Feasibility study of use of desflurane combined with dexmedetomidine in inhibiting postoperative neurocognitive disorders in elderly patients under general anesthesia: A perspective study.

This study aimed to explore whether the combined application of desflurane and dexmedetomidine (Dex) reduces the occurrence of postoperative neurocognitive disorders (PND) in patients. We selected patients in our hospital who underwent surgery under general anesthesia, and divided them into two groups: Dex and desflurane (Dex + Des) and desflurane (Des) groups. The data of patients were collected and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score was used to assess cognitive status. The blood cell counts were determined preoperatively and on postoperative days 1, 3, and 6, and the percentage of neutrophils and lymphocytes were also recorded. The statistical methods used were the independent-samples t-test and the χ 2 test. Pearson's correlation was used to analyze the correlation between PND and inflammation. The incidence of PND in the Dex + Des group was lower than that in the Des group. The postoperative MMSE scores in the Dex + Des group were higher than those in the Des group (p = 0.032). The percentage of neutrophils in the Dex + Des group was significantly lower than that in the Des group on the first and third days after surgery (p = 0.007; p = 0.028). The MMSE scores on the first day after surgery were negatively correlated with the multiple changes in white blood counts and the percentage of neutrophils (r = -0.3038 and -0.3330). Dex combined with Des reduced the incidence of PND and reduced the postoperative inflammatory cell counts.

Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel benzimidazole derivatives as anti-cervical cancer agents through PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway and tubulin inhibition.

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) is one of the most attractive therapeutic targets for cervical cancer treatment. In this study, we designed and synthesized a series of benzimidazole derivatives and evaluated their anti-cervical cancer activity. Compound 4r exhibited strong antiproliferative activity in different cervical cancer cell lines HeLa, SiHa and Ca Ski, and relative lower cytotoxicity to normal hepatic and renal cell lines LO2 and HEK-293t (IC50 values were at 21.08 µM and 23.96 µM respectively). Its IC50 value was at 3.38 µM to the SiHa cells. Further mechanistic studies revealed that 4r induced apoptosis, arrested cell cycle in G2/M phase, suppressed PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway and inhibit the polymerization of tubulin. Molecular docking study suggested that 4r formed key H-bonds action with PI3Kα (PDB ID:8EXU) and tubulin (PDB ID:1SA0). Zebrafish acute toxicity experiments showed that high concentrations of 4r did not cause death or malformation of zebrafish embryos. All these results demonstrated that 4r would be a promising lead candidate for further development of novel PI3K and tubulin dual inhibitors in cervical cancer treatment.

The Dmc1 recombinase physically interacts with and promotes the meiotic crossover functions of the Mlh1-Mlh3 endonuclease.

The accurate segregation of homologous chromosomes during the Meiosis I reductional division in most sexually reproducing eukaryotes requires crossing over between homologs. In baker's yeast approximately 80% of meiotic crossovers result from Mlh1-Mlh3 and Exo1 acting to resolve double-Holliday junction intermediates in a biased manner. Little is known about how Mlh1-Mlh3 is recruited to recombination intermediates to perform its role in crossover resolution. We performed a gene dosage screen in baker's yeast to identify novel genetic interactors with Mlh1-Mlh3. Specifically, we looked for genes whose lowered dosage reduced meiotic crossing over using sensitized mlh3 alleles that disrupt the stability of the Mlh1-Mlh3 complex and confer defects in mismatch repair but do not disrupt meiotic crossing over. To our surprise we identified genetic interactions between MLH3 and DMC1, the recombinase responsible for recombination between homologous chromosomes during meiosis. We then showed that Mlh3 physically interacts with Dmc1 in vitro and in vivo. Partial complementation of Mlh3 crossover functions was observed when MLH3 was expressed under the control of the CLB1 promoter (NDT80 regulon), suggesting that Mlh3 function can be provided late in meiotic prophase at some functional cost. A model for how Dmc1 could facilitate Mlh1-Mlh3's role in crossover resolution is presented.

