Response to MAPK pathway inhibitors in BRAF V600M-mutated metastatic melanoma.

WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE: The management of metastatic melanoma has changed significantly in the past decade with the development of immunotherapies and targeted molecular therapies. Trials of targeted therapies have focused mainly on patients with the most common BRAF V600 mutations, namely V600E/K substitutions, with very little information available on the benefit of targeted therapies on less commonly occurring mutations such as V600R/D and M. CASE SUMMARY: We present a 54-year-old man with metastatic melanoma harbouring a rare BRAF V600M mutation, who experienced clinical and radiological response to combined therapy with the BRAF inhibitor dabrafenib and MEK inhibitor trametinib. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION: As our understanding of these therapies evolves and an increasing number of patients have mutational testing performed, there is a clear imperative--as highlighted by this case--to test for rarer mutations and facilitate their inclusion both in everyday practice and in future clinical trials.

Specific targeting, biodistribution, and lack of immunogenicity of chimeric anti-GD3 monoclonal antibody KM871 in patients with metastatic melanoma: results of a phase I trial.

PURPOSE: KM871 is a chimeric monoclonal antibody against the ganglioside antigen GD3, which is highly expressed on melanoma cells. We conducted an open-label, dose escalation phase I trial of KM871 in patients with metastatic melanoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Seventeen patients were entered onto one of five dose levels (1, 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg/m2). Patients received three infusions of KM871 at 2-week intervals, with the first infusion of KM871 trace-labeled with indium-111 (111In) to enable assessment of biodistribution in vivo. Biopsies of metastatic melanoma sites were performed on days 7 to 10. RESULTS: Fifteen of 17 patients completed a cycle of three infusions of KM871. No dose-limiting toxicity was observed during the trial; the maximum-tolerated dose was therefore not reached. Three patients (at the 1-, 5-, and 40-mg/m2 dose levels) developed pain and/or erythema at tumor sites consistent with an inflammatory response. No normal tissue uptake of 111In-KM871 was observed, and tumor uptake of 111In-KM871 was observed in all lesions greater than 1.5 cm (tumor biopsy 111KM871 uptake results: range, 0.001% to 0.026% injected dose/g). The ratio of maximum tumor to normal tissue was 15:1. Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed a 111In-KM871 terminal half-life of 7.68 +/- 2.94 days. One patient had a clinical partial response that lasted 11 months. There was no serologic evidence of human antichimeric antibody in any patient, including one patient who received 16 infusions over a 12-month period. CONCLUSION: This study is the first to demonstrate the biodistribution and specific targeting of an anti-GD3 antibody to metastatic melanoma in patients. The long half-life and lack of immunogenicity of KM871 makes this antibody an attractive potential therapy for patients with metastatic melanoma.

MAGE-12 and MAGE-6 are frequently expressed in malignant melanoma.

MAGE proteins have been identified as potential specific targets for cancer vaccination. Although MAGE-6 and MAGE-12 were originally identified in malignant melanoma there are no studies reporting the frequency of expression of these antigens in this malignancy. These are of relevance particularly for MAGE-6 as recent studies have identified CTL activity against several epitopes. We have studied MAGE-1, -2, -3, -4, -6 and -12 gene expression using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in 47 melanoma samples and 11 melanoma cell lines established from these tumours. The tumour samples expressed MAGE-12 (74%) and MAGE-6 (64%) mRNA at much higher frequencies than the other MAGE genes. MAGE-12 and MAGE-6 were expressed at the highest frequencies, relative to the other MAGE antigens, in early stage lesions. The frequency of expression of all the MAGE genes was found to be higher in samples from metastatic deposits compared to those from locoregional disease. The cell lines all expressed the same or more MAGE antigens than the tumours from which they were derived. In only one cell line was expression of a MAGE antigen lost. Certain recurring patterns of MAGE expression were observed in the tumour samples. MAGE-6 and/or -12 expression were detected in all of those 26 tumour samples that were positive for one or more of MAGE-1, -2, -3 and -4. Twenty of these 26 samples expressed both antigens. These findings suggest that protocols targeting MAGE-12 and -6 would permit many more patients to be included into clinical cancer vaccination trials.

