Analysis of Nucleotide Alterations in the E6 Genomic Region of Human Papillomavirus Types 6 and 11 in Condyloma Acuminatum Samples from Brazil.

Condyloma acuminata (CA), or genital warts, are benign proliferative epidermal or mucous lesions that are caused by infection with human papillomavirus (HPV), mainly the low-risk types 6 and 11. HPV variants are defined as viral sequences that share identity in the nucleotide sequence of the L1 gene greater than 98%. Based on this criterion, HPV6 and 11 variant lineages have been studied, and there are ongoing attempts to correlate these genetic variants with different clinical findings of infection. Therefore, the aims of this study were to detect variants and nucleotide alterations present in the E6 regions of HPV types 6 and 11 found in CA samples, to correlate the HPV presence with the clinical-pathological data of the patients, and to determine phylogenetic relationships with variants from other places in the world. The E6 regions of 25 HPV6 samples and 7 HPV11 samples from CA were amplified using PCR with specific primers. The products were ligated to a cloning vector and five colonies of each sample were sequenced to observe the nucleotide alterations. Twelve samples were identified as the HPV6B3 variant, presenting the mutation (guanine) G474A (adenine), and one of them also showed the mutation (thymine) T369G. The other 13 patients were positive for HPV6B1 without nucleotide alterations. In the analysis of the HPV11 samples, all patients showed the mutations T137C and (cytosine) C380T. One patient also presented the nucleotide alteration T410C. None of the mutations found in the 32 analyzed samples resulted in amino acid changes. Patient age, local occurrence, and HIV infection did not show significant association with HPV infection. Besides, the data found in this study did not show a relationship with the geographical region of isolation when compared to other data from different regions of the world. In this way, despite the nucleotide alterations found, it was not possible to observe amino acid changes and variants grouping according to geographical region.

Hierarchical assessment of host factors influencing the spontaneous resolution of hepatitis C infection.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with chronic liver disease, resulting in cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Approximately 20% of HCV infections are spontaneously resolved. Here, we assessed the hierarchical relevance of host factors contributing to viral clearance. METHODS: DNA samples from 40 resolved infections and 40 chronic HCV patients paired by age were analyzed. Bivariate analysis was performed to rank the importance of each contributing factor in spontaneous HCV clearance. RESULTS: Interestingly, 63.6% of patients with resolved infections exhibited the protective genotype CC for SNP rs12979860. Additionally, 59.3% of patients with resolved infections displayed the protective genotype TT/TT for SNP ss469415590. Moreover, a ranking of clearance factors was estimated. In order of importance, the IL28B CC genotype (OR 0.197, 95% CI 0.072-0.541) followed by the INFL4 TT/TT genotype (OR 0.237, 95% CI 0.083-0.679), and female gender (OR 0.394, 95% CI 0.159-0.977) were the main predictors for clearance of HCV infection. CONCLUSIONS: HCV clearance is multifactorial and the contributing factors display a hierarchical order. Identifying all elements playing role in HCV clearance is of the most importance for HCV-related disease management. Dissecting the relevance of each contributing factor will certainly improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of HCV infection.

Detection and genotyping of human papillomavirus (HPV) in HIV-infected women and its relationship with HPV/HIV co-infection.

HPV have been identified as high-risk and low-risk, depending on their association with the development of cancer. HPV infections can be facilitated by co-infection with HIV. Here, we investigated HPV prevalence and genotypes and the risk factors affecting HPV/HIV co-infection. Forty HIV-positive patients had 80 cervical swab samples collected in 2 consecutive years. Polymerase chain reaction and DNA direct sequencing were used to perform HPV genotyping. Statistical analyses were performed regarding risk factors for HPV/HIV co-infection and the occurrence of cervical lesions. HPV DNA was detected in 59 samples (73.75%), and high-risk HPVs were predominant (59.3%). The most prevalent type was HPV56 (17%), followed by HPV16 (15.3%). Patient age did not affect the risk of cervical cancer (P = .84) or HPV prevalence in different years (P = .25/P = .63). CD4 count also did not affect the risk for cervical lesions in the tested samples (P = .15/P = .28). Although the HIV viral load was not correlated with an increase in cervical lesion detection in the first group of analyzed samples (P = .12), it did affect cervical cancer risk in the group of samples analyzed in the following year (P = .045). HIV-infected patients presented a high prevalence of HPV co-infection, and HPV16 and HPV56 were the most prevalent genotypes. Considering this, it is possible that immunodeficiency can contribute to increased susceptibility to HPV56 infection in HIV-infected patients. The association between HIV viral load and the lesions also confirmed the importance of monitoring HIV/HPV co-infected patients with high HIV viral loads.

Interaction between inflammatory mediators and miRNAs in Helicobacter pylori infection.