Histone lactylation inhibits RARγ expression in macrophages to promote colorectal tumorigenesis through activation of TRAF6-IL-6-STAT3 signaling.

Macrophages are phenotypically and functionally diverse in the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, how to remodel macrophages with a protumor phenotype and how to manipulate them for therapeutic purposes remain to be explored. Here, we show that in the TME, RARγ is downregulated in macrophages, and its expression correlates with poor prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). In macrophages, RARγ interacts with tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), which prevents TRAF6 oligomerization and autoubiquitination, leading to inhibition of nuclear factor κB signaling. However, tumor-derived lactate fuels H3K18 lactylation to prohibit RARγ gene transcription in macrophages, consequently enhancing interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in the TME and endowing macrophages with tumor-promoting functions via activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling in CRC cells. We identified that nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) exerts effective antitumor action by directly binding to RARγ to inhibit TRAF6-IL-6-STAT3 signaling. This study unravels lactate-driven macrophage function remodeling by inhibition of RARγ expression and highlights NDGA as a candidate compound for treating CRC.

A Grading System of Microvascular Invasion for Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Undergoing Liver Resection with Curative Intent: A Multicenter Study.

Background: Microvascular invasion (MVI) is closely correlated with poor clinical outcomes in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A grading system of MVI is needed to assist in the management of HCC patient. Methods: Multicenter data of HCC patients who underwent liver resection with curative intent was analyzed. This grading system was established by detected number and distance from tumor boundary of MVI. Survival outcomes were compared among patients in each group. This system was verified by time-receiver operating characteristic curve, time-area under the curve, calibration curve, and decision curve analyses. Cox regression analysis was performed to study the associated factors of prognosis. Logistic analysis was used to study the predictive factors of MVI. Results: All patients were classified into 4 groups: M0: no MVI; M1: 1~5 proximal MVIs (≤1 cm from tumor boundary); M2a: >5 proximal MVIs (≤1 cm from tumor boundary); M2b: ≥1 distal MVIs (>1 cm from tumor boundary). The recurrence-free survival (RFS), overall survival (OS), and early RFS rates among all the individual groups were significantly different. Based on the number of proximal MVI (0~5 vs >5), patients in the M2b group were further divided into two subgroups which also showed different prognosis. Multiple methods showed this grading system to be significantly better than the MVI two-tiered system in prognostic evaluation. Four multivariate models for RFS, OS, early RFS, late RFS, and a predictive model of MVI were then established and were shown to satisfactorily evaluate prognosis and have a great discriminatory power, respectively. Conclusion: This MVI grading system could precisely evaluate prognosis of HCC patients after liver resection with curative intent and it could be employed in routine pathological reports. The severity of MVI from both adjacent and distant from tumor boundary should be stated. A hypothesis about two occurrence modes of distal MVI was proposed.

Case report: 177Lu DOTA-TATE: a new scheme for the treatment of prostate neuroendocrine cancer.

Background: Most instances of small cell carcinoma originate from the lungs, while the gastrointestinal tract serves as a secondary site. Only a minuscule proportion of cases manifest within the urogenital system. Prostate small cell carcinoma (SCCP) represents an exceedingly uncommon pathological subtype within the realm of prostate cancer, displaying significant rarity in clinical settings. This scarcity has resulted in a paucity of adequate foundational and clinical research for SCCP treatment. While investigations have unveiled a certain therapeutic efficacy of radiotherapy and chemotherapy for SCCP, clinical practice has revealed suboptimal treatment outcomes. We hereby present a case report detailing the utilization of 177Lu-DOTA-TATE in the treatment of SCCP, aiming to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of 177Lu-DOTA-TATE for SCCP. Case presentation: A male patient in his 80s presented with elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels and underwent a biopsy that revealed prostate adenocarcinoma. The patient received CAB (bicalutamide + goserelin) therapy. One year later, disease progression was detected, and a second biopsy confirmed the presence of prostate small cell carcinoma. Following the diagnosis of prostate small cell carcinoma, the patient underwent two cycles of 177Lu-DOTA-TATE treatment. Subsequent to the treatment, the original lesions showed shrinkage, metastatic lesions disappeared, and there was significant improvement, approaching complete remission. Conclusion: SCCP exhibits a high degree of malignancy and aggressive invasiveness, currently lacking effective therapeutic modalities. The treatment course of this patient serves as compelling evidence for the efficacy of 177Lu-DOTA-TATE in managing SCCP, thereby opening new avenues for future SCCP treatments.