A phase I and pharmacokinetic study of subcutaneously-administered recombinant human interleukin-4 (rhuIL-4) in patients with advanced cancer.

PURPOSE: To investigate the pharmacokinetics and tolerability of recombinant human interleukin-4 (rhuIL-4), administered by daily subcutaneous injection, in patients with advanced cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fourteen patients with advanced cancer treated with rhuIL-4 at escalating dose levels of 0.25, 1.0 and 5.0 microg/kg/day, on days 1, 8-17, and 28-57. The primary endpoints of the study were toxicity of rhuIL-4 and the determination of the pharmacokinetics of rhuIL-4 when given by subcutaneous injection. Secondary endpoints included effects on blood counts, hematopoietic cell precursors, and various immunologic parameters. RESULTS: rhuIL-4 was well tolerated at all three dose levels. Detectable serum levels of IL-4 were found in patients at the 1.0 and 5.0 microg/kg/day dose levels. Peak serum IL-4 levels were achieved about 2 h after injection and IL-4 was still detectable 8 h after injection. No grade 4 toxicities were observed and grade 3 toxicities were confined to fever, headache and raised hepatic alkaline phosphatase. No consistent hematological or immunologic effects were observed. Although therapeutic efficacy was not an endpoint, one complete response (Hodgkin's disease) was observed. One patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia progressed on therapy. CONCLUSION: rhuIL-4 up to 5.0 microg/kg/day is well tolerated when given by subcutaneous injection. Biologically relevant serum IL-4 levels can be achieved and sustained for at least 8 h after a single injection.

Cardiac metastases from malignant melanoma.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac metastases are uncommon, with the exception of malignant melanoma. More cases of cardiac involvement are being diagnosed in association with the rising incidence and increasing survival of patients with melanoma. Surgical intervention may be an effective palliative measure and should be considered for selected patients who present with this problem. METHODS: In this article, the authors present clinical, laboratory, and imaging data from two patients with malignant melanoma who presented with cardiac metastases. A discussion of these patients is accompanied by a review of the current literature on this topic. RESULTS: Two females with known metastatic malignant melanoma presented with nonspecific pulmonary symptoms and were found to have intracardiac metastases involving the right heart. One patient underwent successful surgical removal of a large tumor mass, which resulted in relief of symptoms and prevention of imminent death from cardiac complications. Together with the literature review, these cases demonstrate the important clinical features of cardiac metastases from melanoma and define the best means of diagnosis as well as the potential benefits of surgical intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiac involvement by malignant melanoma is now diagnosed with increasing frequency. A diagnosis can be made with relative ease, but clinical suspicion must precede it. Surgery may be useful to palliate symptoms and prevent death from cardiac complications.

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor for cancer treatment.

In the 5 years since granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) was first tested clinically, a number of different strategies for its use have been evaluated in patients with malignant disease. These include using GM-CSF to support standard and high-dose chemotherapy, to accelerate myeloid reconstitution following marrow transplantation, to mobilize peripheral blood progenitor cells into the circulation for harvesting and transplantation, and in combination with cycle-specific chemotherapy drugs to enhance their cytotoxicity to leukemic cells. Early results were encouraging and data from randomized studies are now being reported. These are enabling an assessment of the value of these strategies for GM-CSF use in the management of cancer.

Assessment of proliferative responses to granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in acute myeloid leukaemia using a fluorescent ligand for the nucleoside transporter.