Helicobacter pylori cause chronic inflammation favouring gastric carcinogenesis, and its eradication may prevent malignant transformation. We evaluated whether H. pylori infection and its eradication modify the expression of inflammatory mediators in patients with chronic gastritis. Furthermore, we assessed whether microRNAs modulate inflammatory pathways induced by H. pylori and identified miRNA-gene interaction networks. mRNA and protein expression of TNFA, IL6, IL1B, IL12A, IL2 and TGFBRII and miRNAs miR-103a-3p, miR-181c-5p, miR-370-3p, miR-375 and miR-223-3p were evaluated in tissue samples from 20 patients with chronic gastritis H. pylori negative (Hp-) and 31 H. pylori positive (Hp+), before and three months after bacterium eradication therapy, in comparison with a pool of Hp- normal gastric mucosa. Our results showed that H. pylori infection leads to up-regulation of TNFA, IL6, IL12A and IL2 and down-regulation of miRNAs. Bacterium eradication reduces the expression of TNFA and IL6 and up-regulates TGFBRII and all investigated miRNAs, except miR-223-3p. Moreover, transcriptional profiles of inflammatory mediators and miRNAs after eradication are different from the non-infected group. Deregulated miRNA-mRNA interaction networks were observed in the Hp+ group before and after eradication. Therefore, miRNAs modulated cytokine expression in the presence of H. pylori and after its eradication, suggesting that miRNAs participate in the pathological process triggered by H. pylori in the gastric mucosa.

Differential Expression of ADAM23, CDKN2A (P16), MMP14 and VIM Associated with Giant Cell Tumor of Bone.

Though benign, giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) can become aggressive and can exhibit a high mitotic rate, necrosis and rarely vascular invasion and metastasis. GCTB has unique histologic characteristics, a high rate of multinucleated cells, a variable and unpredictable growth potential and uncertain biological behavior. In this study, we sought to identify genes differentially expressed in GCTB, thus building a molecular profile of this tumor. We performed quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), immunohistochemistry and analyses of methylation to identify genes that are putatively associated with GCTB. The expression of the ADAM23 and CDKN2A genes was decreased in GCTB samples compared to normal bone tissue, measured by qPCR. Additionally, a high hypermethylation frequency of the promoter regions of ADAM23 and CDKN2A in GCTB was observed. The expression of the MAP2K3, MMP14, TIMP2 and VIM genes was significantly higher in GCTB than in normal bone tissue, a fact that was confirmed by qPCR and immunohistochemistry. The set of genes identified here furthers our understanding of the molecular basis of GCTB.

The influence of physical activity in the progression of experimental lung cancer in mice.

Lung cancer is one of the most incident neoplasms in the world, representing the main cause of mortality for cancer. Many epidemiologic studies have suggested that physical activity may reduce the risk of lung cancer, other works evaluate the effectiveness of the use of the physical activity in the suppression, remission and reduction of the recurrence of tumors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of aerobic and anaerobic physical activity in the development and the progression of lung cancer. Lung tumors were induced with a dose of 3mg of urethane/kg, in 67 male Balb - C type mice, divided in three groups: group 1_24 mice treated with urethane and without physical activity; group 2_25 mice with urethane and subjected to aerobic swimming free exercise; group 3_18 mice with urethane, subjected to anaerobic swimming exercise with gradual loading 5-20% of body weight. All the animals were sacrificed after 20 weeks, and lung lesions were analyzed. The median number of lesions (nodules and hyperplasia) was 3.0 for group 1, 2.0 for group 2 and 1.5-3 (p=0.052). When comparing only the presence or absence of lesion, there was a decrease in the number of lesions in group 3 as compared with group 1 (p=0.03) but not in relation to group 2. There were no metastases or other changes in other organs. The anaerobic physical activity, but not aerobic, diminishes the incidence of experimental lung tumors.

Seasonality of viral respiratory infections in Southeast of Brazil: the influence of temperature and air humidity

Viruses are the major cause of lower respiratory tract infections in childhood and the main viruses involved are Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (HRSV), Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV), Influenzavirus A and B (FLUA and FLUB), Human Parainfluenza Virus 1, 2 and 3 (HPIV1, 2 and 3) and Human Rhinovirus (HRV). The purposes of this study were to detect respiratory viruses in hospitalized children younger than six years and identify the influence of temperature and relative air humidity on the detected viruses. Samples of nasopharyngeal washes were collected from hospitalized children between May/2004 and September/2005. Methods of viral detection were RT-PCR, PCR and HRV amplicons were confirmed by hybridization. Results showed 54% (148/272) of viral positivity. HRSV was detected in 29% (79/272) of the samples; HRV in 23.1% (63/272); HPIV3 in 5.1% (14/272); HMPV in 3.3% (9/272); HPIV1 in 2.9% (8/272); FLUB in 1.4% (4/272), FLUA in 1.1% (3/272), and HPIV2 in 0.3% (1/272). The highest detection rates occurred mainly in the spring 2004 and in the autumn 2005. It was observed that viral respiratory infections tend to increase as the relative air humidity decreases, showing significant association with monthly averages of minimal temperature and minimal relative air humidity. In conclusion, viral respiratory infections vary according to temperature and relative air humidity and viral respiratory infections present major incidences it coldest and driest periods.

