Relationship between serotypes, disease characteristics and 30-day mortality in adults with invasive pneumococcal disease.

PURPOSE: Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) is responsible for substantial mortality and morbidity worldwide. We aimed to identify host and bacterial factors associated with 30-day mortality in 18-year-old patients hospitalized with IPD in France from 2013 to 2015. METHODS: This study analyzed data collected from consecutives IPD cases included in two parallel multi-center cohort studies: COMBAT study (280 patients with pneumococcal community-acquired bacterial meningitis) and SIIP study (491 patients with non-meningitis IPD). Factors associated with 30-day mortality were identified using logistic regression. RESULTS: Among the 771 enrolled patients (median age 66 years, IQR [52.0-79.7]), 592/767 (77.2%) had at least one chronic disease. Patients with meningitis were younger (60.2 vs 70.9 years; p < 0.001) and had fewer chronic diseases than those with non-meningitis IPD (73.3% vs 79.4%; p = 0.05). Non-vaccine serotypes were more frequent in meningitis patients than in those with other IPD (36.1% vs 23.1%; p < 0.001). The overall 30-day mortality was 16.7% and patients with concurrent meningitis and extra-cerebral IPD had the highest 30-day mortality rate (26.5%). On multivariate analyses, older age, history of malignant solid tumor, meningeal IPD and serotypes previously identified with high mortality potential were independently associated with 30-day mortality. Of the serotypes with high mortality potential, 80% were included in licensed (PCV13 or PPV23) vaccines. CONCLUSION: We observed an effect of both host factors and pneumococcal serotypes on 30-day mortality in IPD. This highlights the need for a focused strategy to vaccinate at-risk patients. CLINICAL TRIAL: ClinicalTrial. Gov identification number: NCT01730690.

Low vaccination coverage for human papillomavirus disease among young men who have sex with men, France, 2019.

BackgroundIn France, human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination has been recommended in 2016 for men who have sex with men (MSM) up to age 26 years.AimWe aimed to estimate HPV vaccine coverage in 18-28 year-old MSM and identify uptake determinants.MethodsWe collected data on socio-demographic characteristics, sexual behaviour, sexually transmitted diseases (STI) screening and vaccination uptake using a voluntary cross-sectional online survey conducted in 2019 targeting MSM. We calculated coverage of at least one dose of HPV vaccine and prevalence ratios (PR) of determinants with 95% confidence intervals (CI) using Poisson regression.ResultsOf 9,469 respondents (age range: 18-28 years), 15% (95% CI: 14-16) reported being vaccinated for HPV. Coverage was significantly higher among MSM < 24 years (PR: 1.25; 95% CI: 1.13-1.39), with education level below university degree (PR: 1.12; 95% CI: 1.08-1.32), living in rural areas (PR: 1.21; 95% CI: 1.08-1.36), attending sex parties (PR: 1.12; 95% CI: 1.03-1.33), using HIV-related biomedical prevention methods (PR: 1.31; 95% CI: 1.12-1.54), with STI diagnosis (PR: 1.22; 95% CI: 1.08-1.38) and with hepatitis A or B vaccination (PR: 4.56; 95% CI: 3.63-5.81 vs PR: 3.35; 95% CI: 2.53-4.44).ConclusionsThe HPV vaccination uptake among MSM in France was not satisfactory. It was higher among MSM benefitting from other vaccinations and biomedical preventive methods against HIV, suggesting a synergistic effect of the national preventive sexual health recommendations for MSM. Further efforts to improve HPV vaccination coverage targeting MSM are warranted.

Impact and Lessons Learned from Mass Drug Administrations of Malaria Chemoprevention during the Ebola Outbreak in Monrovia, Liberia, 2014.

BACKGROUND: In October 2014, during the Ebola outbreak in Liberia healthcare services were limited while malaria transmission continued. Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) implemented a mass drug administration (MDA) of malaria chemoprevention (CP) in Monrovia to reduce malaria-associated morbidity. In order to inform future interventions, we described the scale of the MDA, evaluated its acceptance and estimated the effectiveness. METHODS: MSF carried out two rounds of MDA with artesunate/amodiaquine (ASAQ) targeting four neighbourhoods of Monrovia (October to December 2014). We systematically selected households in the distribution area and administered standardized questionnaires. We calculated incidence ratios (IR) of side effects using poisson regression and compared self-reported fever risk differences (RD) pre- and post-MDA using a z-test. FINDINGS: In total, 1,259,699 courses of ASAQ-CP were distributed. All households surveyed (n = 222; 1233 household members) attended the MDA in round 1 (r1) and 96% in round 2 (r2) (212/222 households; 1,154 household members). 52% (643/1233) initiated ASAQ-CP in r1 and 22% (256/1154) in r2. Of those not initiating ASAQ-CP, 29% (172/590) saved it for later in r1, 47% (423/898) in r2. Experiencing side effects in r1 was not associated with ASAQ-CP initiation in r2 (IR 1.0, 95%CI 0.49-2.1). The incidence of self-reported fever decreased from 4.2% (52/1229) in the month prior to r1 to 1.5% (18/1229) after r1 (p<0.001) and decrease was larger among household members completing ASAQ-CP (RD = 4.9%) compared to those not initiating ASAQ-CP (RD = 0.6%) in r1 (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The reduction in self-reported fever cases following the intervention suggests that MDAs may be effective in reducing cases of fever during Ebola outbreaks. Despite high coverage, initiation of ASAQ-CP was low. Combining MDAs with longer term interventions to prevent malaria and to improve access to healthcare may reduce both the incidence of malaria and the proportion of respondents saving their treatment for future malaria episodes.

(14)C-lidocaine disposition in serum and tissues of normal and liver diseased rats.

PURPOSE: This study was designed to investigate the disposition of (14)C-lidocaine in serum and tissues in rats with liver dysfunction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighteen male rats were randomly divided into 2 groups. Group A was considered as control while group B underwent liver damage by administrating CCl(4) 0.4 mg/kg twice a week for 6 weeks. Both groups received 5 doses of 2.5 mg/kg lidocaine mixture (labeled (14)C-lidocaine and nonlabeled). The rats were killed 2 hours after the last dose. Total lidocaine levels ((14)C-lidocaine and (14)C-lidocaine metabolite concentrations) as well as the percent of total lidocaine-bound fractions in tissues were measured. RESULTS: (14)C-lidocaine concentrations were significantly increased in the serum (9.4+/-0.4 microg/mL), heart (7.8+/-2 microg/gL), and mandible (0.97+/-0.01 microg/g) in diseased rats as compared with normal rats (serum, 5.3+/-1.7 microg/mL; heart, 4.2+/-0.9 microg/g; mandible, 0.68+/-0.02 microg/g, respectively). (14)C-lidocaine bound fractions in the mandible and heart did not show any significant differences between the 2 groups. Instead, (14)C-lidocaine bound fractions in serum were significantly reduced in diseased animals as opposed to normal ones. CONCLUSION: We concluded that liver dysfunction can modify (14)C-lidocaine concentrations in the serum and tissues without altering the lidocaine binding properties in the mandible and heart.