TRIM21 is a druggable target for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer through ubiquitination and activation of MST2.

Metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) is characterized by poorer prognosis of patients and limited therapeutic approach, partly due to the lack of effective target. Using mouse models and tumor organoids, this study reported a tripartite motif 21 (TRIM21) protein, exerting potential inhibitory effects on the invasion and metastasis of CRC. Mechanistically, TRIM21 directly interacted with and ubiquitinated MST2 at lysine 473 (K473) via K63-linkage. This ubiquitination enabled the formation of MST2 homodimer and enhanced its kinase activity, ultimately resulting in the functional inactivation of yes-associated protein (YAP) and inhibition of an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) feature. We identified that vilazodone, an antidepressant, directly bound to TRIM21 to exert effective anti-metastatic action both in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, these findings revealed a previously unrecognized interplay between TRIM21 and the Hippo-YAP signaling. These results suggested that vilazodone could be repositioned as an anti-tumor drug to inhibit CRC metastasis by targeting TRIM21.

Mitochondria in cancer stem cells: Achilles heel or hard armor.

Previous studies have shown that mitochondria play core roles in not only cancer stem cell (CSC) metabolism but also the regulation of CSC stemness maintenance and differentiation, which are key regulators of cancer progression and therapeutic resistance. Therefore, an in-depth study of the regulatory mechanism of mitochondria in CSCs is expected to provide a new target for cancer therapy. This article mainly introduces the roles played by mitochondria and related mechanisms in CSC stemness maintenance, metabolic transformation, and chemoresistance. The discussion mainly focuses on the following aspects: mitochondrial morphological structure, subcellular localization, mitochondrial DNA, mitochondrial metabolism, and mitophagy. The manuscript also describes the recent clinical research progress on mitochondria-targeted drugs and discusses the basic principles of their targeted strategies. Indeed, an understanding of the application of mitochondria in the regulation of CSCs will promote the development of novel CSC-targeted strategies, thereby significantly improving the long-term survival rate of patients with cancer.

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OBJECTIVES: To study the expression of V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA) in peripheral blood of children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and its role in the pathogenesis of JIA. METHODS: In this prospective study, peripheral blood was collected from 47 children with different subtypes of JIA and 10 healthy children. Flow cytometry was used to measure the expression levels of VISTA, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) on CD14+ mononuclear cells, CD4+ T lymphocytes, and CD8+ T lymphocytes. RESULTS: The children with JIA had a significantly lower expression level of VISTA than the healthy children (P<0.05). There was a significant difference in the expression of VISTA between the children with different subtypes of JIA, with the lowest expression level in those with systemic JIA (P<0.05). There was also a significant difference in the expression of VISTA between different immune cells, with a significantly higher expression level on the surface of monocytes (P<0.05). Correlation analysis showed that VISTA was negatively correlated with the expression of IFN-γ and TNF-α on CD4+ T cells (r=-0.436 and -0.382 respectively, P<0.05), CD8+ T cells (r=-0.348 and -0.487 respectively, P<0.05), and CD14+ mononuclear cells (r=-0.582 and -0.603 respectively, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The insufficient expression of VISTA may be associated with the pathogenesis of JIA, and enhancing the immunomodulatory effect of VISTA might be one option for the treatment of JIA in the future.