Discrepâncias clínico-patológicas e achados cardiovasculares em 409 autópsias consecutivas / Clinical and pathological discrepancies and cardiovascular findings in 409 consecutive autopsies

FUNDAMENTO: As discrepâncias entre os diagnósticos clínicos e em autópsia persistem em todo o mundo. OBJETIVO: Avaliamos as autópsias em um hospital-escola para analisar a precisão dos diagnósticos cardiovasculares clínicos em comparação aos achados post-mortem. MÉTODOS: As 409 autópsias consecutivas entre 2003 e 2006 foram analisadas em um hospital terciário de São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo (SP), Brasil. A comparação dos achados cardiovasculares clínicos e patológicos foi realizada por meio da classificação de discrepâncias de Goldman. RESULTADOS: A taxa de autópsia no hospital foi de 8 por cento. As causas cardiovasculares de óbito representavam 42,8 por cento (175 de 409 pacientes) dos diagnósticos de autópsia. Em 98 pacientes (56 por cento), houve discrepâncias significativas (classes I e II), o que representa uma grande proporção de diagnósticos equivocados de infarto mesentérico (84,6 por cento), infarto agudo do miocárdio (64,7 por cento), dissecção da aorta (64,2 por cento) e embolia pulmonar (62,5 por cento). Foram observadas maiores taxas de concordância para a insuficiência cardíaca congestiva (59 por cento) e para o acidente vascular cerebral isquêmico agudo (58,8 por cento). A idade, o sexo, o tempo de permanência e a última unidade de admissão no hospital não foram associados aos critérios de Goldman. CONCLUSÃO: As discrepâncias dos diagnósticos clínicos e em autópsia relativos à morte cardiovascular permanecem elevados no Brasil, a despeito dos recursos tecnológicos disponíveis. Além disso, nossos achados reforçam a importância do exame post-mortem como uma contribuição para a melhoria da assistência médica.

BACKGROUND: Discrepancies between clinical and autopsy diagnoses persists worldwide. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated autopsies in a university hospital in order to assess the accuracy of clinical cardiovascular diagnosis compared to postmortem findings. METHODS: Four hundred nine consecutive autopsies between 2003 and 2006 were analyzed in a tertiary-care hospital in São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil. The comparison of clinic-pathological cardiovascular findings was performed using Goldman's discrepancies classification. RESULTS: Autopsy rate at the hospital was 8 percent. Cardiovascular causes of death represented 42.8 percent (175 out of 409 patients) of autopsy diagnoses. In 98 (56 percent) patients, there were major discrepancies (class I and II), representing a large proportion of misdiagnoses for mesenteric infarction (84.6 percent), acute myocardial infarction (64.7 percent), aorta dissection (64.2 percent), and pulmonary embolism (62.5 percent). Highest concordance rates were observed in congestive heart failure (59 percent) and acute ischemic stroke (58.8 percent). Age, sex, length of stay and the last admission unit at the hospital were not associated with Goldman criteria. CONCLUSION: Clinic-autopsy discrepancies concerning cardiovascular death remain high in Brazil, despite technological resources available. Moreover, our findings reinforce the importance of postmortem examination in contributing to medical care improvement.

Análise da ação da Himatanthus drasticus na progressão do câncer de pulmão induzido por uretana em camundongos / Analysis of the action of Himatanthus drasticus in progression of urethane-induced lung cancer in mice

Objective: To evaluate the effect of janaguba in inhibiting the development of lung cancer in an experimental urethane-induced model. Methods: a total of 3 mg/kg urethane was injected in 51 Balb-C mice aged 7-13 weeks of life. Janaguba was administered orally daily in two doses: 0.04 mL (Group 2, G2) and 0.06 mL (Group 3, G3), for 20 weeks. After this period, the mice were sacrificed and the number of lesions counted. Results: The mean weight of Group 2 was lower than that of Group 3, and that of Group 1 (Control, G1) (G1 = 35.533 g; G2 = 33.359 g; G3 = 37.125 g). The number of nodules did not differ between groups (mean G1 = G2 = G3 = 1; p = 0.88). Conclusion: Janaguba had an effect on the growth of mice, but had no influence on the progression of lung cancer in this model.

