Narrowing the normal range for lateral ankle ligament stability with stress radiography.

Stress radiographs are commonly performed to evaluate lateral ankle ligament stability; however, little agreement exists on the physiologic limits obtained from the anterior drawer and talar tilt stress tests. Published studies have reported the normal range for the anterior drawer test to be 3 to 10 mm and the normal range for the talar tilt test to be 0° to 23° for the uninjured ankle, leading to inconsistent interpretation. The primary objective of the present study was to narrow the threshold for the diagnosis of ankle ligament injury using stress radiographs by refining the values seen in the normal ankle. An improved understanding of normal ankle motion could allow for a more accurate determination of ligament injury using stress imaging. Conducted in a simplified, yet reproducible, manner, we hoped the present study would draw a parallel with generalized use in an office setting and would allow physicians the ability to more effectively diagnose ankle ligament injury. Bilateral radiographic images of anterior drawer and talar tilt stress tests were taken of 50 participants (100 ankles) with no history of ankle fracture or surgical intervention for ankle instability. Participants with a previous ankle sprain were later excluded from the result computations. Factors such as patient age and gender were evaluated. In the final analysis, 46 participants (76 ankles) were included, with a mean anterior drawer test result of 2.00 mm ± 1.71 mm and talar tilt test result of 3.39° ± 2.70° in the normal ankle. The results of the present study suggest that stress radiographs for lateral ankle stability can be performed in a simple and reliable manner. These results also support a much lower threshold for the diagnosis of lateral ankle injury than previously reported.

Digital arthrodesis: current fixation techniques.

Several hammertoe implant devices have recently been introduced in an attempt to provide optimal fixation for proximal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis. This article reviews these implants individually, and discusses their advantages and disadvantages. There is a lack of research with long-term follow-up available for these devices. Percutaneous Kirschner-wire fixation persists as a time-honored and effective method of fixation. The buried Kirschner-wire technique is also an effective, cost-conscious option, with many of the same advantages as newer implantable devices.