Nucleoside transporter expression has been linked to proliferation in a variety of haemopoietic cell types. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) was given for 72 h before commencing chemotherapy in 15 patients with relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and in 11 patients serial bone marrows were taken for measurement of [3H]thymidine labelling index, Ki-67 positivity and maximal binding of 5-(SAENTA-x8)-fluorescein, a flow cytometry ligand which enumerates nucleoside transporter sites. GM-CSF caused proliferation of marrow myeloblasts in eight of 11 patients, while in three patients there was no change in proliferative indices. The expression of nucleoside transporters increased up to 4-fold in the myeloblasts from the patients showing a proliferative response to GM-CSF but there was no increase in transporters on the myeloblasts from the three non-responding patients. A close correlation was found between the fold increase in nucleoside transporter expression and the fold increase in labelling index of marrow myeloblasts (r = 0.86, n = 9, p < 0.01). In one patient with acute megakaryoblastic leukemia, GM-CSF caused parallel increases in labelling index, Ki-67 positivity and numbers of nucleoside transporters on peripheral blood blast cells. Thus induction of proliferation by cytokine increases the expression of nucleoside transporters on leukaemic myeloblasts studied in serial samples from the same source (bone marrow or blood). The suitability of 5-(SAENTA-x8)-fluorescein for two colour flow cytometric analysis allows the rapid enumeration of nucleoside transporters in the myeloblast compartment of heterogeneous marrow samples.

Reactivity to human islets and fetal pig proislets by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from subjects with preclinical and clinical insulin-dependent diabetes.

A simple, direct assay for T-lymphocyte reactivity to islet antigen(s) in human insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) should facilitate preclinical diagnosis and the evaluation of intervention therapy to avert autoimmune-mediated beta-cell destruction. In subjects with preclinical or clinical IDDM, we measured the reactivity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) incubated over 6 days with either adult human islets or fetal pig proislets, or other fetal pig tissues, and with human insulin. With islets, the stimulation index (SI) of [3H]thymidine uptake by PBMCs exceeded the mean + 2SD of control subjects in 6 of 6 preclinical subjects (SI 8.7 +/- 3.7), 7 of 11 clinical subjects (SI 5.2 +/- 3.4), and 1 of 12 control subjects (SI 2.7 +/- 1.7); with insulin, the responses were less in frequency and magnitude, being 4 of 6 (2.7 +/- 1.6), 3 of 11 (2.2 +/- 1.1), and 0 of 12 (1.20 +/- 0.55), respectively. The mean responses to islets of PBMCs from preclinical and clinical subjects differed significantly from control subjects (P less than 0.02 by 2-tailed Kruskal-Wallis test). Secretion of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor by PBMCs over 6 days was assayed in the preclinical group and generally paralleled the uptake of [3H]thymidine. PBMC reactivity to islets appeared to be at least as sensitive a marker of preclinical IDDM as autoantibodies to a 64,000-Mr protein, presumably the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase, in fetal pig proislets. In conclusion, islet-reactive T lymphocytes in subjects with preclinical and clinical IDDM can be identified in bulk culture of PBMCs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Cloned stromal cell lines derived from human Whitlock/Witte-type long-term bone marrow cultures.

We report a human bone marrow culture technique that initially parallels the murine Whitlock/Witte culture system. As in the murine system, B cells predominate over other cell types, and all differentiation stages from pre-B to plasma cell are observed. Although these human long-term cultures pass through stages resembling phases I to III of murine Whitlock/Witte cultures, no outgrowth of nonadherent cells was seen after cultures had reached the "crisis" phase unless Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformants appeared. The stromal cells persisted well beyond crisis, but they could not be maintained and passaged as cell lines, limiting their use in molecular analysis. Transfection of these stromal cells with plasmid DNA containing the simian virus 40 (SV40) early region yielded 124 cloned cell lines. Analysis of these lines showed that all expressed SV40 large T antigen, but they retained most phenotypic markers found on non-transformed stromal cells. When adherent and T-cell-depleted bone marrow cells were cultured on either nontransformed stromal layers or transformed cell lines they proliferated actively and soon yielded predominantly lymphoid nonadherent populations. Moreover, prolonged survival of acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells of pre-B phenotype was regularly achieved on both normal and transformed adherent cell layers. Although the liquid culture system favored lymphocytes, transformed stroma supported colony formation by both human and murine hemopoietic progenitors when marrow was added in agar medium. This was not explained by colony-stimulating factor (CSF) production, because striking heterogeneity in the levels of granulocyte CSF (G-CSF) and granulocyte-macrophage CSF (GM-CSF) secretion by the lines was noted. Some lines that did not produce detectable CSF demonstrated good support of fresh bone marrow growth and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cell survival. The heterogeneity of these cell lines and their capacity to support hemopoiesis suggest that they will be useful in studying the molecular basis of in vitro lymphohemopoiesis in man.