Objetivo: Avaliar a ação da janaguba na inibição do desenvolvimento de câncer de pulmão em modelo experimental induzido por uretana. Métodos: Foram injetados 3mg/kg de uretana em 51 camundongos Balb-C , com 7 a 13 semanas de vida. Janaguba foi administrada via oral diariamente em duas doses: 0,04 mL (Grupo 2, G2) e 0,06 mL(Grupo 3,G3), por 20 semanas. Após esse período, os camundongos foram sacrificados e o número de lesões, contado. Resultados: A média de peso do Grupo 2 foi menor que a do Grupo 3, e que a do Grupo 1 (Controle, G1) (G1 = 35,533 g; G2 = 33,359 g; G3 = 37,125 g). O número de nódulos não diferiu entre os grupos (média G1 = G2 = G3 = 1; p = 0,88). Conclusão: A janaguba apresentou um efeito no crescimento dos camundongos, mas não apresentou influência na progressão do câncer de pulmão neste modelo.

Diabetic ketoacidosis: difference between potassium determined by blood gas analysis versus plasma measurement.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the accuracy of potassium concentrations measured by blood gas analysis (PBG) compared with laboratory serum potassium (LSP), in the initial care of patients with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Fifty three patients with diabetes mellitus were evaluated in a retrospective analysis. PBG was carried out using the Radiometer ABL 700 (Radiometer Copenhagen(®)), and results were compared with LSP ADVIA 1650 Chemistry system (Siemens(®)), the gold standard method. Both methods are based on potentiometry. RESULTS: Mean PBG was 3.66 mmol/L and mean LSP was 4.79 mmol/L. Mean difference between PBG and LSP was -1.13 mmol/L (p < 0.0005, 95% CI, -1.39 to -0,86). Lin concordance correlation coefficient was rc = 0.28 (95% CIb, 0.10 to 0.45), demonstrating low concordance between the methods. CONCLUSION: Although PBG measurement is faster and easier, it should not be used as a surrogate for LSP in the clinical treatment of DKA.

Diabetic ketoacidosis: difference between potassium determined by blood gas analysis versus plasma measurement / Cetoacidose diabética: diferença entre as concentrações do potássio na gasometria sanguínea versus potássio plasmático

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the accuracy of potassium concentrations measured by blood gas analysis (PBG) compared with laboratory serum potassium (LSP), in the initial care of patients with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Fifty three patients with diabetes mellitus were evaluated in a retrospective analysis. PBG was carried out using the Radiometer ABL 700 (Radiometer Copenhagen®), and results were compared with LSP ADVIA 1650 Chemistry system (Siemens®), the gold standard method. Both methods are based on potentiometry. RESULTS: Mean PBG was 3.66 mmol/L and mean LSP was 4.79 mmol/L. Mean difference between PBG and LSP was -1.13 mmol/L (p < 0.0005, 95 percent CI, -1.39 to -0,86). Lin concordance correlation coefficient was rc = 0.28 (95 percent CIb, 0.10 to 0.45), demonstrating low concordance between the methods. CONCLUSION: Although PBG measurement is faster and easier, it should not be used as a surrogate for LSP in the clinical treatment of DKA.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a acurácia da mensuração da concentração de potássio realizado nos analisa-dores de gasometria sanguínea (PGS) em relação ao potássio plasmático laboratorial (PPL) no atendimento inicial dos pacientes com cetoacidose diabética (CAD). SUJEITOS E MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados, retrospectivamente, 53 pacientes com diabetes melito e CAD. A análise do PGS foi realizada pelo equipamento ABL 700 (Radiometer Copenhagen®), sendo este comparado ao método padrão-ouro de PPL ADVIA 1650 (Siemens®), ambos por potenciometria. RESULTADOS: A média do PGS foi de 3,66 mmol/L e do PPL, de 4,79 mmol/L. A diferença das médias do PGS em relação ao PPL foi de -1,13 mmol/L (p < 0,0005, IC = 95 por cento; -1,39 a -0,86). O coeficiente de concordância de Lin foi de rc = 0,28 (ICb = 95 por cento; 0,10 a 0,45), demonstrando, assim, uma baixa concordância entre os métodos. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar de a realização do PGS ser tecnicamente mais rápida e fácil, não deve ser usada como parâmetro substituto ao PPL para o tratamento clínico da CAD.

Differentially expressed genes in giant cell tumor of bone.