Cysteine carboxyethylation generates neoantigens to induce HLA-restricted autoimmunity.

Autoimmune diseases such as ankylosing spondylitis (AS) can be driven by emerging neoantigens that disrupt immune tolerance. Here, we developed a workflow to profile posttranslational modifications involved in neoantigen formation. Using mass spectrometry, we identified a panel of cysteine residues differentially modified by carboxyethylation that required 3-hydroxypropionic acid to generate neoantigens in patients with AS. The lysosomal degradation of integrin αIIb [ITGA2B (CD41)] carboxyethylated at Cys96 (ITGA2B-ceC96) generated carboxyethylated peptides that were presented by HLA-DRB1*04 to stimulate CD4+ T cell responses and induce autoantibody production. Immunization of HLA-DR4 transgenic mice with the ITGA2B-ceC96 peptide promoted colitis and vertebral bone erosion. Thus, metabolite-induced cysteine carboxyethylation can give rise to pathogenic neoantigens that lead to autoreactive CD4+ T cell responses and autoantibody production in autoimmune diseases.

TYRO protein tyrosine kinase-binding protein predicts favorable overall survival in osteosarcoma and correlates with antitumor immunity.

To explore the prognostic significance and underlying mechanism of TYRO protein tyrosine kinase-binding protein (TYROBP) in osteosarcoma. Firstly, the expression of TYROBP was analyzed using the t test. The Kaplan-Meier plotter analysis and a receiver operating characteristic curve were performed to evaluate the influence of TYROBP on overall survival (OS). Further, Cox regression analysis was conducted to predict the independent prognostic factors for OS of osteosarcoma patients, and a nomogram was constructed. Then, the relationship between TYROBP and clinicopathological characteristics was determined using statistical methods. Enrichment analyses were conducted to evaluate the biological functions of TYROBP. Finally, the ESTIMATE algorithm was used to assess the association of TYROBP with immune cell infiltration. TYROBP was significantly increased in osteosarcoma (all P < .001). However, the high expression of TYROBP was related to better OS in osteosarcoma patients. Cox regression analysis showed that TYROBP was an independent prognostic factor for predicting OS (P = .005), especially in patients of the male sex, age <18 years, metastasis, and tumor site leg/foot (all P < .05). Besides, TYROBP mRNA expression was significantly associated with the tumor site (P < .01) but had no remarkable relationship with age, gender, and metastasis status (all P > .05). Functional annotation and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) revealed that TYROBP was mainly involved in immune-related pathways. Importantly, TYROBP positively correlated with immune scores (P < .001, R = .87). TYROBP served as an independent prognostic biomarker for OS in osteosarcoma. High TYROBP expression might prolong the survival of osteosarcoma patients mainly through promoting antitumor immunity.

Seco-polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols from Hypericum elodeoides induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in MCF-7 cells via oxidative DNA damage.

Four undescribed seco-polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols (seco-PAPs), elodeoidesones A-D (1-4), were characterized from Hypericum elodeoides. Compound 1 represents the 1,6-seco-PAPs with fascinating 5/5 fused ring, while 2-4 possess a 1,2-seco-PAPs skeleton with a five-membered lactone core. Their structures including absolute configurations were established by spectroscopic analyses and quantum chemical computations. A possible biosynthetic pathway of 1-4 from normal PAPs was proposed. All the isolates were investigated for their cytotoxicity against tumor cells. Notably, 1 inhibited the proliferation of MCF-7 cells with the IC50 value of 7.34 µM. Mechanism investigation indicated that 1 induced MCF-7 cells apoptosis by blocking cell cycle at S phase via inducing oxidative DNA damage.

An aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A3 inhibitor attenuates the metastasis of human colorectal cancer.