The effects of dose and route of administration on the pharmacokinetics of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor.

The pharmacokinetics of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) (0.3-30 micrograms/kg) were studied after subcutaneous bolus (n = 16) or intravenous bolus (n = 5) injection or 2 h intravenous infusion (n = 12). Each method of administration gave a different GM-CSF concentration-time profile. Highest peak serum concentrations (Cmax) followed the intravenous bolus, and the time GM-CSF persisted at a concentration greater than 1 ng/ml (t greater than 1 ng/ml) was longer after a subcutaneous than after an intravenous injection. Area under the concentration-time curve (AUC), Cmax and t greater than 1 ng/ml all increased with dose for each method of administration. After intravenous administration, there was a two-phase decline in concentration. The half-life (t1/2) of the terminal phase following an intravenous bolus ranged from 0.24 to 1.18 h and, following intravenous infusion, from 0.62 to 9.07 h and appeared to increase with dose. The apparent clearance was greatest following subcutaneous injection at doses below 3 micrograms/kg, suggesting a saturable mechanism or different bioavailability. Only 0.001%-0.2% of the injected dose appeared in the urine as immunoreactive GM-CSF.

Dose-intense weekly cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, vincristine and prednisolone (CMFP) in advanced breast cancer.

Weekly chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide 80 mg m-2 day-1 p.o. continuously, methotrexate 35 mg m-2 week-1 i.v., 5-fluorouracil 500 mg m-2 week-1 i.v., vincristine 1.4 mg m-2 i.v. every two weeks and prednisolone 20 mg m-2 day-1 p.o. continuously (CMFVP) was prospectively studied in 45 previously untreated outpatients with advanced breast cancer to determine the feasibility of delivering a dose-intense regimen. Of 40 evaluable patients, complete response (CR) occurred in one patient, partial response (PR) in 20 (CR + PR 53%), stable in eight, progression in 11 and five were unevaluable for response. The median relapse-free survival for responders was 25 weeks and median survival for all patients was 31 weeks. The mean dose intensity relative to the Cooper regimen fell from 1.02 to 0.6 within the first 4 weeks of treatment and the median dose intensity achieved for all patients on study was only 0.52. Eighty-seven per cent of patients had treatment delays with a mean of 3.9 delays per patient and 71% had dose reductions. Neutropenia was the major toxicity with WHO grade 3 or 4 neutropenia (less than 1.0 x 10(9) l-1) in 62% of patients and three septic deaths while neutropenic. Dose-intense weekly CMFVP in this schedule cannot be delivered to previously untreated outpatients with advanced breast cancer.

The potential role of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in cancer chemotherapy.

GM-CSF has been used in clinical trials to assess its role in promoting the proliferation and differentiation of marrow cells and enhancing the functional activities of granulocytes and monocytes. These studies have indicated that GM-CSF may prove useful in the management of cancer patients by preventing or treating myelosuppression following cancer chemotherapy and in patients with myelodysplasia or aplastic anaemia. As well as determining the efficacy of GM-CSF as a therapeutic agent, these studies are also providing insights into the possible roles of GM-CSF in vivo. Pharmacokinetic studies of GM-CSF in patients with advanced cancer and myelodysplasia suggest that the ratio of efficacy to toxicity of GM-CSF can be modified by changing either the dose or the method of administration.