Giant cells tumors of bone (GCTB) are benign in nature but cause osteolytic destruction with a number of particular characteristics. These tumors can have uncertain biological behavior often contain a significant proportion of highly multinucleated cells, and may show aggressive behavior. We have studied differential gene expression in GCTB that may give a better understanding of their physiopathology, and might be helpful in prognosis and treatment. Rapid subtractive hybridization (RaSH) was used to identify and measure novel genes that appear to be differentially expressed, including KTN1, NEB, ROCK1, and ZAK using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry in the samples of GCTBs compared to normal bone tissue. Normal bone was used in the methodology RaSH for comparison with the GCTB in identification of differentially expressed genes. Functional annotation indicated that these genes are involved in cellular processes related to their tumor phenotype. The differential expression of KTN1, ROCK1, and ZAK was independently confirmed by qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. The expression of the KTN1 and ROCK1 genes were increased in samples by qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry, and ZAK had reduced expression. Since ZAK have CpG islands in their promoter region and low expression in tumor tissue, their methylation pattern was analyzed by MSP-PCR. The genes identified KTN1, ROCK1, and ZAK may be responsible for loss of cellular homeostasis in GCTB since they are responsible for various functions related to tumorigenesis such as cell migration, cytoskeletal organization, apoptosis, and cell cycle control and thus may contribute at some stage in the process of formation and development of GCTB.

Analysis of the action of Himatanthus drasticus in progression of urethane-induced lung cancer in mice.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of janaguba in inhibiting the development of lung cancer in an experimental urethane-induced model. METHODS: a total of 3mg/kg urethane was injected in 51 Balb-C mice aged 7-13 weeks of life. Janaguba was administered orally daily in two doses: 0.04 mL (Group 2, G2) and 0.06 mL (Group 3, G3), for 20 weeks. After this period, the mice were sacrificed and the number of lesions counted. RESULTS: The mean weight of Group 2 was lower than that of Group 3, and that of Group 1 (Control, G1) (G1 = 35.533 g; G2 = 33.359 g; G3 = 37.125 g). The number of nodules did not differ between groups (mean G1 = G2 = G3 = 1; p = 0.88). CONCLUSION: Janaguba had an effect on the growth of mice, but had no influence on the progression of lung cancer in this model.

Comparative study between combined sciatic-femoral nerve block, via a single skin injection, and spinal block anesthesia for unilateral surgery of the lower limb.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Unilateral spinal anesthesia has advantages when used in outpatient basis. The objective of the present study was to compare unilateral spinal anesthesia with combined sciatic-femoral nerve block in unilateral orthopedic surgeries in outpatients. METHODS: Sixty patients were randomly divided into two groups of 30 patients to receive 6 mg of hyperbaric or hypobaric bupivacaine (RQ group) in left lateral decubitus, or 800 mg of 1.6% lidocaine with epinephrine on sciatic and femoral nerves (CFI group) in dorsal decubitus. A 150-mm needle connected to a neurostimulator, inserted in the middle point between both classical approaches, was used for the nerve block, with the injection of 15 mL on the femoral nerve and 35 mL on the sciatic nerve. The time for the blockades and their duration were evaluated. After twenty minutes, patients were evaluated regarding the sensorial and motor blockades. RESULTS: Time for performance of spinal anesthesia was substantially lower than for combined sciatic-femoral nerve block. Unilateral blockade was achieved in 90% of the patients in the RQ group, and 100% in the CFI group. Bradycardia or hypotension was not observed. CONCLUSIONS: This study concluded that combined sciatic-femoral nerve block is technically easy to perform and it can be an alternative for unilateral blockade of the lower limbs. Unilateral spinal anesthesia with low doses of bupivacaine resulted in shorter time to perform it, lower number of attempts, and earlier recovery than combined sciatic-femoral nerve block, but with the same efficacy.

Estudo comparativo do bloqueio combinado femoral-isquiático, por punção em sítio único, com anestesia subaracnóidea para cirurgia unilateral do membro inferior / Comparative study between combined sciatic-femoral nerve block, via a single skin injection, and spinal block anesthesia for unilateral surgery of the lower limb / Estudio comparativo del bloqueo combinado femoral-isquiático por punción en sitio único, con anestesia subaracnoidea para cirugías unilateral del miembro inferior