Metastasis is the leading cause of death for patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). The development of therapeutic regimens that selectively inhibit the biological processes involved in CRC cell dissemination is important. We used multiple Affymetrix DNA microarray hybridization datasets to identify genes related to metastasis and have significant prognostic value for patients with CRC. Quantitative real-time PCR, immunofluorescent and immunohistochemical staining were used to evaluate mRNA and protein expression. The function of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A3 (ALDH1A3) in invasion was assessed by performing transwell assays and animal experiments. Real-time PCR, luciferase reporter assays, and western blotting were used to identify the genes regulated by ALDH1A3. Molecular docking, MTS assays, cellular thermal shift assays, isothermal titration calorimetry, microscale thermophoresis, and enzymatic activity assays were used to screen and verify the efficacy of the ALDH1A3-specific inhibitor YD1701 (dibenzo-30-crown10-ether). Finally, subcutaneous or orthotopic xenograft models were established to investigate the therapeutic potential of YD1701. Human ALDH1A3 was identified to correlate with a metastatic phenotype in CRC cells and a poor patient prognosis. Moreover, ALDH1A3 upregulated the expression of ZEB1 and SNAI2 by inhibiting miR-200 family members. The ALDH1A3-specific inhibitor YD1701 was screened, attenuated the invasion of CRC cells in vitro, and prolonged the survival of mice bearing subcutaneous or orthotopic xenografts. Our results show that ALDH1A3 promotes invasion and metastasis via the miR-200-ZEB1/SANI2 axis and is thus a plausible marker for predicting CRC progression. Inhibiting ALDH1A3 with the identified compound YD1701 might represent an effective therapeutic approach to prevent the metastasis of CRC.

Diagnostic performance of the metagenomic next-generation sequencing in lung biopsy tissues in patients suspected of having a local pulmonary infection.

PURPOSE: This study aims to evaluate the diagnostic application and performance of the metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) in patients suspected of local pulmonary infection by comparing it to the traditional pathogen detection methods in lung tissue specimens obtained by a computerized tomography-guided biopsy (CT-guided biopsy). METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed patients, admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, China from May 2018 to December 2020, who were suspected of local pulmonary infection. All cases received a CT-guided lung biopsy, tissue samples were sent both for conventional examinations (CE) and mNGS tests. The sensitivity and specificity of the two diagnostic approaches were compared. RESULTS: 106 patients enrolled, 76 patients were diagnosed with a pulmonary infection. Among 49 patients with identified pathogens, CE confirmed pathogenic infections in 32 cases. Mycobacterium spp. and fungi accounted for 37.5% (12/32) and 28.1% (9/32), respectively, with bacteria 34.4% (11/32). The mNGS examination detected extra pathogenic microorganisms in 22 patients that were consistent with the patients' clinical and radiographic pictures. The sensitivity of mNGS was 53.9% vs. 42.1% for the CE, while the specificity was 56.7% versus 96.7%. For detection rate, mNGS was significantly superior to CE in bacterial (96.3% vs. 40.7%, p < 0.05), and mixed infections (100% vs. 50%, p < 0.05), but inferior to CE in fungal (60% vs. 90%, p > 0.05) and Mycobacterium spp. infections (66.7% vs. 100%, p > 0.05) with no significant difference. Among 31 cases diagnosed with lung abscess, the diagnostic performance of the detection rate was 67.7% (21/31) in favour of mNGS compared to 29.0% (9/31) for CE (p < 0.05). Most polymicrobial infections were induced by anaerobic species that coexisted with Streptococcus constellatus. And Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most common isolated monomicrobial infection. CONCLUSIONS: The most commonly detected causative pathogens for local pulmonary infections were bacteria, Mycobacterium spp. and fungi. Compared with the CE, the advantages of mNGS in the pathogens detection lie in the discovery of bacterial and mixed infections, as well as in the detection of lung abscess. Conversely, mNGS is not good enough to be recommendable for the detection of Mycobacterium spp. and fungi.

Percutaneous contrast-enhanced ultrasound for localization and qualitative diagnosis of sentinel lymph nodes in cutaneous malignant melanoma of lower extremities: a preliminary study.

