrf2 pathway was involved, at least in part, in the protective effects of these diterpenoids. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that these natural compounds provide significant antioxidant effects in PC12 under for counteracting the oxidative damage H2O2-induced and their potential role as useful agents for the prevention of those oxidative stress-mediated dementia disorders. Andalusol was the most active compound among the studied diterpenoids.

Protective effects of Merlot red wine extract and its major polyphenols in PC12 cells under oxidative stress conditions.

UNLABELLED: The potential effect of the extracts from free-run and pressed Merlot red wine has been evaluated in PC12 cells under oxidative stress situation. Comparing both vinification process, pressed Merlot red wine extract possessed higher neuroprotective activity than the free run wine, possibly attributed to the major content in all global polyphenolic families. High performance liquid chromatography determination of individual polyphenols showed that the major compounds found in Merlot red wine extract were quercetin, catechin, epicatechin, tyrosol, gallic acid, and procyanidins. Pretreatments with these polyphenolic compounds (0.25 mM and 0.1 mM, 24 h) significantly increased cell viability of H(2)O(2) and Fenton reaction treated cells. Moreover, these polyphenols attenuated ROS production and decreased the Redox Index of glutathione (RI = GSSG/GSH + GSSG) in cells treated only with Fenton reaction. Furthermore, some polyphenols induced antioxidant enzymes activity and protein expression. Quercetin was the most active. These results support the beneficial effects of red wine extracts and some of its polyphenols under oxidative stress conditions. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This research provides evidences of the preventive properties of wine extracts and its major polyphenols under oxidative stress conditions.