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A raquianestesia unilateral pode apresentar vantagens em pacientes ambulatoriais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar a raquianestesia unilateral com o bloqueio combinado femoral-isquiático em cirurgias ortopédicas unilaterais e ambulatoriais. MÉTODO: Sessenta pacientes foram aleatoriamente separados em dois grupos para receber 6 mg de bupivacaína hiperbárica ou hipobárica (grupo RQ) em decúbito lateral esquerdo ou 800 mg de lidocaína 1,6 por cento com epinefrina nos nervos femoral e isquiático (grupo CFI) em decúbito dorsal. O bloqueio dos nervos foi realizado com agulha de 150 mm conectada a um neuroestimulador e inserida no ponto médio entre as duas abordagens clássicas, sendo injetados 15 mL no nervo femoral e 35 mL no nervo isquiático. Avaliados o tempo para realização dos bloqueios e sua duração. Vinte minutos após, os pacientes foram avaliados em relação aos bloqueios sensitivo e motor. RESULTADOS: O tempo para a realização da raquianestesia foi significativamente menor do que o bloqueio combinado femoral-isquiático. O bloqueio unilateral foi obtido em 90 por cento dos pacientes no grupo RQ e 100 por cento no grupo CFI. O tempo para recuperação do bloqueio sensitivo e motor foi significativamente maior no grupo CFI. Não houve bradicardia ou hipotensão. CONCLUSÕES: Este estudo conclui que é tecnicamente fácil realizar bloqueio anterior combinado femoral-isquiático e pode ser uma alternativa para o bloqueio unilateral do membro inferior. A raquianestesia unilateral com baixas doses de bupivacaína resultou em menor tempo para realização, menor número de tentativas e recuperação mais precoce do bloqueio combinado femoral-isquiático, porém com mesma efetividade.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Unilateral spinal anesthesia has advantages when used in outpatient basis. The objective of the present study was to compare unilateral spinal anesthesia with combined sciatic-femoral nerve block in unilateral orthopedic surgeries in outpatients. METHODS: Sixty patients were randomly divided into two groups of 30 patients to receive 6 mg of hyperbaric or hypobaric bupivacaine (RQ group) in left lateral decubitus, or 800 mg of 1.6 percent lidocaine with epinephrine on sciatic and femoral nerves (CFI group) in dorsal decubitus. A 150-mm needle connected to a neurostimulator, inserted in the middle point between both classical approaches, was used for the nerve block, with the injection of 15 mL on the femoral nerve and 35 mL on the sciatic nerve. The time for the blockades and their duration were evaluated. After twenty minutes, patients were evaluated regarding the sensorial and motor blockades. RESULTS: Time for performance of spinal anesthesia was substantially lower than for combined sciatic-femoral nerve block. Unilateral blockade was achieved in 90 percent of the patients in the RQ group, and 100 percent in the CFI group. Bradycardia or hypotension was not observed. CONCLUSIONS: This study concluded that combined sciatic-femoral nerve block is technically easy to perform and it can be an alternative for unilateral blockade of the lower limbs. Unilateral spinal anesthesia with low doses of bupivacaine resulted in shorter time to perform it, lower number of attempts, and earlier recovery than combined sciatic-femoral nerve block, but with the same efficacy.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: La raquianestesia unilateral puede presentar ventajas en pacientes ambulatoriales. El objetivo de este trabajo fue comparar la raquianestesia unilateral con el bloqueo combinado femoral-isquiático en cirugías ortopédicas unilaterales y ambulatoriales. MÉTODO: Sesenta pacientes fueron separados aleatoriamente en dos grupos de 30 para recibir 6 mg de bupivacaína hiperbárica o hipobárica (grupo RQ), en decúbito lateral izquierdo u 800 mg de lidocaína 1,6 por ciento con epinefrina en los nervios femoral e isquiático (grupo CFI), en decúbito dorsal. El bloqueo de los nervios fue realizado con una aguja de 150 mm conectada a un neuroestimulador e insertada en el punto medio entre las dos incisiones clásicas. Se inyectaron 15 mL en el nervio femoral y 35 mL en el nervio isquiático. Fue mensurado el tiempo para la realización de los bloqueos y su duración. Veinte minutos después, los pacientes fueron evaluados con relación a los bloqueos sensitivo y motor. RESULTADOS: El tiempo para la realización de la raquianestesia fue significativamente menor que el bloqueo combinado femoral-isquiático. El bloqueo unilateral se obtuvo en un 90 por ciento de los pacientes en el grupo RQ y en un 100 por ciento en el grupo CFI. El tiempo para la recuperación del bloqueo sensitivo y motor fue significativamente mayor en el grupo CFI. No hubo bradicardia o hipotensión. CONCLUSIONES: Por medio de este estudio, se llega a la conclusión de que es técnicamente fácil realizar el bloqueo anterior combinado femoral-isquiático y de que ese puede ser una alternativa para el bloqueo unilateral del miembro inferior. La raquianestesia unilateral con bajas dosis de bupivacaína, mostró un menor tiempo para la realización, un menor número de intentos y una recuperación más rápida del bloqueo combinado femoral-isquiático. Sin embargo, la efectividad fue la misma.

Polymorphisms IL10-819 and TLR-2 are potentially associated with sepsis in Brazilian patients.

Genetic variation in immune response is probably involved in the progression of sepsis and mortality in septic patients. However, findings in the literature are sometimes conflicting or their significance is uncertain. Thus, we investigated the possible association between 12 polymorphisms located in the interleukin-6 (IL6), IL10, TLR-2, Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4), tumor necrosis factor-α and tumor necrosis factor-ß (lymphotoxin α--LTA) genes and sepsis. Critically ill patients classified with sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock and 207 healthy volunteers were analyzed and genotyped. Seven of the nine polymorphisms showed similar distributions in allele frequencies between patients and controls. Interestingly, our data suggest that the IL10-819 and TLR-2 polymorphisms may be potential predictors of sepsis.