BACKGROUND: To explore the feasibility of sentinel lymph node (SLN) tracing by percutaneous contrast-enhanced ultrasound (pCEUS) in patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) and the ability to enhance patterns of SLNs in diagnosing lymph nodes (LNs) metastases. METHODS: Fifty-three patients with CMM of the lower extremities treated at our hospital were included in the study. All the participants received pCEUS preoperatively. The enhanced lymphatic channels (LCs) and associated SLNs were observed and tracked in real-time. The number of enhanced LCs and enhancing patterns of SLNs were recorded. Subsequently, SLNs localized by pCEUS were pathologically examined. RESULTS: Of the 53 cases, SLNs were successfully localized by pCEUS in 48 cases. In total, there were 59 detected SLNs averaging 1.23±0.42 SLNs per case. The main lymphatic drainage patterns (LDPs) were the following: one enhanced LC pointed to one or more than one SLN, and multiple enhanced LCs pointed to one or multiple SLNs. There were four enhancing patterns of SLNs (uniform, annular, uneven, and no enhancement), among which the first two were considered benign nodes, while the latter two were considered metastatic nodes. With pathological results as the gold standard, the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity by pCEUS were 90.9% and 75.0%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (US) is a feasible approach for SLN identification in patients with CMM of the lower extremities. Enhancing patterns of SLNs may help predict metastasizing SLNs. This novel method may be a promising technique for clinical application.

DNMT1-induced miR-378a-3p silencing promotes angiogenesis via the NF-κB signaling pathway by targeting TRAF1 in hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Angiogenesis plays an important role in the occurrence, development and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). According to previous studies, miR-378a participates in tumorigenesis and tumor metastasis, but its exact role in HCC angiogenesis remains poorly understood. METHODS: qRT-PCR was used to investigate the expression of miR-378a-3p in HCC tissues and cell lines. The effects of miR-378a-3p on HCC in vitro and in vivo were examined by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), Transwell, tube formation and Matrigel plug assays, RNA sequencing, bioinformatics, luciferase reporter, immunofluorescence and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays were used to detect the molecular mechanism by which miR-378a-3p inhibits angiogenesis. RESULTS: We confirmed that miR-378a-3p expression was significantly downregulated and associated with higher microvascular density (MVD) in HCC; miR-378a-3p downregulation indicated a short survival time in HCC patients. miR-378a-3p knockdown led to a significant increase in angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. We found that miR-378a-3p directly targeted TNF receptor associated factor 1 (TRAF1) to attenuate NF-κB signaling, and then downregulated secreted vascular endothelial growth factor. DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1)-mediated hypermethylation of miR-378a-3p was responsible for downregulating miR-378a-3p. Moreover, a series of investigations indicated that p65 initiated a positive feedback loop that could upregulate DNMT1 to promote hypermethylation of the miR-378a-3p promoter. CONCLUSION: Our study indicates a novel DNMT1/miR-378a-3p/TRAF1/NF-κB positive feedback loop in HCC cells, which may become a potential therapeutic target for HCC.

Genome variation in colorectal cancer patient with liver metastasis measured by whole-exome sequencing.