Evaluation of the six-minute walk test in patients with chronic heart failure associated with Chagas' disease and systemic arterial hypertension / Avaliação do teste de caminhada de seis minutos em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca crônica associada à doença de Chagas e hipertensão arterial sistêmica

INTRODUCTION: To evaluate physical capacity as determined by the six-minute walk test (6MWT) in patients with chronic heart failure due to Chagas' disease associated with systemic arterial hypertension (Chagas-SAH). METHODS: A total of 98 patients routinely followed at the Cardiomyopathy Outpatient Service were recruited. Of these, 60 (61 percent) were diagnosed with Chagas disease and 38 (39 percent) with Chagas-SAH. RESULTS: The distance walked during 6 min was 357.9 ±98 m for Chagas-SAH patients and 395.8 ± 121m for Chagas cardiomyopathy patients (p >0.05). In patients with Chagas-SAH, a negative correlation occurred between the 6MWT and the total score of the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (r= -0.51; p=0.001). No other correlations were determined between 6MWT values and continuous variables in patients with Chagas-SAH. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the 6MWT in Chagas-SAH patients are similar to those verified in Chagas cardiomyopathy patients with chronic heart failure. Coexistence of SAH does not seem to affect the functional capacity of Chagas cardiomyopathy patients with chronic heart failure.

INTRODUÇÃO: Avaliar a capacidade física medida pelo teste de caminhada de seis minutos em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca crônica secundária à associação de cardiomiopatia chagásica com hipertensão arterial sistêmica (Chagas-HAS). MÉTODOS: Noventa e oito pacientes rotineiramente tratados no Ambulatório de Cardiomiopatia do Hospital de Base foram utilizados no estudo. Deles, 60 (61 por cento) eram portadores de cardiomiopatia chagásica (ChCM), enquanto 38 (39 por cento) apresentavam a associação Chagas-HAS. RESULTADOS: A distância média caminhada foi de 357,9 ± 98m no grupo Chagas-SAH e 395,8 ± 121m no grupo ChCM (p >0,05). Nos pacientes com Chagas-SAH, houve correlação negativa entre o Teste de Caminhada de 6 Minutos e a somatória de pontos obtida no Questionário Vivendo com a Insuficiência Cardíaca. (r=-0,51; p=0,001). Nenhuma outra correlação foi observada entre o teste de caminhada de seis minutos e as variáveis contínuas examinadas no grupo Chagas-SAH. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados do teste de caminhada de seis minutos em pacientes com Chagas-SAH são semelhantes aos observados em pacientes com ChCM. A coexistência de HAS parece não afetar a capacidade funcional de pacientes com a associação de cardiomiopatia da doença de Chagas e HAS.

Polymorphisms IL10-819 and TLR-2 are potentially associated with sepsis in Brazilian patients

Genetic variation in immune response is probably involved in the progression of sepsis and mortality in septic patients. However, findings in the literature are sometimes conflicting or their significance is uncertain. Thus, we investigated the possible association between 12 polymorphisms located in the interleukin-6 (IL6), IL10, TLR-2, Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4), tumor necrosis factor-α and tumor necrosis factor-β (lymphotoxin α - LTA) genes and sepsis. Critically ill patients classified with sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock and 207 healthy volunteers were analyzed and genotyped. Seven of the nine polymorphisms showed similar distributions in allele frequencies between patients and controls. Interestingly, our data suggest that the IL10-819 and TLR-2 polymorphisms may be potential predictors of sepsis.

Anestesia geral versus raquianestesia para colecistectomia videolaparoscópica / General anesthesia versus spinal anesthesia for laparoscopic cholecystectomy

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A colecistectomia laparoscópica é o tratamento de escolha para a litíase biliar. Este estudo foi idealizado para comparar a possibilidade de se realizar colecistectomia laparoscópica sob raquianestesia comparando com anestesia geral. MÉTODO: Entre julho 2007 e setembro 2008, 68 pacientes com sintomas de cálculo na vesícula foram incluídos no estudo. Pacientes com estado físico ASA I e II foram aleatoriamente separados para serem operados de colecistectomia laparoscópica com pneumoperitônio com baixa pressão de CO2 sob anestesia geral (n = 33) ou raquianestesia (n = 35). A anestesia geral foi realizada com propofol, fentanil, rocurônio, sevoflurano e intubação traqueal. A raquianestesia foi realizada com 15 mg de bupivacaína hiperbárica com 20 µg fentanil até que o nível sensitivo atingisse T3À Parâmetros intraoperatórios, dor pós-operatória, complicações, recuperação, satisfação do paciente e custo foram comparados entre os grupos. RESULTADOS: Todos os procedimentos cirúrgicos foram completados com o método de escolha e apenas um paciente foi convertido da raquianestesia para a anestesia geral. A dor foi significativamente menor a 2, 4 e 6 horas após o procedimento sob raquianestesia comparado com o grupo que recebeu anestesia geral. O custo da raquianestesia foi significativamente menor. Todos os pacientes foram liberados após 24 horas. Na avaliação no pós-operatório, todos os pacientes ficaram satisfeitos com a raquianestesia e recomendariam esse procedimento. CONCLUSÕES: A colecistectomia laparoscópica com pneumoperitônio com baixa pressão de CO2 pode ser realizada com segurança sob raquianestesia. A raquianestesia foi associada a mínima dor pós-operatória, melhor recuperação e menor custo do que anestesia geral.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the treatment of choice for cholelithiasis. The objective of this study was to compare the possibility of performing laparoscopic cholecystectomy under spinal anesthesia versus general anesthesia. METHODS: Between July 2007 and September 2008, 68 patients with symptoms of cholelithiasis were included in this study. Patients with physical status ASA I and II were randomly divided to undergo laparoscopic cholecystectomy with low-tension pneumoperitoneum with CO2 under general anesthesia (n = 33) or spinal anesthesia (n = 35). Propofol, fentanyl, rocuronium, sevoflurane, and tracheal intubation were used for general anesthesia. Hyperbaric bupivacaine 15 mg, and fentanyl 20 µg to achieve a sensorial level of T3À were used for the spinal anesthesia. Intraoperative parameters, postoperative pain, complications, recovery, patient satisfaction, and cost were compared between both groups. RESULTS: All surgical procedures were completed with the chosen method and spinal anesthesia was converted to general anesthesia only in one patient. Pain was significantly lower at 2, 4, and 6 hours after the procedure under spinal anesthesia. The cost of the spinal anesthesia was significantly lower than that of the general anesthesia. All patients were discharged after 24 hours. In the postoperative evaluation, all patients were satisfied with the spinal anesthesia and would recommend this procedure. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy with low-pressure pneumoperitoneum with CO2 can be safely performed under spinal anesthesia. Spinal anesthesia was associated with an extremely low level of postoperative pain, better recovery, and lower cost than general anesthesia.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: La colecistectomía laparoscópica es el tratamiento de elección para la litiasis biliar. Este estudio se creó para comparar la posibilidad de realizar la colecistectomía laparoscópica bajo raquianestesia, comparándolo con la anestesia general. MÉTODO: Entre julio del 2007 y septiembre del 2008, 68 pacientes con síntomas de cálculo en la vesícula se incluyeron en el estudio. Pacientes estado físico ASA I y II, fueron aleatoriamente separados para ser operados de colecistectomía laparoscópica con neumoperitoneo con baja presión de CO2 bajo anestesia general (n = 33) o raquianestesia (n = 35). La anestesia general fue realizada con propofol, fentanil, rocuronio, sevoflurano e intubación traqueal. La raquianestesia fue realizada con 15 mg de bupivacaína hiperbárica con 20 µg fentanil hasta que el nivel sensitivo alcanzase T3À Los parámetros intraoperatorios, como el dolor postoperatorio, complicaciones, recuperación, satisfacción del paciente y coste, fueron comparados entre los grupos. RESULTADOS: Todos los procedimientos quirúrgicos se completaron con el método de elección y apenas un paciente fue convertido de la raquianestesia para la anestesia general. El dolor fue significativamente menor em 2, 4 y 6 horas después del procedimiento bajo raquianestesia, comparado con el grupo que recibió anestesia general. El coste de la raquianestesia fue significativamente menor. Todos los pacientes fueron liberados después de 24 horas. En la evaluación del postoperatorio, todos los pacientes quedaron satisfechos con la raquianestesia y recomendarían ese procedimiento. CONCLUSIONES: La colecistectomía laparoscópica con neumoperitoneo en baja presión de CO2 puede ser realizada con seguridad bajo raquianestesia. La raquianestesia estuvo asociada con un mínimo de dolor en el postoperatorio, mejor recuperación y un menor coste que la anestesia general.

Prevalence and risk factors for urinary incontinence in healthy pregnant Brazilian women.

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: Physiological and anatomical changes of pregnancy are risk factors for lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and risk factors for urinary incontinence (UI) in healthy pregnant women. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in pregnant Brazilian women who enrolled in the primary health-care system in Sao Jose do Rio Preto, Brazil. Face-to-face interview and completion of two-part questionnaire were administered and done which evaluated the presence of LUTS pre- and during pregnancy. The data were analyzed by logistic regression. RESULTS: Five hundred pregnant women were enrolled ranging from first to third trimester. LUTS present in 63.8% in these women; the main associated risk factors were multiparity and prepregnancy LUTS as well as smoking, constipation, and daily coffee intake. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of UI during pregnancy is high, highlighting the presence of the risk factors associated with UI during pregnancy.