BACKGROUND: Liver metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC) is an important cause of death from CRC, but its molecular mechanism is still unclear. In recent years, whole-exome sequencing has played an increasingly important role in the study of the occurrence and development of diseases, especially malignant tumors. Its high throughput and low cost advantages enable researchers to explore the pathogenic genes of diseases, and screen potential molecular markers and therapeutic targets from the level of genomics. METHODS: This study collected the primary tumor tissues, matched paracancerous, normal tissues, and liver metastases of 4 CRC patients admitted to the Department of General Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, and performed high-depth whole-exome sequencing, with the sequencing depth of each sample reaching 123× on average, then filtered the sequencing data, compared them, and analyzed the bioinformatics data. RESULTS: we found 8,565 single nucleotide variants (SNV) and 429 insertions/deletions (InDel) in the primary and hepatic lesion tissues, and the genes with the highest mutation frequency were titin (TTN), obscurin (OBSCN), and homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2 (HIPK2). The Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis of the mutant genes was conducted, and it was found that the mutant genes were mainly concentrated in the cells, cell parts, and cellular process of GO. The results of KEGG pathway analysis showed that mutations were mainly distributed in circadian entrainment, insulin secretion, and glutamatergic synapse. Further, we identified 723 SNV and Indel genes with high frequency mutations including TTN, OBSCN, and hydrocephalus-inducing protein homolog (HYDIN) across all tissues of liver metastases. The GO analysis showed that the mutated genes in liver metastatic tissues were mainly concentrated in cell, cell part, and cellular process. The KEGG pathway analysis showed that high frequency mutation genes were focused on gastric acid secretion, bile secretion, and melanogenesis. CONCLUSIONS: This study found some candidate genes related to the occurrence of CRC and liver metastasis through whole-exome sequencing of relevant tissues in CRC patients with liver metastasis, which is expected to provide new markers and therapeutic targets for such patients.

Cytotoxic polyprenylated phloroglucinol derivatives from Hypericum elodeoides Choisy modulating the transactivation of RXRα.

Hyperelodione D (1), an undescribed polyprenylated phloroglucinol derivative possessing 6/6/5/5 fused tetracyclic core, together with hyperelodiones E-F (2-3), two unreported analogues bearing 6/5/5 fused tricyclic structure, were isolated from Hypericum elodeoides Choisy. Their planar structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis (HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR) and their absolute configurations were determined by comparison of experimental and calculated ECD data. The cytotoxicity and retinoid X receptor-α (RXRα) related activities of the isolates were evaluated and the plausible biogenetic pathways of 1-3 were proposed.

Anticolorectal Cancer Effects of AUCAN: Effects to Suppress Proliferation, Metastasis, and Invasion of Tumor Cells.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is an underlying deadly malignancy with poor prognosis, lacking effective therapies currently available to improve the prognosis. C18H17NO6 (AUCAN), a kind of dibenzofuran extracted from a special plant in Yunnan Province (China), is identified as a natural anticancer agent exerting strong inhibitory activities on various cancers. Our study was committed to investigating the potency of AUCAN against colorectal cancers and further exploring the potential mechanisms via proteomic analysis. METHODS: Cell Counting Kit-8 assay and immunofluorescence staining were used to investigate the effect of AUCAN on the viability and proliferation of HCT-116 cells and RKO cells. The apoptosis of HCT-116 and RKO cells after AUCAN administration was determined by the flow cytometry test. The effects of AUCAN on invasion and migration of tumor cells were investigated by the colony formation assay, wound healing test, and Transwell invasion test. Meanwhile, the energy metabolism and growth of tumor tissues after AUCAN administration with 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg were examined by PET-CT in vivo. The side effects of AUCAN treatment were also evaluated through blood routine and liver function examination. RKO cell proliferation and apoptosis in vivo were further determined by hematoxylin and eosin staining, TUNEL staining, and immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) involved in AUCAN treatment were determined by proteomic analysis followed by functional clustering analysis. RESULTS: The results showed that AUCAN suppressed the migratory abilities and enhanced apoptosis of HCT-116 and RKO cell lines. Meanwhile, AUCAN treatment dramatically depressed the growth and volume of colorectal tumors in nude mice and suppressed the survival of RKO cells in tumor tissues without any side effects on the blood routine and liver function. In addition, twenty-four upregulated and forty-two downregulated proteins were identified. Additionally, functional clustering analysis concealed enriched biological processes, cellular components, molecular functions, and related pathways of these proteins involved in cellular metabolic. Finally, the protein-protein interaction analysis revealed the regulatory connection among these DEPs. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, AUCAN exerted its significant antitumor effect without side effects in the blood routine and liver function and the underlying mechanisms were preliminarily investigated by proteomic analysis.